Psychology - Unit 2 test

operant conditioning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

chromosomes; DNA

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

conditioned stimulus

John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

fixed ratio

Marie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on a

a token economy program.

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: Next, she plans to give students a star for positive classroom participation. Students can exchange five stars to eliminate one question from their homework assignment. This is an example of:

sympathetic nervous system

The ________ is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

parasympathetic nervous system

The ________ is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

membrane potential

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

evolutionary

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

Cerebellum

The balance involved in riding a bike requires the use of the

unconditioned response

When Pavlov placed food in the mouth's of dogs, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.

Reuptake

When too many neurotransmitters are released and there are not enough receptor sites, the sending neuron engages in:

synaptic vesicles

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

Brocaâ s area

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gageâ s accident, which led to brain injury?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

smell

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

dopamine; norepinephrine

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

sympathetic nervous system

You are on a walk when a skunk startles you! You turn and run as quick as you can thanks to your:

stimulus discrimination

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

negative reinforcement

Your teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter's cleaning behavior can be viewed as responding to

Extinction

_____ is defined as the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned (i.e., conditioned) response.

range of reaction

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

primary

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Hyperpolarization

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

variable ratio

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

corpus callosum

The _____ connects the left and right hemispheres to one another

positron emission tomography (PET)

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a â tracerâ and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

axon

An action potential travels down the:

operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner, with his pigeons, studied learning that occurs due to reward and punishment. This is known as:

variable ratio

Billy's mom tells him that she will pay him to pull weeds from her flower garden. Because she is busy, she sometimes gives Billy a dime when he pulls five weeds, sometimes when he pulls ten weeds, and other times when he pulls twenty or more weeds. What reinforcement schedule is Billy's mom using?

instincts

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

observational learning

Byron watches as his dad hammers a nail into a piece of wood. Byron picks up his toy hammer and imitates his dad by hammering a plastic nail. Bryon is demonstrating _____.

neutral;unconditioned

Classical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a _____ stimulus and a(n) _____ stimulus. An example is pairing the bell with the light.

chemical

Communication between neurons is:

electrical

Communication within a neuron is:

somatic nervous system

The _____ controls voluntary movement.

hypothalamus

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

Nothing will happen

If a neuron is stimulated during its refractory period:

The loud noise

In John Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, what was the UCS?

learned

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiment, the salivating to the sound of a bell is a(n)

partial

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

before and during

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus must be presented _____ the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus in order for an association to be made.

Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed.

In the operant conditioning techniques reinforcement and punishment, what do the terms positive and negative refer to?

continuous

Jaime is teaching her new puppy, Zeus, to "do his business" in the yard. Every time Zeus "does his business" in the yard, Jaime gives him a treat. What schedule of reinforcement is Jaime using?

negative reinforcement

Jamal suffers from severe migraines. His doctor prescribes him a new drug, Migrex, which takes away his migraine in no time! Jamal continues to take Migrex whenever he has a headache because it takes away the pain. What is this an example of?

myelin sheath

The _____ speeds up the neural impulse

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is called __.

depression

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

somatic

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

conditioned response

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

shaping

Sydney is learning how to play pool. At first, her uncle reinforces her for hitting any of the pool balls. Next, he only reinforces her for hitting the pool balls into a pocket. Finally, he only reinforcers her for hitting her own pool balls into a pocket. What operant conditioning technique is Sydney's uncle using to teach her how to play pool?

cognitive map

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

groan and move her eye

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

glial cells

The myelin sheath is made from ________.

parasympathetic nervous system

The rest and digest portion of the nervous system is the:

synapse

The space between two neurons

the fight or flight response

The sympathetic nervous system controls:

evolution by natural selection

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

genotype; bb

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendys ________ must be ________ and her fathers must be Bb.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Glutamate

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter?

Dendrites

What part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons?

inhibitory

What type of neurotransmitter makes a neuron less likely to fire an action potential?

Alex's cologne

When Alex kisses Joanna, her heart rate increases. Alex always wears the same cologne. Now, whenever Joanna smells Alex's cologne, her heart starts to race. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

limbic system

responsible for emotional memories.

somatosensory cortex

temperature, touch, and pain

action potential

the electrical signal that typically moves from the neurons cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.