Psychology Unit 4 Test

Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates

blindsight

Current research suggests that

both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision

Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?

bottom-up processing

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

cones

When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of

feature detection

Visual information is processed by

ganglion cells before it is processed by feature detectors

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to

green light are inhibited by exposure to red light

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to

hue

In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated

inattentional blindness

Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of

priming

Bipolar cells are located in the

retina

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the

retina

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called

rods and cones

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina?

rods and cones

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

selective attention

In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates

selective attention

As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates

sensation

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________

sensation; perception

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates

sensory adaptation

An exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odors fail to catch her attention. This fact would be of greatest relevance to

signal detection theory

When you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives. This best illustrates

signal detection theory

Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?

signal detection theory

News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on people's feelings of being thirsty involved false claims regarding

subliminal stimulation

Standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. This best illustrates

the absolute threshold

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called

the cocktail party effect

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as

the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ________ light

yellow; blue

Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages?

opponent-process

Perceiving the color, motion, and form of a bird in flight illustrates

parallel processing

As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates

perception

Damage to the temporal lobe area of the brain essential for facial recognition produces a loss of

perception

If the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s)

8

If an image falls on the eye's blind spot, you do not detect it. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

The image is not perceived because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates

Weber's law

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

Weber's law

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory

Young-Helmholtz

Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have

absolute threshold

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's

absolute threshold

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the

absolute threshold

A subliminal message is one that is presented

below one's absolute threshold for awareness

When Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates

change blindness

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates

change blindness

Researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. This best illustrates

change blindness (deafness)

Research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated

choice blindness

Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye?

cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________

detection; interpretation

Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of

difference thresholds

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

dilation of the pupil

Light-wave amplitude determines the

intensity of colors

Dilation and constriction of the pupil are controlled by the

iris

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the

lens

Compared with rods, cones are

less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail

Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by

the opponent-process theory

The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by

the opponent-process theory

As the text notes, "Once we have formed a wrong idea about reality, we have more difficulty seeing the truth." This best illustrates the impact of

top-down processing

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example o

transduction

Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on

visual acuity