Psychology Unit 1
In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is
$10,000.
For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?
10, 22, 8, 9, 6
If IQ scores are normally distributed, having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people have IQ scores somewhere between 70 and 130?
95
Who speculated that a meal makes us sleepy by causing gas and heat to collect around our heart?
Aristotle
When researchers conduct research for the sake building a base of knowledge, this research is most clearly examples of
Basic research
Modern psychology is best defined as the science of
Behavior and mental processes
Researching how humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of
Behavior genetics
Tawnya feels that her son became a good student because she frequently praises his efforts. Her beliefs best illustrates a ___ perspective
Behavioral
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
Behavioral
Which school of thought focused on observing people's behavior and recording it as they are conditioned?
Behaviorism
The researchers who domesticated foxes through selective mating were
Belyaev and Trut.
Dr. Crusoe researches the relationship between intellectual functioning and brain chemistry. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Crusoe's research best represent?
Biological psychology
The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and
Biology
What is the testing effect sometimes called?
Both the retrieval practice effect and test-enhanced learning
The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
Charles Darwin
Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?
Charles Darwin
Without an obvious reason, Henry has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he stays home from work quite frequently. It would be best for Henry to contact a ____ psychologist
Clinical
Without an obvious reason, Henry has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he stays home from work quite frequently. It would be best for Henry to contact a psychologist.
Clinical
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
Cognitive
Which psychological perspective is most likely concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?
Cognitive
Which area of psychology focuses the most on perceiving, processing, and remembering information?
Cognitive psychology
To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ___ group
Control
Having a questioning attitude regarding psychological researchers assumptions and values best illustrates
Critical thinking
Questioning whether conclusions are justified by presented evidence best illustrates
Critical thinking
It is most helpful to study people of all races and cultures when
Discerning human similarities and differences
The testing effect refers to the ____ that comes with repeated retrieval of learned information.
Enhanced memory
Which of these is most obviously part of critical thinking?
Evaluating evidence
Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?
Evolutionary
Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?
Freudian psychology
According to Aristotle personality is found in the
Heart
According to Aristotle, personality is found in the
Heart
"The rat is always right" one of psychology's early mottos represents which aspect of scientific attitude?
Humility
Reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings by looking inward is called
Introspection
A Swiss biologist, who was one of the most influential observers of children in the 20th century?
Jean Piaget
Explaining the same behavior from different perspectives in a way that together give us a more complete understanding represent different
Levels of analysis
When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?
Mean
Girls who have experienced stress related to father absence, sexual abuse, or insecure feelings of attachment to their parents or caregivers experience a few months earlier than average.
Menarche
Professor Habib examines the impact of parental divorce on adult children's attitudes toward romantic relationships can be considered a(n)
Mental process
Professor Habib examines the impact of parental divorce on adult children's attitudes toward romantic relationships. The attitude regarding romantic relationships can be considered
Mental process
Compared with lesbians, gay men report ____responsiveness to visual sexual stimuli and ____interest in their partner's physical attractiveness.
More;more
Francette wonders whether personality differences between her friends from different cultures result mainly from biological influences or from cultural influences. Francette is curious about
Nature and nurture
Professor Dumbledore feels that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions due to an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of
Plato
Nature is to nurture as
Plato is to Aristotle
Dr. Hawkes studies how happiness in late adulthood relates to a persons social network and particularly the feeling of social connectedness. Her approach is called
Positive psychology
For children from impoverished environments stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to
Prevent the degeneration of activate connections between neurons
For 11-year-old Elaina, puberty means that she will experience several physical changes, such as enlargement of her uterus and her first menstrual period. This best illustrates adolescent development of
Primary sex characteristics.
You will learn and remember course material best when you
Process information actively
You will learn and remember course materials best when you
Process information actively
Of these, which specialist is most likely to have a medical degree?
Psychiatrist
Mrs. Trujillo feels that when her husband has angry outbursts against her, that it comes from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Trujillo is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n)___perspective.
Psychodynamic
In the SQ3R study method, which step is missing here: survey, question, read, and review.
Retrieve
SQ3R emphasizes the importance of
Retrieving information
A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and median is said to be
Skewed
Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
Social-culture
The evolutionary psychologist who noted that our shared human traits "have a common logic across cultures" was
Steve pinker
Titcheners early school of thought that used introspection to study the minds basic elements is called
Structuralism
The self correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answer is known as
The scientific method
People whose gender identity feels mismatched with their birth-designated sex are
Transgender.
What early psychologist aimed to study the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings?
William James
Who developed the first psychological laboratory?
Wundt
Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables
a correlation coefficient
Identical twins originate from the fertilization of
a single egg cell by a single sperm cell
Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that our typical negative reaction to the prospect of directly harming another person is indicative of
a universal moral grammar
Chromosomes are contained within
all of these types of cells
A human egg contains ___chromosome and a human sperm contains ___chromosome.
an X; either an X or a Y
Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates
an empirical approach
John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and other early behaviorists would have considered studying self-esteem through introspection to be
an unscientific method
Identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities. But we should be cautious about attributing these similarities to shared genes because
any two strangers are likely to share many coincidental similarities.
The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a(n)
bar graph.
When researchers conduct research for the sake of building a base of knowledge, this research is most clearly examples of
basic research
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
behavioral
Unlike the concept of gender, the definition of people's sex is based only on
biological traits
An awareness that children's inborn personality traits influence parents' child-raising practices should inhibit our tendency to
blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.
The different levels of analysis of the biopsychosocial approach
complement one another
When you do *not* blindly accept available arguments and conclusions, you are using what?
critical thinking
The long-lasting traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people form their
culture
Unlike identical twins, fraternal twins are described as
dizygotic
A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be
due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.
A strong sense of family self is likely to be characteristic of those who in cultures that value
emotional closeness.
An infant's temperament refers most directly to its
emotional excitability
An organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strand has been identified as a(n)
epigenetic mark
Infant rats deprived of their mothers' normal licking had more ____that block access to the "on" switch for developing the brain's stress hormone receptors.
epigenetic molecules
Women have a natural inclination to be more particular than men about who they select as a mate because they need partners who will support and protect their offspring. This statement best illustrates the logic of
evolutionary psychology.
The hindsight bias refers to peoples tendency to
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events
The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is call the ___ group
experimental
People living culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing
family obligations
The term spermarche refers to the
first ejaculation
According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be
genetically predisposed
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute male-female differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have than women do.
greater reproductive potential
Characteristics that are genetically transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of
heredity.
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.
A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of
individualism
Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by
individualism
Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research?
industrial-organizational psychologists
Which of the following provides the best guidance on the significance of an observed difference between two research samples?
inferential statistics
Edward Titchener is to John B. Watson as __ is to __
inner sensations; observable behavior
The unique genetically influenced traits of children often evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the _____of nature and nurture.
interaction
During prenatal development, a genetically female newborn was exposed to unusually high levels of testosterone. AsS a result, she developed male- appearing genitals. The newborn most clearly showed signs of
intersex condition.
A correlation between physical attarctiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that
less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness
Compared with men, women are likely to desire more frequent sex and likely to misperceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on.
less; less
Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
male facial hair
Puberty is most closely related to the onset of
menarche
The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with the environment to influence behavior is known as
molecular behavior genetics
Professor Anderson's research involves assessing the interactive impact of specific chromosome segments and unhealthy peer relationships on the development of alcohol use disorder. Her research most clearly illustrates the specialty area known as
molecular behavior genetics.
With respect to their leadership style, men tend to be ____directive and democratic ____than women.
more; less
If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates
natural selection
Inherited trait variations that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. This best illustrates
natural selection.
To compare the the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?
naturalistic observation
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in
naturalistic observation.
Twin and adoption studies have been most helpful for teasing apart the influences of
nature and nurture
The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a
normal curve.
Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of
norms
When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to
note the range and size of the scale values
When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to
note the range and size of the scale values.
Males have__ and females have—
one X chromosome; twoX chromosomes
A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that observations and behaviors or events.
organizes; predicts
Our adaptive flexibility in responding to different environments contributes to our fitness, which refers to
our ability to survive and reproduce
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates
overconfidence
Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that
person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.
People living in a culture that promotes individualism are more likely to experience than people in collectivist cultures.
personal freedom
Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same
placenta.
What do clinical psychologists specialize in?
providing therapy to troubled people
To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group, the researchers should make use of
random assignment
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the
range
In the SQ3R study method, which step is missing here; survey, question, read, ____, and review
reason
Evolutionary psychology is most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human
reproductive success.
Which of the following is a psychological influence on human development?
responses evoked by our own characteristics
Behaviors, attitudes, and traits expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a
role.
Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a
sample to a population.
Teens who drink typically have friends who drink. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teen's drinking habits, it would make most to consider the importance of
selection effect.
Gender identity refers to
sense of being male or female
The male answer syndrome suggests that men are less likely than women to demonstrate
social modesty.
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in particular situations is called a
social script
Many crime shows on TV have taught Linda that remaining physically safe requires her to avoid being alone with complete strangers who ask blunt questions about her sexual availability. The televised material is most likely to help Linda remain safe because it has conveyed a memorable
social script
Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
social-culture
To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the ____of the observed differences.
statistical significance
William James is to functionalism as Edward Titchener is to
structuralism
Women are more likely than men to
tend and befriend as a way to cope with stress.
One's sexual orientation refers to
the direction of one's sexual attractions
Dr. Branch would like to study the relationship between room lighting and college students' test performance. He randomly assigns students to one of two groups. The first group takes an exam in a dimly lit room; the second group takes the same exam in a regularly lit room. Which is the experimental group?
the group of students who took the exam in the dimly lit room
While you develop calloused feet when you go barefoot for a summer, your neighbor remains a tenderfoot by protecting her feet with shoes. The differences in skin toughness between you and your neighbor are best attributed to
the interaction of genetic and environmental influences.
Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings
the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.
The precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as
the standard deviation of the sample decreases.
Regression toward men refers to the tendency for
unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events
Men and women are most likely to differ in their levels of
violent crime
In their research on peoples perception of the relationship between gun violence and gun control in the US, Dr. Margo and Dr. Dillman have found that people are more approving of "common sense gun legislation" than "banning weapons". This finding demonstrates which of the follwing?
wording effects
Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of
wording effects.
