psychology test 2
hindsight bias
"I knew it all along"
integrity
(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness
Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Caring Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
intamacy vs isolation
- Commitment The sixth of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound loneliness and isolation.
indentity vs role confusion
- Identity According to Erikson, the stage that occurs during adolescence; teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Socio-cognitive approach
- Personality are shaped by feelings and thoughts, the environment and our behavior.A language acquisition theory that states that the different aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social knowledge are interactive elements of total human development
integrity vs despair
- Wisdom Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
stage theory
- separate stages as in the lady bug example a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-Determination Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Big Five Model of Personality
-extraversion - agreeableness - conscientiousness -emotional stability (neuroticisms) - openness to experience
Psychotherapy commodities
1. An empathetic, trusting relaitonship 2. people learn about themselves 3. hope 4. suggestions for actions
motor development example ranking
1. turns head to follow movement 2. sits alone for one minute 3. walks while holding onto something 4. walks alone 5. climbs stairs 6. runs 7. puts on shoes 8. laces shoes
humanistic psychology
A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will.
agonist drug
A drug that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell, which mimics or enhances a neurotransmitter's effect.
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
lobotomy
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Rorschach inkblot test
A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure
uninvolved parenting
A style of parenting in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children and their emotional involvement with them and provide for their children's basic needs, but little else.
psychoanalytic theory
A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Trait Theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
Bernard grew up believing only two political parties. IN college he discovered other parties like Libertarian.
Accommodation
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Passionate Love vs. Companionate Love
All-consuming, intense emotional reaction vs. affection we feel for a person
agoraphobia
An abnormal fear of open or public places
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
implicit attitudes
Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious
reciprocal determinism
Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment -Different people choose different environment -our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
Discrimination
Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.
Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
Chronic
Industry vs. Inferiority
Competency School age 5-12
Gilbert notices that his sausage is sliced into six pieces, whereas his brother's is sliced into nine pieces. He understands, however, that his brother's sausage is not actually any larger than his own. This indicates that Gilbert has by now reached the ________ stage of development.
Concrete operational
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions of reference, delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, thought broadcasting, though insertion, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behaviour, catatonia
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
Psychologist agree that personality is consistent across different situations
False
One of the most reliable and valid measure of personality is the Rorschach inkblot test
False... only provide insight not reliable
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Tust vs. Mistrust
Hope
insecure attachment
Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
coronary heart disease
Narrowing of the blood vessels that nourish the heart muscle, thus depriving the heart of the necessary blood to function properly
chameleon effect
Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements
at 17 months of age, Julie says 'wada' whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the ____ stage of language development.
One-word stage
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
Open the mount in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek
Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
Permissive
cognitive appraisal
Personal interpretation of the situation that triggers stress
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
Preoperational
health psychologists
Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness, and vice versa
Initiative vs. Guilt
Purpose play age 3-5
Superego (Freud)
Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing
Role confusion
Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.
Sensorimotor
General Adaptation Syndrome
Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Personality refers to a persons typical pattern of behavior, feelings and thinking
TRUE
resistance stage
The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to the stressor.
Antonia is a psychology graduate student who just learned how to administer and score another projective test. This one has black-and-white drawings of people in various situations. Antonia likely just learned about the _____
Thematic Apperception test (TAT)
Critics of the trait perspective note that although a persons basic traits may persist over time, their specific behaviors tend to vary from situation.
True
Most modern personality psychologists find Freud's ideas useful to understanding personality.
True
Peoples response to personality inventories are biased
True
Personality can be described accurately across cultures using the same basic traits
True
Personality traits are influences by heredity
True
Personality traits are relatively stable over time
True
Some psychologist believe personality depends on the interaction between a persons thoughts and their specific social situation
True
Some psychologists believe that a healthy personality is reflected by consistence between who we are and who we want to be
True
Therapist agree that uncovering unconscious conflicts and desires is the key to overcoming problems
Ture
Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.
Type A
Example of negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress
Weak immune system
continuity and stages
What parts of development are gradual and continuous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder?
counterconditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
information processing
a continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition
statistical deviance
a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population
cultural deviance
a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society
post tramatic stress disorder
a disorder that occurs after a horrible experience/ event, symptoms might include lack of sleep or nightmares.
self-help groups
a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
flat affect
a lack of emotional responsiveness
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months
mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
fight or flight response
a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival
cognitive behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)
a psychologist removes reinforcement for unwanted behaviors and provides reinforcement for more acceptable behaviors
personality inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
role confusion
a situation in which people do not seem to know or care about their identity
progressive muscle relaxation
a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of
accommodation
Although he has ridden bicycles for years, Karl realizes he may not have the skills necessary to ride a motocycle
accommodation
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
postconventional morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
permissive parenting
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
stressor
an event or situation that causes stress
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Amanda uses a screwdriver as a hammer
assimilation
Three-year-old Mary has a pet dog. Upon encountering the pig for the first time she says to her mother, "Make it bark"
assimilation
Upon seeing cricket for the first time, Linda assumes it is much like baseball and begins asking about the short stop and outfielder
assimilation
dispositional attribution
assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones
insecure attachment
attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence
explicit bias
attitudes or beliefs that one endorses at a conscious level
implicit bias
attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner
explicit attitudes
attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report
situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.
authoritarian
The McDonalds use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioned obedience
authoritarian
We establish and enforce rules for our children. We give reasons for the rules and invite our children to discuss the rules.
authoritative parenting
mindfulness meditation
awareness and focus on present moment
The earliest stage of speech development
babbling stage
maladaptive behavior
behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life
delusions of grandeur
belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do
The concept of perceived control refers to ________.
beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape the outcomes of our lives
Many traits have__________________underpinnings. There is a clear _________component. This (is/is not) to say that these systems are set for good, especially when context and culture come into play
biological; genetic; is not
diaphragmatic breathing
breathing with the use of the diaphragm to achieve maximum inhalation and slow respiratory rate.
chronic stressors
burdensome events that persist over an extended period of time ex: caring for parent with Alzheimers
eclectic
choosing from various sources
systmatic desensitization
client is taught to relax and is presented with items on a fear hierarchy, starting with the least threatening, while in the reaxed state
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a
concept of conservation
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of
continuity and stages
Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.
conventional
Marta does not cheat on test because she does not want to violate rules.
conventional morality
emotion-focused coping
coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
Neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability
conscientious
diligent and careful
Adolescence is typically a time of
diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)
antagonist drugs
drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug
atypical antipsychotics
drugs that treat psychotic symptoms and behavior
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression and anxiety
Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output reach their peak during
early adulthood
Type B
easygoing, relaxed people
Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.
ego
deep brain stimulation
electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders
plays video games to distract himself
emotion-focused coping
After being told that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Bill is likely to experience an outpouring of
epinephrine
major life events
events that require people to make major adjustments in their lives ex: Failing a class in college
social norms
expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior
Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
extraversion
Delusions
false beliefs
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
phobia
fear
stress reaction model
fight,fight,manage
preconventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior
alarm response
first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) to stress; involves increasing activity of the sympathetic nervous system speeding up heart rate, blood pressure and releasing adrenaline.
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of what stage of development
formal operational
Dr. Anders is a 44-year-old physician who experiences a sense of personal fulfillment in contributing to the well-being of others through her medical practice. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Dr. Anders experiences
generativity vs stagnation
emotional stability
how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
id
Fred has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several times. Erikson would have suggested that Fred lacks
identity vs role confusion
pre operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in
information-processing speed
A young boy begins to make up games to play and is allowed to do so.
initiative vs guilt
Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of
insecure attachment
Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of
insecure attachment
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of
insecure attachment
According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own health if they have achieved a sense of
integrety
A 70 year old feels his life has not been of real value
integrity vs despair
Development
is more continuous
Authoritarian
like a dictator
The youngest child was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months and walk at twelve. This order sequence of motor development was largely due to
maturation
antipsychotic drugs
medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
mood stabilizers
medications that treat bipolar disorder, such as lithium
bipolar disorder
mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes
Shari is a rather anxious person. Since she is so insecure, she frequently seeks out the reassurance of others. On which of the Big Five characteristics would Shari likely score high?
neuroticism
self-actualization
one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
Personalities
personalities and other characteristics remain relative the same over time
stress reaction
physical and emotional response to a stressor
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.
post conventional
Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
post conventional
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.
postconventional
Henry disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Henry best represents a ________ morality.
preconventional
Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.
preconventional
Stages of Moral Development
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
emotional scapegoating
prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
contacts his professor to discuss how to raise grade
problem-focused coping
tend-and-befriend response
protection of offspring and seeking out social group of mutual defense
antisocial personality disorder
psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Professor Huang is researching the effect of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the speciality area of
psychoneuroimmunology
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by:
reciprocal determination
faith factor
religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active
conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior
Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of
secure attachment
Even thought Alicia was busy playing when her mother came to pick her up, she quickly ran to her mother to be held
secure attachment
ego
self, I
Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
critics of social cognitive perspective charge that researchers are so focused on the ________ that they lose sight of the _______
situation ; person
Hassles
small stressful events that happen through course of the day ex: bus running late
Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.
social support
diagnostic labeling effects
stigmas are often attached to the label of psychological disorder
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a
strong ego
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
Cooperative Actions
such as those performed by people on sports teams, feed mutual liking. Such attitudes, in turn, promote positive behavior.
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
Two-year-old Dirk's sentences—"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"—are examples of
telegraphic stage
openess to experience
tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring and take risks
Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to
teratogens
social support
the aid gained through interacting with others
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
delusions of persecution
the belief that people are out to get you
person-situation debate
the controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavior
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
sense of personal control
the extent to which a person perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
Egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
relaxation response
the physiological counterbalance to the fight or flight response. in which deep stat of mental and physical rest may be elicited
Meditation
the practice of turning your attention to a single point of reference
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression
stress appraisal
the process by which a person interprets a stressor as a threat or a challenge
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Attribution
the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the
the projective test
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
matching hypothesis
the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are
actor-observer effect
the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
dream analysis
the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams
exhaustion stage
the third stage of the GAS, characterized by weakened resistance and possible deterioration
drug therapy
the use of certain medications to treat or reduce the symptoms of a mental disorder
Timeout
the withdrawal of the opportunity to receive positive reinforcement for a specific amount of time
family therapies
therapies designed to constructively modify the dysfunctional relationships among family members
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
exposure therapy
therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
postconventional morality
third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
cognitive therapy
treatment for psychological disorders that centers on changing self-defeating thinking
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair
Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with which language development
two-word stage
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
Kito has just begun the process of therapy with a new therapist. Compared to his previous therapist, this new one seems to create an atmosphere of acceptance and nonjudgment no matter what he says in therapy. Because of this, Kito is willing to share much more than he ever has before. It is clear that Kito's new therapist is utilizing _____ to establish a safe therapeutic environment.
unconditional positive regard
The Chapmans provide basic shelter clothing and food but are too busy to teach and encourage their children acceptable behavior
uninvolved parenting
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
Catastrophic event
unpredictable, a sudden, violent calamity, either natural or manmade, that causes trauma and overwhelming feelings of threat ex: hurricane
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Biofeedback
using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions.
identity resolution
usually discovered during adolescence
guided imagery
verbal guidance of intentional visualization of images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways
medical model
view of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
Lymphocytes
white blood cells
