Psychology of Personality Mid Term
A recent review of the entire literature on social psychology concluded that the situational effect was about ________.
.20
The greatest amount of personality change occurs in which of the following age brackets?
20-25
What minimum sample size is encouraged to increase statistical power?
200
I have a correlation coefficient of r = .40 between taking my personality course and achieving a high GPA. By creating a BESD, I found that approximately 70% of people who take my course would have a high GPA. According to the BESD, approximately what percentage of people taking my course wouldn't have a high GPA?
30
Which of the following is a typical high r value in personality psychology?
4
Who's been shown to have the most behavioral stability?
50- to 70-year olds
What measurement item did I use as reference to demonstrate the concept of reliability?
A Scale
According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do.
A strong situation
Lisa has a choice to attend a small college in Omaha or a large university in New York City. Her decision to attend the college in Omaha is an example of:
Active person-environment transaction
The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called ________.
Active person-environmental transaction
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
Actually reflects or measures what you think it does
To run studies on cohort effects, one must keep ________ constant.
Age
What is one of the setbacks of using cross-sectional design to investigate personality development?
Age effects are confounded with cohort effects
Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors?
Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors.
Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement?
Aggregation
Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle?
Aggregation
Recent research on the good judge of personality indicates that the good judge is ________.
Agreeable
A construct is...
An intangible concept that cannot be directly perceived
According to the lecture, who often behaves confidently because of how others treat them?
Attractive people
Which of the following is NOT one of the components of authoritarianism?
Authoritarian fascism
Which of the following traits is NOT featured in the Dark Triad?
Authoritarianism
Judgments of your personality by others ________.
Both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like
According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals ________, the trait change will follow.
Change the relevant behaviors
If timeliness is a criterion for conscientiousness, but you then report a correlation between timeliness and conscientiousness, you have committed what logical fallacy?
Circular reasoning
Seeking or positively interpreting data that verifies one's own existing opinions or beliefs while ignoring or minimizing data that refutes those beliefs is called ______
Confirmation bias
According to psychologist Frank Sulloway, firstborns are more ________ compared to later borns.
Conscientious
A long life is associated with what trait?
Conscientiousness
Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes?
Conscientiousness
Which trait positively impacts one's spouse's job success
Conscientiousness
According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.
Consensus; accuracy
Which of the following criteria is not part of the Realistic Accuracy Model?
Consistency
A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.
Construct validation
The statement "There is no such thing as objective reality, only human ideas or perceptions of reality" would most likely be made by a ________. The statement "The absence of perfect, infallible criteria for truth does not force us to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally likely to be correct" would most likely be made by a ________.
Constructivist; critical realist
According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements
Constructs
Which of the following factors was NOT included as potentially affecting the outcome of general or targeted interventions on personality change?
Cost
Which of the ARCH typology researchers teaches at Rutgers-Camden?
Daniel Hart
Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately?
David will generally be on time for work most days next week
What does DIF stand for?
Differential Item Functionality
The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item ________.
Discriminates between two known groups
Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring.
Easier to judge
What were the names of the essential traits that Block and Block investigated?
Ego control, ego resiliency
The ______ method derives questions that don't have much face validity.
Empirical method
This method of test construction derives questions from testing them on pre-defined groups of people.
Empirical method
Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests.
Empirically
Which of the following is NOT a form of scientific rigor?
Ensuring that policy is influenced by one's study results
Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one most responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior?
Entitlement/exploitativeness
According to Dan McAdams, the narrative theme of "agency" organizes the life story around ________.
Episodes of challenging oneself and then accomplishing one's goals
The Big Five were found through which trait approach?
Essential
A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach.
Essential-trait
Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as ________.
Expectancy effects
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
Experimental
Objective tests feature ______ questions about personality.
Explicit
Young people with life-threatening illnesses appear to shift their goals from ________ to ________.
Exploration; emotional well-being
People tend to blame negative experiences on ________ rather than recognizing the role of ________.
External factors; their own personality
Participants in a recent study were shown and then asked to judge composite faces from targets who scored extremely low or extremely high on personality dimensions. Which two traits had the highest levels of accuracy for both female and male targets?
Extraversion and agreeableness
What are the names of lower-level traits included in the Big Five?
Facets
This method of test construction creates question categories based on the correlations between them.
Factor analytic method
The ______ method depends on having a representative set of ____ when a questionnaire is tested whereas the _______ method depends on having a representative set of __________ when a questionnaire is tested.
Factor analytic; questions; empirical; people
(True or False) I will always get a reliable measurement when I measure something tangible like someone's head.
False
(True or False) Meditation has been found to help individuals become more compassionate and altruistic people.
False
(True or False) Only accurate personality judgments matter in either personality research or the social world.
False
(True or False) Only situations can have an effect on personality, not people.
False
(True or False) Our mean-level stability demonstrates our stability in remaining different from other people.
False
(True or False) Projective tests are no longer used.
False
(True or False) Psychologists can always be trusted to make well validated personality assessments.
False
(True or False) Significance testing only applies to testing the results of experimental studies.
False
(True or False) The trait approach compares people's trait scores to an absolute trait score.
False
(True or False) You need to administer the same personality measures across different time points or you won't be able to test personality stability.
False
(True or False) You need to employ cross-sectional research to study personality stability.
False
(True or False) Your textbook author hopes that a comprehensive theory of personality will soon be found to explain individuals.
False
What is one way to test construct validation?
Find correlations across different sources of data [e.g., S, I, L, B]
The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________. Forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other
Forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.
Gather as much data as possible
What did I suggest as the first step to take after gathering one's research data?
Graph the data before running statistical analysis
As a child, Jay was always bouncing off the walls at his parent's social gatherings. As an adult, he is the life of every party. This is an example of ________.
Heterotypic continuity
Which of the following is NOT a basic aspects of childhood temperament?
Heterotypic continuity
People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior does not change to fit the situation are called ________.
High self-monitors; low self-monitors
Which trait describes people who are psychologically well adjusted and tend to be religious?
Honesty-humility
The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.
How much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
What does the phenomenological approach focus on?
How one feels about and experiences the world
What trait does the HEXACO taxonomy add that the Big Five doesn't have?
Humility
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to________.
Identify groups of test items that seem to be alike
The idea that people seek to develop a stable sense of who they are and then strive to act consistently with this self-view is consistent with the ________.
Identity development principle
The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
Individual differences
What intervention has been developed to (temporarily) change levels of narcissism?
Individuals were told to practice perspective taking and empathy.
Adding more questions to an objective test can increase:
Inter-item reliability
What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments?
Interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction
All projective tests ________.
Involve stimuli with no clear meaning
I have a correlation coefficient of r= -.70. Describe the correlation.
It is strong and negative.
What's the acronym for the software that will tally participants word use?
LIWC
What kind of sample can improve generalizability of study findings?
Large randomized sample
Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next
Low in self-monitoring
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.
Manipulated; measured
A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt?
Many-trait
________ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker.
Maturity
Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of ________.
Measurement error
According to a recent study, a ________ amount of stress throughout one's life leads to a(n) ________ in cardiovascular reactivity.
Moderate; decrease
Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?
Narcissism
Which of the Situational 8 DIAMONDS variables did I highlight as enabling behavior to be informative?
Negativity
According to one survey mentioned in the textbook, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change?
Neuroticism
According to your professor, are there any benefits to having personality assessments in the workplace?
No
____ tests are more likely to use score sheets than ______ tests.
Objective; projective
What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits?
Omnibus inventories
Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and difficult to grasp?
Openness
Personality trait measurements are typically made on a(n) ________ scale.
Ordinal
What was the term used to describe traits that are perpendicular in visual space and thus uncorrelated with each other?
Orthogonal
Fast and Funder (2008) found that using words like guarantee was correlated .21 with has a high aspiration for self. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this finding?
Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations.
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
People are inconsistent
What is the example of expectation effects I provided during the lecture?
People can draw expectations about someone's behavior based on their experience with similar others
According to the text, what paradox is central to the study of personality development?
People change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rank-order stability in relation to others in their age group.
Which of the following statements is the best representation of Funder's first "law"?
People don't know a lot about Emily because she doesn't share a lot about herself, but she's a good listener.
Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation interaction?
People generally prefer situations that are pleasant
What did your professor warn might occur if there's a lack of knowledge on a topic that's not investigated?
People will fill the void with assumptions.
Age-based changes in personality among a population can also be called
Personality development
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
Personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen?
Positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint
What is the correct definition of the p-value?
Probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypoth
Many moderating variables affect the ability of a personality judgment/assessment to match a criterion measure of personality. Which of the following is NOT a moderating variable?
Properties of a target's reliability
What is another name for ego resiliency?
Psychological adjustment
What is the study of carefully measuring psychological properties or characteristics?
Psychometrics
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five?
Psychoticism
What were the issues raised by the items from the RWA scale?
Questions were multi-barreled; Questions were assessing both authoritarianism and conservativism
At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
Random errors cancel each other out
What is the most common method of test construction?
Rational
Which of the following test construction methods creates measures with the greatest face validity?
Rational method
Richard is an extravert and finds himself miserable at parties. His response is an example of a(n)________ person-environment transaction.
Reactive
What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?
Read and consider the content of the items.
Jasmine is afraid that her lack of diligence and timeliness will cause her to get fired from her job. According to the text, what is the first thing she must do to increase her level of conscientiousness?
Recognize her specific problem areas and want to change
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
Reliable
What is replication?
Running the same study on different samples of people
A test created using the rational method yields what kind of data?
S
B - T =
S
People you come in contact with are categorized under:
S
Your responses to the personality test item ÒI am an intelligent personÓ would be ________ data, whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be ________ data.
S; B
Heterotypic continuity combines stability and change by:
Showing consistency of personality through different but related behaviors at various ages
High rank-order stability indicates that if I were shyer than most of my peers as a young kid, I'll be _____ than most of my peers as an adult.
Shyer
Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ________ are relevant to how people will act under specific circumstances and that ________ are better for describing how people act in general.
Situational variables; personality traits
In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be most accurately predicted from ________
Situations
According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship?
Sociosexuality
According to various principles of personality development, our minds and social circumstances generally work together to _______ our personality.
Stabilize
According to psychological standards, a p-value of .01 implies:
Statistical significance
While NHST refers to _______, BESD refers to __________.
Statistical significance, effect size
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.
Test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
The purpose of research is to _____.
Test theories
Which of the following were not presented as alternative essential traits to the Big Five?
The Dark Triad
What was the issue with Verhulst, Eaves & Hatemi's (2012) findings?
The correlations were mismatched or backwards
What contributes to causal uncertainty between two variables?
The dependent variable may have caused the independent variable., one may not have manipulated the independent variable but another unknown third variable which caused change in the dependent variable and the independent and dependent variables may influence each other.
Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.
The generalizability of their findings
Over the last 10 years, Victor has become more agreeable, conscientious and emotionally stable. What principle best describes Victor's development?
The maturity principle
If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean?
The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
What is motivated reasoning?
The tendency of pre-held goals or beliefs to bias or hinder processing of new information
Which of the following reasons does NOT contribute to greater personality stability among older adults?
Their genes are changing less in old age
What piece of evidence suggests that age is NOT a determining factor in the desire to change one's personality?
There is little to no correlation between participants' age and their self-reported desire to change
What is a key strength of longitudinal personality development studies?
They are not biased by the cohort effect.
What do personality and clinical psychology have in common?
They both try to understand the whole person
What is one reason mentioned by the research article authors that leads psychology researchers to fall prey to false or exaggerated interpretations?
They want recognition and esteem.
What was notable about Verhulst, Eaves & Hatemi's (2012) sample?
They were twins
In one study, researchers found that personality trait scores from the same people measured 10 years apart correlated between r = .60 and r = .90.
This is evidence for personality stability
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of research?
To prove the existence of phenomena
According to the textbook, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
To question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
What is Eysenck's construct of psychotism theoretically associated with?
Tough-mindedness
The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree.
Trait; typological
(True or False) Case studies are not generalizable.
True
(True or False) One's personality trait levels can influence the degree to which life experiences enable one to undergo personality change.
True
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
Type I
Christina had a self-proclaimed "perfect childhood." According to the text, what might Christina face later in life?
Unpreparedness for difficult times
Which of the following was NOT a potentially problematic issue with Block & Block's (2006) study of personality and political orientation?
Use of I versus S data at two assessment points
Which of the following is an aspect of the ÒgoodÓ trait with regard to judgment?
Visibility
Projective tests are often better equipped than objective tests to investigate:
What someone is thinking or feeling outside their awareness
If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ________.
Would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences
What is one of the stated rewards of acknowledging replication failures and other research inconsistencies in published work?
You can improve theory
Which of the following is an example of interjudge agreement in the context of accuracy judgments?
Your friends ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents ratings
Using McAdams' model of personality, when one begins to outline one's goals, one achieves being an:
agent
What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have
causal force
Recent research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that ________.
controlled aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data, but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects can be more accurately predicted using B data
While trends in behavioral stability vary by age,
individuals also show differences in behavioral stability among their cohort
A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a
moderator
"No one is going to see Julia in the same way. I don't see why we need to compare our assessments of her." The person who made this statement probably ascribes to:
social constructivism
The earliest form of personality is
temperament
In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with Was rated by other people as behaving in a
warm, humorous, and friendly manner
Which of the following is personality psychology most centrally interested in:
what makes people different