psychology test 2

hindsight bias

"I knew it all along"

integrity

(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness

Generativity vs. Stagnation

- Caring Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

intamacy vs isolation

- Commitment The sixth of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound loneliness and isolation.

indentity vs role confusion

- Identity According to Erikson, the stage that occurs during adolescence; teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

Socio-cognitive approach

- Personality are shaped by feelings and thoughts, the environment and our behavior.A language acquisition theory that states that the different aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social knowledge are interactive elements of total human development

integrity vs despair

- Wisdom Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

stage theory

- separate stages as in the lady bug example a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

-Determination Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Big Five Model of Personality

-extraversion - agreeableness - conscientiousness -emotional stability (neuroticisms) - openness to experience

Psychotherapy commodities

1. An empathetic, trusting relaitonship 2. people learn about themselves 3. hope 4. suggestions for actions

motor development example ranking

1. turns head to follow movement 2. sits alone for one minute 3. walks while holding onto something 4. walks alone 5. climbs stairs 6. runs 7. puts on shoes 8. laces shoes

humanistic psychology

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will.

agonist drug

A drug that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell, which mimics or enhances a neurotransmitter's effect.

Obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Rorschach inkblot test

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure

uninvolved parenting

A style of parenting in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children and their emotional involvement with them and provide for their children's basic needs, but little else.

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

Trait Theory

A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

Bernard grew up believing only two political parties. IN college he discovered other parties like Libertarian.

Accommodation

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Passionate Love vs. Companionate Love

All-consuming, intense emotional reaction vs. affection we feel for a person

agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

implicit attitudes

Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment -Different people choose different environment -our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events

Discrimination

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

Chronic

Industry vs. Inferiority

Competency School age 5-12

Gilbert notices that his sausage is sliced into six pieces, whereas his brother's is sliced into nine pieces. He understands, however, that his brother's sausage is not actually any larger than his own. This indicates that Gilbert has by now reached the ________ stage of development.

Concrete operational

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Delusions of reference, delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, thought broadcasting, though insertion, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behaviour, catatonia

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Psychologist agree that personality is consistent across different situations

False

One of the most reliable and valid measure of personality is the Rorschach inkblot test

False... only provide insight not reliable

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Tust vs. Mistrust

Hope

insecure attachment

Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

coronary heart disease

Narrowing of the blood vessels that nourish the heart muscle, thus depriving the heart of the necessary blood to function properly

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements

at 17 months of age, Julie says 'wada' whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the ____ stage of language development.

One-word stage

Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to

Open the mount in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek

Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.

Permissive

cognitive appraisal

Personal interpretation of the situation that triggers stress

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

Preoperational

health psychologists

Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness, and vice versa

Initiative vs. Guilt

Purpose play age 3-5

Superego (Freud)

Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

Role confusion

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.

Sensorimotor

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Personality refers to a persons typical pattern of behavior, feelings and thinking

TRUE

resistance stage

The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to the stressor.

Antonia is a psychology graduate student who just learned how to administer and score another projective test. This one has black-and-white drawings of people in various situations. Antonia likely just learned about the _____

Thematic Apperception test (TAT)

Critics of the trait perspective note that although a persons basic traits may persist over time, their specific behaviors tend to vary from situation.

True

Most modern personality psychologists find Freud's ideas useful to understanding personality.

True

Peoples response to personality inventories are biased

True

Personality can be described accurately across cultures using the same basic traits

True

Personality traits are influences by heredity

True

Personality traits are relatively stable over time

True

Some psychologist believe personality depends on the interaction between a persons thoughts and their specific social situation

True

Some psychologists believe that a healthy personality is reflected by consistence between who we are and who we want to be

True

Therapist agree that uncovering unconscious conflicts and desires is the key to overcoming problems

Ture

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

Type A

Example of negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress

Weak immune system

continuity and stages

What parts of development are gradual and continuous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder?

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

information processing

a continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition

statistical deviance

a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population

cultural deviance

a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society

post tramatic stress disorder

a disorder that occurs after a horrible experience/ event, symptoms might include lack of sleep or nightmares.

self-help groups

a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

fight or flight response

a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)

a psychologist removes reinforcement for unwanted behaviors and provides reinforcement for more acceptable behaviors

personality inventory

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

role confusion

a situation in which people do not seem to know or care about their identity

progressive muscle relaxation

a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of

accommodation

Although he has ridden bicycles for years, Karl realizes he may not have the skills necessary to ride a motocycle

accommodation

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

postconventional morality

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

obsessive-compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

permissive parenting

an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

stressor

an event or situation that causes stress

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Amanda uses a screwdriver as a hammer

assimilation

Three-year-old Mary has a pet dog. Upon encountering the pig for the first time she says to her mother, "Make it bark"

assimilation

Upon seeing cricket for the first time, Linda assumes it is much like baseball and begins asking about the short stop and outfielder

assimilation

dispositional attribution

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones

insecure attachment

attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence

explicit bias

attitudes or beliefs that one endorses at a conscious level

implicit bias

attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner

explicit attitudes

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

situational attribution

attributing behavior to the environment

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

The McDonalds use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioned obedience

authoritarian

We establish and enforce rules for our children. We give reasons for the rules and invite our children to discuss the rules.

authoritative parenting

mindfulness meditation

awareness and focus on present moment

The earliest stage of speech development

babbling stage

maladaptive behavior

behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life

delusions of grandeur

belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape the outcomes of our lives

Many traits have__________________underpinnings. There is a clear _________component. This (is/is not) to say that these systems are set for good, especially when context and culture come into play

biological; genetic; is not

diaphragmatic breathing

breathing with the use of the diaphragm to achieve maximum inhalation and slow respiratory rate.

chronic stressors

burdensome events that persist over an extended period of time ex: caring for parent with Alzheimers

eclectic

choosing from various sources

systmatic desensitization

client is taught to relax and is presented with items on a fear hierarchy, starting with the least threatening, while in the reaxed state

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

concept of conservation

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of

continuity and stages

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

conventional

Marta does not cheat on test because she does not want to violate rules.

conventional morality

emotion-focused coping

coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor

Neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

conscientious

diligent and careful

Adolescence is typically a time of

diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)

antagonist drugs

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug

atypical antipsychotics

drugs that treat psychotic symptoms and behavior

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression and anxiety

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output reach their peak during

early adulthood

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.

ego

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

plays video games to distract himself

emotion-focused coping

After being told that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Bill is likely to experience an outpouring of

epinephrine

major life events

events that require people to make major adjustments in their lives ex: Failing a class in college

social norms

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

extraversion

Delusions

false beliefs

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

phobia

fear

stress reaction model

fight,fight,manage

preconventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

alarm response

first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) to stress; involves increasing activity of the sympathetic nervous system speeding up heart rate, blood pressure and releasing adrenaline.

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of what stage of development

formal operational

Dr. Anders is a 44-year-old physician who experiences a sense of personal fulfillment in contributing to the well-being of others through her medical practice. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Dr. Anders experiences

generativity vs stagnation

emotional stability

how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

id

Fred has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several times. Erikson would have suggested that Fred lacks

identity vs role confusion

pre operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in

information-processing speed

A young boy begins to make up games to play and is allowed to do so.

initiative vs guilt

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of

insecure attachment

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of

insecure attachment

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

insecure attachment

According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own health if they have achieved a sense of

integrety

A 70 year old feels his life has not been of real value

integrity vs despair

Development

is more continuous

Authoritarian

like a dictator

The youngest child was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months and walk at twelve. This order sequence of motor development was largely due to

maturation

antipsychotic drugs

medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

mood stabilizers

medications that treat bipolar disorder, such as lithium

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

Shari is a rather anxious person. Since she is so insecure, she frequently seeks out the reassurance of others. On which of the Big Five characteristics would Shari likely score high?

neuroticism

self-actualization

one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

Personalities

personalities and other characteristics remain relative the same over time

stress reaction

physical and emotional response to a stressor

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

post conventional

Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

post conventional

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

postconventional

Henry disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Henry best represents a ________ morality.

preconventional

Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

preconventional

Stages of Moral Development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

emotional scapegoating

prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

contacts his professor to discuss how to raise grade

problem-focused coping

tend-and-befriend response

protection of offspring and seeking out social group of mutual defense

antisocial personality disorder

psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Professor Huang is researching the effect of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the speciality area of

psychoneuroimmunology

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by:

reciprocal determination

faith factor

religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of

secure attachment

Even thought Alicia was busy playing when her mother came to pick her up, she quickly ran to her mother to be held

secure attachment

ego

self, I

Stages of Cognitive Development

sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational

critics of social cognitive perspective charge that researchers are so focused on the ________ that they lose sight of the _______

situation ; person

Hassles

small stressful events that happen through course of the day ex: bus running late

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

social support

diagnostic labeling effects

stigmas are often attached to the label of psychological disorder

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a

strong ego

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Cooperative Actions

such as those performed by people on sports teams, feed mutual liking. Such attitudes, in turn, promote positive behavior.

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Two-year-old Dirk's sentences—"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"—are examples of

telegraphic stage

openess to experience

tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring and take risks

Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to

teratogens

social support

the aid gained through interacting with others

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you

person-situation debate

the controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavior

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

sense of personal control

the extent to which a person perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

relaxation response

the physiological counterbalance to the fight or flight response. in which deep stat of mental and physical rest may be elicited

Meditation

the practice of turning your attention to a single point of reference

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

stress appraisal

the process by which a person interprets a stressor as a threat or a challenge

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Attribution

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the

the projective test

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

matching hypothesis

the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

actor-observer effect

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

dream analysis

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

exhaustion stage

the third stage of the GAS, characterized by weakened resistance and possible deterioration

drug therapy

the use of certain medications to treat or reduce the symptoms of a mental disorder

Timeout

the withdrawal of the opportunity to receive positive reinforcement for a specific amount of time

family therapies

therapies designed to constructively modify the dysfunctional relationships among family members

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

exposure therapy

therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

postconventional morality

third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

cognitive therapy

treatment for psychological disorders that centers on changing self-defeating thinking

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with which language development

two-word stage

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Kito has just begun the process of therapy with a new therapist. Compared to his previous therapist, this new one seems to create an atmosphere of acceptance and nonjudgment no matter what he says in therapy. Because of this, Kito is willing to share much more than he ever has before. It is clear that Kito's new therapist is utilizing _____ to establish a safe therapeutic environment.

unconditional positive regard

The Chapmans provide basic shelter clothing and food but are too busy to teach and encourage their children acceptable behavior

uninvolved parenting

cognitive dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

Catastrophic event

unpredictable, a sudden, violent calamity, either natural or manmade, that causes trauma and overwhelming feelings of threat ex: hurricane

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Biofeedback

using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions.

identity resolution

usually discovered during adolescence

guided imagery

verbal guidance of intentional visualization of images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways

medical model

view of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

Lymphocytes

white blood cells