Psychology

In what stage can children use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions?

Formal operational

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, what type of memory are they referring to?

Implicit memory

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Integrity v. Despair

Roger was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

Intrusion

Fernando is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. What is this an example of

Latent learning

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. What does this exemplify

Learning

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept

Lexicon

Julie believes her assistant, Noah, is incompetent. She notices only what Noah does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. What bias does this exemplifies

confirmation bias

Julie cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Julie's ability to invent a solution uses what type of intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

Creative intelligence

Noah decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

Pre conventional

During what stage do children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning?

Preoperational stage

J. knows that his friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers him, but he knows that if he tells the teacher everyone will think he is a snitch. He decides his friends' approval is more important, so he says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

Conventional

John finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so he tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, he is able to repeat the numbers correctly because he grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. What is this an example of?

Chunking

During what stage do children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations?

Concrete operational stage

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then how do children may model aggressive behavior

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following is an example of instinct

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Junior has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does he have?

dyslexia

Stephanie watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. What is Stephanie's father in this example

model

What kind of learning occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say

observational learning

Albert dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Albert is demonstrating what type of intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

practical

When you take a multiple-choice test, what kind of memory are you using?

recognition

In order to remember the lines for a play, Roger keeps repeating his lines over and over again. What process is he using?

rehearsal

Noah is asked to memorize the word feline, canine, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. What type of encoding is this an example of?

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic memory and episodic memory

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments

12 months old

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Noah is 15 months old, and his father is insensitive and inattentive to his needs. Noah reacts to him the same way he reacts to a stranger—he doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns he is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

Avoidant attachment

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of _____.

Bias

John is gifted in the area of body movement. His ability to balance and coordinate his body's movement enables him to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

Bodily kinesthetic sample

What is the main ides of the Stroop effect?

Brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

Sample size

Fernando and Stephanie eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Fernando feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Stephanie is fine, but what did Fernando developed the next time they stop for donuts and Fernando has immediately started feeling ill

Taste aversion

From a psychological perspective, what does the term cognition mean

Thinking

Matthew finds it difficult to learn the alphabet until he hears an alphabet song, which helps him easily remember it. What kind of encoding is he using?

acoustic

Steven is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. What can Steven say has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry

acquisition

Julie whistles while tickling Noah with a feather. Eventually, Noah starts to squirm and giggle every time Julie whistles, even when he is not being tickled. What is the stimulus/response squirming and giggling considered to be

conditioned response

J.J. struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs

learning occurs when a contioned stimulus is paired with a un contioned stimulus

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common

All of the concepts are examples of mental set

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using what part of intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

Analytical intelligence

Stephanie is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does Stephanie have?

Anterograde amnesia

From an early age, Roger got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the diagnoses accounts for Roger's personality?

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

Jack can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed with what disorder?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

Authoritative parenting style

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Autonomy v. Shame/boubt

Julie notices that her daughter, Victoria, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Julie can barely see the freckles, but Victoria spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. What type of disorder does Julie believe her daughter may have?

Body dysmorphic disorder

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the diagnoses accounts for her personality?

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Jim allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?

Dependent personality disorder (DPD)

What are crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty all examples of?

Devalopemental milestones

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

Devolving a positive sense of self

freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

Disorganized attachment

Julie exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson with what disorder did Julie get diagnosed with?

Dissociative identity

Matthew wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

Distortion

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert

Emotions can be conditioned by response

Julie puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Julie cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right because she did not pay attention to the picture. What is this an example of?

Encoding failure

How is an explicit memory different form a implicit memory

Explicit memories are memories we continually try to remember and recall why implicit memories are those that are not part of our conscious.

When trying to remember all of the names of the 50 states, what kind of memory am I using as I remember and recall the information?

Explicit memory

Julie receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this

Fixed ratio

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon what type of intelligence

Fluid intelligence

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Genes and biology

What are the characteristics of late maturing boys?

Higher risk of depression

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. What type of bias is this an example of?

Hindsight bias

Junior's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. What is this an example of

Hindsight bias

What is a good example of procedural memory? 1) remembering your favorite vacation, 2) how a cookie tastes even though you never tasted it yourself, 3) what the word inconceivable means, 4) how to use the phone

How to use a phone

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through what type of experience

Indirect Experience

Nicholas is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

Interpersonal

J.J. is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week he has cleaned his house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that he can't afford, and dug up most of his yard in case he might want a garden next year. What is J.J. experiencing?

Mania

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Junior. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in and then cries. What is this is an example of?

Motor reflex

Noah has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the diagnoses accounts for Noah's personality?

Narcissistic personality disorder

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow, is an example of what

Natural concept

Roger's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Roger meets his sales quota this month. What type of punishment/ reinforcement is Roger's boss using

Negative reinforcement

Julie is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Julie wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Julie is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

Object permanence

Matthew worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. What does Matthew probably suffer from?

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Jack, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While he was on patrol with his friend, an IED went off, killing his friend and injuring him. In the two months since his friend died, Jack has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about his friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. What type of disorder is Jack experiencing?

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder).

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use

Partial

Matthew's parents let him stay up as late as he wants. He is allowed to pick out his own clothes and decide when and what he wants to eat. His parents act more like his friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Permissive parenting style

Stephanie experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. What does Stephanie suffer from?

Phobia

In what type of thinking are decisions made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts?

Post formal thinking

Matthew assumes that his professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with his stereotypes of professors. What bias does this exemplifies

Representational bias

It is hard to tell how Nicholas's father will respond to Nicholas. Sometimes he is responsive to Nicholas's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Nicholas. At 18 months old, Nicholas clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Nicholas becomes angry when his father leaves, and Nicholas is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Resistant attachment

Julian studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Italian. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Italian vocabulary. What type of inference is this an example of?

Retroactive interference

What are the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence?

Revised, verbal comprehension, working memory, and perceptual reasoning

Steven's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where he is unable to function normally in life. He experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the disorders is Steven living with?

Schizophrenia

Julian is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Secure attachment

Nicholas takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

Stranger anxiety

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. What is this an example of?

Suggestibility

What are characteristics for early maturing girls?

They are higher risk of depression, substance abuse and eating disorders

How have police change their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome?

They have modified the way witnesses are questioned

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Trust v. Mistrust

Albert catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this

Variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule

Variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Vicarious punishment

Nicholas looks over his presentation and notices that some of the words were written in bold and others in italics. His ability to remember the difference is an example of what type of encoding?

Visual encoding

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth. What are all these examples of

instincts

Jack is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Jack fear raspberries, he reacts with fear when he sees them. What is this an example of

stimulus generalization

What is the Flynn effect?

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last

Which of the following is an example of a reflex

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

When does an anchoring bias occur

when you focus on one piece of information verses all the information