Psychology Test 1 Chapter 1, 2, & 5
insight learning
"aha moment' once u have solved a problem then u r able to solve similar problems
TEST Q* Pons
"bridge" The ______ is the region in the brain most closely associated with breathing and with circuits that generate respiratory rhythms. It forms a bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum and is involved in motor control, posture, and balance. It is also involved in sensory analysis and is the site at which auditory information enters the brain. Damage associated with this part of the brain includes, impaired breathing, deafness, paralysis, sleep disturbance, and a loss of taste (gustation).
Dendrites
"bushy" and short. Receive signals or information from the receptors or from other neurons.
Thalamus
"inner room" the _____ is heavily involved n relaying information between the cortex and brain stem and within different cortical structures. This structure contributes to many processes in the brain including perception, attention, timing, and movement. It also plays a role in alertness and awareness. Damage to this area of the brain can result in amnesia, coma, dementia, difficulty speaking, loss of alertness, sleepiness, impaired processing of sensory information, and impaired movements and posture.
cerebellum
"little brain" The ______________ monitors and regulates motor behavior, particularly automatic movements. Some recent studies have associated this with cognitive functions, such as learning and attention. This structure contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined. This structure is also one of the few mammalian brain structures where adult neurogenesis has been confirmed. Damage to this area of the brain can result in a loss of fine coordination, tremors, the inability to walk, dizziness, and slurred speech.
Temporal lobes: Functions
(near the temples)/ auditory info. is processed, sensation of smell, hippocampus is there
Occipital lobes: Functions
(refers to rear of head) interprets visual impulses/ smallest lobe of brain
Human survival: must be able to perform three interrelated activities:
1. sense (smell, taste, touch, hear) 2. process (brain, cognitive function) 3. respond
ADV & DISADV of survey research
ADV/ a lot of info w/ out interviewing a lot of ppl --- DISADV/ missing ppl in data/ sample
ADV & DISADV of case studies
ADV/ access to a lot of info on a person --- DISADV/ can't apply that info on everyone in that study/circumstance & time consuming when doing research
ADV & DISADV of naturalistic observation
ADV/ realistic picture of behavior -- DISADV/ observer bias (see what ya wanna see)
Cingulate Cortex
An important part of the limbic system, the _____________ helps regulate emotions and pain. This structure is thought to directly drive the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences. In addition, it is involved in fear and the prediction (and avoidance) of negative consequences and can help orient the body away from the negative stimuli. Damage to this area of the brain can result in inappropriate emotions, impaired sensation of pain, and learning impairments.
Broca's Area vs Wernicke's Area
B- responsible for precise control of mouth and larynx muscles & seat of grammar, comprehension, and production /// W- home of meaning
Cognitive Perspective
Becke; this perspective has to deal with perception, thinking, learning, memory and the thought process. (spongebob filing cabinet)
TEST EXPLANATION* 1960, Albert Bandura and BoBo doll experiment
BoBo doll (clown inflatable) puts kids in a room and watches them-- they insert the doll-- kids really don't mess w/ it -- lady comes in and punches the doll over and over and gets a mallet and kicks it and lays on it and punches it-- kids start to punch and model her behavior & did all the same things she did
Frontal Lobes: Functions
Brain's executive arm/ language, movement, personality, reasoning, planning, problem solving (damage is demensia, parkensens)
Evolutionary Perspective
Darwin; this perspective has to deal with adaptations, natural selection, mate selection, parenting skills and ways, and reproduction. (survival of the fittest)
STARTING CHART-- Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud; this perspective has to deal with the unconscious mind and unconscious conflicts.
1960, Albert Bandura and BoBo doll exp
He says kids model the behavior they see... violence on tv -- if kids watch/see violence it affects their behavior
Antagonists
INHIBIT by blocking neurotransmitters or by diminishing their release. Similar enough to block but not stimulate.
Functionalism Perspective
James; This perspective wants to know how people adapt to their environments through a series of mental tests, questionnaires, and human interaction with the environment.
Systematic Desensitization
John Wolf first started pairing calming techniques with a stressful or fearful experience until the individual can learn to calm themselves down in those situations.
Humanistic Perspective
Maslow and Rogers; this perspective has a very positive and free view. They focus on the free will and growth to full potential of a person. need desire to reach full potential
Agonists
PROMOTE or enhance the operation of neurotransmitters-excite by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake
TEST Q* Psychiatrist vs psychologist
Psychiatrist - prescribes meds (MD) // Psychologist - can't prescribe meds (PHD)
What do psychologists study?
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Behavioral Perspective
Skinner, Thorndike, Watson, and Pavlov; this perspective has to deal with the observable, stimulus response behaviors of an individual, not the cognitive side. This perspective focuses only on what you can observe. (rewards what motivates you)
Hippocampus
The _________ is the structure in the brain that is most closely aligned with memory formation. It is important as an early storage place for long term memory, and it is involved in the transition of long term memory to an even more enduring permanent memory. This structure also plays an important role in spatial navigation. Damage to this area of the brain can result in severe memory impairment.
Corpus Callosum
The __________ consists of a large bundle of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain. This structure allows information to move between hemispheres.
Hypothalamus
The __________ regulates a wide range of behavioral and physiological activities. It controls many autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual activity. To do this, this structure integrates information from many different parts of he brain and is responsive to a variety of stimuli including light, odors, stress, and arousal. Other functions controlled by the hypothalamus include parenting behavior, perspiration, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Limbic System
The ____________ is a group of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus that are involved in processing and regulating emotions, memory, and sexual arousal. This structure is an important element of the body's response to stress and is highly connected to the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. This structure is also responsible for processing the body's response to odors.
medulla
The _____________ helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation. Sensory and motor neurons from the forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla. Damage to this part of the brain can result in paralysis or loss of muscle coordination. It can also cause you to lose your sense of touch, develop vertigo and have trouble swallowing.
Black Widow Venom
This is a flood of acetylcholine that causes muscle contractions, convulsions, and possible death.
Endorphin
This is referred to as "morphine within" that is a natural painkiller that your body produces. It can also be released during rigorous exercise known as "runner's high"
Socioculture Perspective
Vygotsky; this perspective has to deal with behaviors that are affected by their surroundings, social, and cultural factors (gender, ethnicity, religion, social roles, values)
Structuralism Perspective
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener; this perspective focuses on how we problem solve and make decisions. It is focused around our conscious experience and introspection.
Skinner and operant conditioning
a behavior that operates on the environment to provoke a change. the subject's behavior produces an outcome that affects future behavior
Antabuse
a drug that is used to make people sick when drinking alcohol to treat alcoholism (nausea)
Botulin
a poison in canned food that causes paralysis
positive reinforcement
a reward is given to strengthen a behavior
taste aversion
a strong aversion to a flavor or food associated with an illness (takes one time and lasts for a long time)
autonomic nervous system
affects organs and glands that regulate bodily functions
debriefing
after the experiment u review ur findings w/ participant
punishment
always weakens a behavior
Onto CH. 2-- Evolutionary Psychology
an area of psychology interested in looking for the adaptive benefits of selected human behaviors. The evolutionary perspective focuses on the role a particular physical structure or behavior plays in helping an organism adapt to its environment over time.
reflex *
automatic behavior in response to stimulus
TEST Q* Parasympathetic nervous system
balances out
Do no harm
both physical and mental
Neuroplasticity
brain IS capable of change
Explanation (forming a hypothesis) Why is it happening?
build a theory
TEST Q* Afferent (sensory nerves)
carry info from ceptors brain to spinal cord
Receptor
cells of the nervous system that allows u to sense stimulus
TEST Q* Successive Approximation (SHAPING)
change in behavior/ rewarding along the way to help them finish a big task
Control (drawing conclusions) How can it be changed?
changing behavior from undesirable to desirable
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released the neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. This process occurs within 1/10,000th of a second.
Survey research
collect info from a larger group
Peripheral Nervous system
consists of all the parts of the nervous system that are outside of the CNS. This is divided into two major parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
endocrine system
consists of glands that produce and secrete chemicals known as hormones
Central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Nor Epinephrine
controls alertness and arousal; fight or flight
Scatterplot
data, plot
(d)ependent variable
data---- response of participants that's measured
School psychologist
diagnosis & school testing, pretty close to counselor
informed consent
did u inform the participants
Multiple Sclerosis
disease in which myelin sheath degenerates and person loses muscle control
Nervous system
divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Blood Brain Barrier
enables the brain to fence out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood, and some chemicals don't have the right shape to make it through this barrier.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
event that automatically illicits and uncontional response
Reuptake
excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron.
experimental group
exposed to independent variable
stimulus generalization
extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to the similar stimuli
extrinsic motivation
externally motivated
TEST Q* sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight mobilizes ur body in times of stress or danger
Behavioral neuroscience
focuses attention on the relation between biological factors and behavior
Wording
format questions to avoid bias
token economy
gumchewer, gets gum if they eat... you earn tokens or another form of small prize that can be turned in later for a bigger and better prize (e.g. gold stars on a chart that can be exchanged for something out of a treasure box)
Reticular formation
has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep. Damage to this area of the brain can result in a coma because your body cannot wake itself up or can even cause death.
Sports psychologist
help athletes w/ personal issues that hurt their game in order to improve their performances
TEST Q* functions of the sympathetic nervous system
increases heart rate, secretes epi, pupils dialate, slows digestion, inhibits deathication
How neurotransmitters influence us--- Dopamine
influences motor movement, learning, attention, and emotion; reward and punishment; too much of this is linked to schizophrenia
confidentiality
information between a patient and therapist cannot be shared with anyone
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
intrinsic motivation
internally motivated
The Experimental method
involves manipulating the independent variable to determine how it will effect the dependent variable
social learning theory-bandura
involves observing other ppl
phobias
irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation which is out of proportion tot the actual danger it poses (conditioned)
How neurons communicate--- Synapse
junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
Myelin Sheath
layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axons of some neurons and helps speed their impulses.
Broca's Area
left hemisphere only (boca- mouth.. so broken mouth) speech production words often mispronounced
Acetylcholine
located in the hypocampus, _____ is an organic chemical that is located at every junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle. Low levels of this can cause bad memory, dementia, and Alzheimers
TEST Q* Parietal lobes: Functions
located just behind the frontal lobes/ process all senses EXCEPT smell
Forensic psychologist
looking at mind of criminal & why they think a certain way
Clinical psychologist
looking more at disorders & looks at symptoms and treatment
Thorndike
made puzzle box
Representative sample
making sure sample represents population
(i)ndependent variable
manipulated in any experiment (altered or controlled)
pituitary gland (near base of brain)
mastergland produces somatropin (growth hormone)
Stimulus
may provoke a response
Correlational Research
measuring relationship between two or more variables
American Psychological Association (APA)
members of APA were asked to "describe a situation they knew of first-hand, in which a psychologist made a decision having ethical implication, and to indicate the ethical issues involved" (APA, 1953, p. vi)
premack principle
named after david premack, eat broccoli ( don't want to) u got dessert you perform a negative task first, then you get a positive in return (e.g. if you do your chores, you can go play)
Double blind study
neither the experimenter or the person knows what is was
Neural Communication -- Neurons: __________ _______
nerve cell
TEST Q* Efferent (motor nerves)
nerves carry info from brain & spinal cord to muscles
Unconditioned response (UCR)
no learning is needed
Biopsychological Perspective
nooo nameee; Medical approach; this perspective has to deal with the physical body, neuroscience, genetic disorders, heredity, and stress.
Wernicke's Area
not cognitive-- __________ is a functionally defined structure that is involved in language comprehension. Damage to this structure results in inappropriate words and inability to understand spoken language. The major deficit is synchronizing objects and ideas with the words that signify them.
Correlation coefficient (r)
number ranging from negative 1 to 1 represents degree in the direction of the 2 variables
vicarious reinforcement
observing a model obtain a reward, increases the chance that you'll repeat the behavior
Description (perceiving the question) What is happening?
observing behavior & noting everything that's happening
Naturalistic observation
observing ppl in their natural environment (don't want them to know you're watching)
hindbrain
oldest parts of brain responsible for imp. survival functions
TEST Q* The Experimental method
only method that allows a researcher to determines the cause of the behavior
Methods
outline, in person
Single blind study
participants are blind to the treatment they receive
Curare
poison on the darts of S. American Indians
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
precedes an uncondition stimulus
Prediction (testing the hypothesis) When will it happen begin?
predicting future
CH 5 -- Behaviorism/ Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
process which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli -- neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response
gonads- ovaries/testes
produce sex hormones, estrogen, testosterone (activates reproductive hormones)
adrenal glands (in kidneys)
produces epi & adostrone (regulates salt intake)
pancreas (near small intestine)
produces insulin (sugar)
pineal gland (middle of head)
produces melatonin (regulates sleep/wake cycle)
thyroid gland
produces thyroxine (regulates body growth metabolism)
The IRB (Institutional Review Board)
proposed research must be approved by IRB
schedules of reinforcement
ratio- # ///interval-time
control group
receives no treatment or they receive a placebo
extinction
reduction or eventual disappearance of the behavior
variable(VARIES)- ratio schedule
reinforce any diff # (EX. slot machine)
stimulus discrimination
response was to a very specific stimulus
fixed-ratio schedule
rewarded after a specific # (fixed work pay)
spinal cord
serves as the body's information superhighway. Afferent nerves enter the back portion of the spinal cord and efferent nerves exit from the front portion.
hypothalamus
signals pituitary gland (controls aggression, hunger, & sexual activity)
TEST Q* functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
slows heart rate, homeostasis
Terminal Buttons
small knobs at the end of an axon. Store neurotransmitters prior to their release and transmit a chemical and electrical signal from one neuron to the next.
variable(VARIES)- interval schedule
specific amount of time passing (random drug test) don't know how much time has passed
fixed-interval time schedule
specific amount of time that has elapsed before reinforcement
reinforcement
stamps in or strengthens the response
TEST Q* Closer to -1 or 1 the _____________ the relationship is between the two variables
stronger.... EX. .70 is better than .30
The Case Study
study one individual in great detail
Neuropsychology
studying brain & how it impacts body
BoBo doll exp
teacher beat up doll then left and kids beat up the doll bc they watched her
Drugs, Chemicals, and neurotransmission -- when the brain is flooded with a drug, it ___________________ stops producing the natural chemicals in the brain. Drugs affect communication at synapse by exciting or inhibiting neuron firing.
temporarily
spontaneous recovery
temporary return of an extinguished response after delay
Amygdala
the _________ is an almond shaped gland that is located adjacent to the hippocampus. This gland is involved in processing emotions, especially fear-learning. It links areas of the cortex that process "higher" cognitive information with the hypothalamic and brainstem systems that control "lower" metabolic responses (e.g. touch, pain, sensitivity, and respiration). This allows the gland to coordinate physiological responses based on cognitive information - the most well know being the fight or flight response. Damage to this part of the brain can result in aggression, irritability, loss of control of emotion, and deficits in recognizing emotions - especially fear.
Axons
the long part of the neuron that transmits electrical signals to other neurons and to muscles and glands. Can be very long. Neuron to leg muscle can be 4ft.
Serotonin
this chemical in the brain can affect mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory and sexual desire and function. Low levels of this chemical is linked to depression.
Acquistion
time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior
Counseling psychologist
top therapy, finding solutions, coping skills
Law of effect
trial & error
Negative correlation ):
two variables w/ inverse relationship, one increases the other decreases
opperant chamber or skinner box
used same idea (tried on pigeons)
Somatic nervous system
what makes contact w/ environment involved in sending & responding
Conditioned response (CR)
whatever response that the conditioned stimulus had
placebo effect
when expectation influences behavior
The experimenter effect
when experimenter's expectation influences the study
Observer effect
when ppl know they're being watched they behave diff
Positive Correlation (:
when two variables increase in the same direction
Reporting results
when you take test- use for studies to report results
Industrial/Organizational psychologist
why ppl prefer colors & pick things that are closer to them on shelves
negative reinforcement
withdraw of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur