Psychology Weeks 8-10

Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

A Pavlovian conditioned response elicits:

a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed

The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.

discriminative

Irene has been having migraines lately and she goes to visit her doctor. Her doctor sends her to have a brain imaging test that will measure changes in the naturally occurring oxygen in the blood in her brain. Which type of procedure is Irene going to have?

functional; magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.

goal-directed

The human brain has developed in numerous ways over the course of evolution. For example, ______, an ancestor of the modern human that lived over 2 million years ago, had a larger brain volume than its own ancestors but far less than modern humans.

homo habilis

What is the advantage of a field study over a laboratory study?

increased external validity

The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________.

internal validity

Which part of the brain, located on the left side of the frontal lobe, was identified by a surgeon as being implicated in speech production?

Broca's area

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?

In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?

Reinforcer devaluation effect

Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following?

ability to sort or arrange different items into classes

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________.

declines

Artrelle is taking part in a research study that examines her thoughts on the political election taking place in her country. Each night, before bed, she is to complete a questionnaire that gathers information on these topics. She submits her completed questionnaires to the researchers at the end of each week. What type of research method is being used?

diary method

Which type of brain imaging technique involves shining an infrared light on a person's head to see how it changes as it penetrates the brain?

diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity.

ecological

Which of the following brain imaging techniques provides the highest level of temporal resolution?

electroencephalography (EEG)

The degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied refers to:

external validity

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:

positive punishment

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:

studying daily behavior

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what?

the change in context

What kind of research is traditionally considered to be the "gold standard" in psychology research?

the laboratory experiment

Which of the following would NOT be considered a structure that is part of the limbic system?

the medulla