Psychology Test 1 Chapter 1, 2, & 5

insight learning

"aha moment' once u have solved a problem then u r able to solve similar problems

TEST Q* Pons

"bridge" The ______ is the region in the brain most closely associated with breathing and with circuits that generate respiratory rhythms. It forms a bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum and is involved in motor control, posture, and balance. It is also involved in sensory analysis and is the site at which auditory information enters the brain. Damage associated with this part of the brain includes, impaired breathing, deafness, paralysis, sleep disturbance, and a loss of taste (gustation).

Dendrites

"bushy" and short. Receive signals or information from the receptors or from other neurons.

Thalamus

"inner room" the _____ is heavily involved n relaying information between the cortex and brain stem and within different cortical structures. This structure contributes to many processes in the brain including perception, attention, timing, and movement. It also plays a role in alertness and awareness. Damage to this area of the brain can result in amnesia, coma, dementia, difficulty speaking, loss of alertness, sleepiness, impaired processing of sensory information, and impaired movements and posture.

cerebellum

"little brain" The ______________ monitors and regulates motor behavior, particularly automatic movements. Some recent studies have associated this with cognitive functions, such as learning and attention. This structure contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined. This structure is also one of the few mammalian brain structures where adult neurogenesis has been confirmed. Damage to this area of the brain can result in a loss of fine coordination, tremors, the inability to walk, dizziness, and slurred speech.

Temporal lobes: Functions

(near the temples)/ auditory info. is processed, sensation of smell, hippocampus is there

Occipital lobes: Functions

(refers to rear of head) interprets visual impulses/ smallest lobe of brain

Human survival: must be able to perform three interrelated activities:

1. sense (smell, taste, touch, hear) 2. process (brain, cognitive function) 3. respond

ADV & DISADV of survey research

ADV/ a lot of info w/ out interviewing a lot of ppl --- DISADV/ missing ppl in data/ sample

ADV & DISADV of case studies

ADV/ access to a lot of info on a person --- DISADV/ can't apply that info on everyone in that study/circumstance & time consuming when doing research

ADV & DISADV of naturalistic observation

ADV/ realistic picture of behavior -- DISADV/ observer bias (see what ya wanna see)

Cingulate Cortex

An important part of the limbic system, the _____________ helps regulate emotions and pain. This structure is thought to directly drive the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences. In addition, it is involved in fear and the prediction (and avoidance) of negative consequences and can help orient the body away from the negative stimuli. Damage to this area of the brain can result in inappropriate emotions, impaired sensation of pain, and learning impairments.

Broca's Area vs Wernicke's Area

B- responsible for precise control of mouth and larynx muscles & seat of grammar, comprehension, and production /// W- home of meaning

Cognitive Perspective

Becke; this perspective has to deal with perception, thinking, learning, memory and the thought process. (spongebob filing cabinet)

TEST EXPLANATION* 1960, Albert Bandura and BoBo doll experiment

BoBo doll (clown inflatable) puts kids in a room and watches them-- they insert the doll-- kids really don't mess w/ it -- lady comes in and punches the doll over and over and gets a mallet and kicks it and lays on it and punches it-- kids start to punch and model her behavior & did all the same things she did

Frontal Lobes: Functions

Brain's executive arm/ language, movement, personality, reasoning, planning, problem solving (damage is demensia, parkensens)

Evolutionary Perspective

Darwin; this perspective has to deal with adaptations, natural selection, mate selection, parenting skills and ways, and reproduction. (survival of the fittest)

STARTING CHART-- Psychodynamic Perspective

Freud; this perspective has to deal with the unconscious mind and unconscious conflicts.

1960, Albert Bandura and BoBo doll exp

He says kids model the behavior they see... violence on tv -- if kids watch/see violence it affects their behavior

Antagonists

INHIBIT by blocking neurotransmitters or by diminishing their release. Similar enough to block but not stimulate.

Functionalism Perspective

James; This perspective wants to know how people adapt to their environments through a series of mental tests, questionnaires, and human interaction with the environment.

Systematic Desensitization

John Wolf first started pairing calming techniques with a stressful or fearful experience until the individual can learn to calm themselves down in those situations.

Humanistic Perspective

Maslow and Rogers; this perspective has a very positive and free view. They focus on the free will and growth to full potential of a person. need desire to reach full potential

Agonists

PROMOTE or enhance the operation of neurotransmitters-excite by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake

TEST Q* Psychiatrist vs psychologist

Psychiatrist - prescribes meds (MD) // Psychologist - can't prescribe meds (PHD)

What do psychologists study?

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Behavioral Perspective

Skinner, Thorndike, Watson, and Pavlov; this perspective has to deal with the observable, stimulus response behaviors of an individual, not the cognitive side. This perspective focuses only on what you can observe. (rewards what motivates you)

Hippocampus

The _________ is the structure in the brain that is most closely aligned with memory formation. It is important as an early storage place for long term memory, and it is involved in the transition of long term memory to an even more enduring permanent memory. This structure also plays an important role in spatial navigation. Damage to this area of the brain can result in severe memory impairment.

Corpus Callosum

The __________ consists of a large bundle of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain. This structure allows information to move between hemispheres.

Hypothalamus

The __________ regulates a wide range of behavioral and physiological activities. It controls many autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual activity. To do this, this structure integrates information from many different parts of he brain and is responsive to a variety of stimuli including light, odors, stress, and arousal. Other functions controlled by the hypothalamus include parenting behavior, perspiration, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Limbic System

The ____________ is a group of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus that are involved in processing and regulating emotions, memory, and sexual arousal. This structure is an important element of the body's response to stress and is highly connected to the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. This structure is also responsible for processing the body's response to odors.

medulla

The _____________ helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation. Sensory and motor neurons from the forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla. Damage to this part of the brain can result in paralysis or loss of muscle coordination. It can also cause you to lose your sense of touch, develop vertigo and have trouble swallowing.

Black Widow Venom

This is a flood of acetylcholine that causes muscle contractions, convulsions, and possible death.

Endorphin

This is referred to as "morphine within" that is a natural painkiller that your body produces. It can also be released during rigorous exercise known as "runner's high"

Socioculture Perspective

Vygotsky; this perspective has to deal with behaviors that are affected by their surroundings, social, and cultural factors (gender, ethnicity, religion, social roles, values)

Structuralism Perspective

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener; this perspective focuses on how we problem solve and make decisions. It is focused around our conscious experience and introspection.

Skinner and operant conditioning

a behavior that operates on the environment to provoke a change. the subject's behavior produces an outcome that affects future behavior

Antabuse

a drug that is used to make people sick when drinking alcohol to treat alcoholism (nausea)

Botulin

a poison in canned food that causes paralysis

positive reinforcement

a reward is given to strengthen a behavior

taste aversion

a strong aversion to a flavor or food associated with an illness (takes one time and lasts for a long time)

autonomic nervous system

affects organs and glands that regulate bodily functions

debriefing

after the experiment u review ur findings w/ participant

punishment

always weakens a behavior

Onto CH. 2-- Evolutionary Psychology

an area of psychology interested in looking for the adaptive benefits of selected human behaviors. The evolutionary perspective focuses on the role a particular physical structure or behavior plays in helping an organism adapt to its environment over time.

reflex *

automatic behavior in response to stimulus

TEST Q* Parasympathetic nervous system

balances out

Do no harm

both physical and mental

Neuroplasticity

brain IS capable of change

Explanation (forming a hypothesis) Why is it happening?

build a theory

TEST Q* Afferent (sensory nerves)

carry info from ceptors brain to spinal cord

Receptor

cells of the nervous system that allows u to sense stimulus

TEST Q* Successive Approximation (SHAPING)

change in behavior/ rewarding along the way to help them finish a big task

Control (drawing conclusions) How can it be changed?

changing behavior from undesirable to desirable

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released the neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. This process occurs within 1/10,000th of a second.

Survey research

collect info from a larger group

Peripheral Nervous system

consists of all the parts of the nervous system that are outside of the CNS. This is divided into two major parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

endocrine system

consists of glands that produce and secrete chemicals known as hormones

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Nor Epinephrine

controls alertness and arousal; fight or flight

Scatterplot

data, plot

(d)ependent variable

data---- response of participants that's measured

School psychologist

diagnosis & school testing, pretty close to counselor

informed consent

did u inform the participants

Multiple Sclerosis

disease in which myelin sheath degenerates and person loses muscle control

Nervous system

divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Blood Brain Barrier

enables the brain to fence out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood, and some chemicals don't have the right shape to make it through this barrier.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

event that automatically illicits and uncontional response

Reuptake

excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron.

experimental group

exposed to independent variable

stimulus generalization

extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to the similar stimuli

extrinsic motivation

externally motivated

TEST Q* sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight mobilizes ur body in times of stress or danger

Behavioral neuroscience

focuses attention on the relation between biological factors and behavior

Wording

format questions to avoid bias

token economy

gumchewer, gets gum if they eat... you earn tokens or another form of small prize that can be turned in later for a bigger and better prize (e.g. gold stars on a chart that can be exchanged for something out of a treasure box)

Reticular formation

has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep. Damage to this area of the brain can result in a coma because your body cannot wake itself up or can even cause death.

Sports psychologist

help athletes w/ personal issues that hurt their game in order to improve their performances

TEST Q* functions of the sympathetic nervous system

increases heart rate, secretes epi, pupils dialate, slows digestion, inhibits deathication

How neurotransmitters influence us--- Dopamine

influences motor movement, learning, attention, and emotion; reward and punishment; too much of this is linked to schizophrenia

confidentiality

information between a patient and therapist cannot be shared with anyone

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

intrinsic motivation

internally motivated

The Experimental method

involves manipulating the independent variable to determine how it will effect the dependent variable

social learning theory-bandura

involves observing other ppl

phobias

irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation which is out of proportion tot the actual danger it poses (conditioned)

How neurons communicate--- Synapse

junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Myelin Sheath

layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axons of some neurons and helps speed their impulses.

Broca's Area

left hemisphere only (boca- mouth.. so broken mouth) speech production words often mispronounced

Acetylcholine

located in the hypocampus, _____ is an organic chemical that is located at every junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle. Low levels of this can cause bad memory, dementia, and Alzheimers

TEST Q* Parietal lobes: Functions

located just behind the frontal lobes/ process all senses EXCEPT smell

Forensic psychologist

looking at mind of criminal & why they think a certain way

Clinical psychologist

looking more at disorders & looks at symptoms and treatment

Thorndike

made puzzle box

Representative sample

making sure sample represents population

(i)ndependent variable

manipulated in any experiment (altered or controlled)

pituitary gland (near base of brain)

mastergland produces somatropin (growth hormone)

Stimulus

may provoke a response

Correlational Research

measuring relationship between two or more variables

American Psychological Association (APA)

members of APA were asked to "describe a situation they knew of first-hand, in which a psychologist made a decision having ethical implication, and to indicate the ethical issues involved" (APA, 1953, p. vi)

premack principle

named after david premack, eat broccoli ( don't want to) u got dessert you perform a negative task first, then you get a positive in return (e.g. if you do your chores, you can go play)

Double blind study

neither the experimenter or the person knows what is was

Neural Communication -- Neurons: __________ _______

nerve cell

TEST Q* Efferent (motor nerves)

nerves carry info from brain & spinal cord to muscles

Unconditioned response (UCR)

no learning is needed

Biopsychological Perspective

nooo nameee; Medical approach; this perspective has to deal with the physical body, neuroscience, genetic disorders, heredity, and stress.

Wernicke's Area

not cognitive-- __________ is a functionally defined structure that is involved in language comprehension. Damage to this structure results in inappropriate words and inability to understand spoken language. The major deficit is synchronizing objects and ideas with the words that signify them.

Correlation coefficient (r)

number ranging from negative 1 to 1 represents degree in the direction of the 2 variables

vicarious reinforcement

observing a model obtain a reward, increases the chance that you'll repeat the behavior

Description (perceiving the question) What is happening?

observing behavior & noting everything that's happening

Naturalistic observation

observing ppl in their natural environment (don't want them to know you're watching)

hindbrain

oldest parts of brain responsible for imp. survival functions

TEST Q* The Experimental method

only method that allows a researcher to determines the cause of the behavior

Methods

outline, in person

Single blind study

participants are blind to the treatment they receive

Curare

poison on the darts of S. American Indians

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

precedes an uncondition stimulus

Prediction (testing the hypothesis) When will it happen begin?

predicting future

CH 5 -- Behaviorism/ Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

process which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli -- neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response

gonads- ovaries/testes

produce sex hormones, estrogen, testosterone (activates reproductive hormones)

adrenal glands (in kidneys)

produces epi & adostrone (regulates salt intake)

pancreas (near small intestine)

produces insulin (sugar)

pineal gland (middle of head)

produces melatonin (regulates sleep/wake cycle)

thyroid gland

produces thyroxine (regulates body growth metabolism)

The IRB (Institutional Review Board)

proposed research must be approved by IRB

schedules of reinforcement

ratio- # ///interval-time

control group

receives no treatment or they receive a placebo

extinction

reduction or eventual disappearance of the behavior

variable(VARIES)- ratio schedule

reinforce any diff # (EX. slot machine)

stimulus discrimination

response was to a very specific stimulus

fixed-ratio schedule

rewarded after a specific # (fixed work pay)

spinal cord

serves as the body's information superhighway. Afferent nerves enter the back portion of the spinal cord and efferent nerves exit from the front portion.

hypothalamus

signals pituitary gland (controls aggression, hunger, & sexual activity)

TEST Q* functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

slows heart rate, homeostasis

Terminal Buttons

small knobs at the end of an axon. Store neurotransmitters prior to their release and transmit a chemical and electrical signal from one neuron to the next.

variable(VARIES)- interval schedule

specific amount of time passing (random drug test) don't know how much time has passed

fixed-interval time schedule

specific amount of time that has elapsed before reinforcement

reinforcement

stamps in or strengthens the response

TEST Q* Closer to -1 or 1 the _____________ the relationship is between the two variables

stronger.... EX. .70 is better than .30

The Case Study

study one individual in great detail

Neuropsychology

studying brain & how it impacts body

BoBo doll exp

teacher beat up doll then left and kids beat up the doll bc they watched her

Drugs, Chemicals, and neurotransmission -- when the brain is flooded with a drug, it ___________________ stops producing the natural chemicals in the brain. Drugs affect communication at synapse by exciting or inhibiting neuron firing.

temporarily

spontaneous recovery

temporary return of an extinguished response after delay

Amygdala

the _________ is an almond shaped gland that is located adjacent to the hippocampus. This gland is involved in processing emotions, especially fear-learning. It links areas of the cortex that process "higher" cognitive information with the hypothalamic and brainstem systems that control "lower" metabolic responses (e.g. touch, pain, sensitivity, and respiration). This allows the gland to coordinate physiological responses based on cognitive information - the most well know being the fight or flight response. Damage to this part of the brain can result in aggression, irritability, loss of control of emotion, and deficits in recognizing emotions - especially fear.

Axons

the long part of the neuron that transmits electrical signals to other neurons and to muscles and glands. Can be very long. Neuron to leg muscle can be 4ft.

Serotonin

this chemical in the brain can affect mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory and sexual desire and function. Low levels of this chemical is linked to depression.

Acquistion

time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior

Counseling psychologist

top therapy, finding solutions, coping skills

Law of effect

trial & error

Negative correlation ):

two variables w/ inverse relationship, one increases the other decreases

opperant chamber or skinner box

used same idea (tried on pigeons)

Somatic nervous system

what makes contact w/ environment involved in sending & responding

Conditioned response (CR)

whatever response that the conditioned stimulus had

placebo effect

when expectation influences behavior

The experimenter effect

when experimenter's expectation influences the study

Observer effect

when ppl know they're being watched they behave diff

Positive Correlation (:

when two variables increase in the same direction

Reporting results

when you take test- use for studies to report results

Industrial/Organizational psychologist

why ppl prefer colors & pick things that are closer to them on shelves

negative reinforcement

withdraw of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur