Psychology201 chap3
A(n) _____ is a device used to record electrical activity in the brain. PET (positron emission tomography) scanner fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanner CT (computerized axial tomography) scanner EEG (electroencephalograph)
EEG (electroencephalograph)
Dr. Gardner is doing a study on perception and wants to measure brain activity for cortical structures that are on the outer area of the brain. He cannot afford to use equipment that gives good resolution, but he really only needs information about action potentials as an indicator of activity. He decides to use a(n): PET (positron emission tomography) scan. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). CT (computerized axial tomography) scan. EEG (electroencephalograph).
EEG (electroencephalograph).
Dr. Sanchez is interested in measuring the difference in action potentials in the frontal lobe of the brain between those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and a control group of nonautistic individuals. He attaches a device to the outside of the skull that will measure the action potentials. The device he is using is a(n): CT (computerized axial tomography) scanner. EEG (electroencephalograph). MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner. PET (positron emission tomography) scanner.
EEG (electroencephalograph).
_____ are neurons in the visual cortex that respond to certain aspects of visual stimuli.
Feature detectors
Which statement is TRUE regarding nurture and nature? Genes have the largest influence in determining personality and behavior. Genes and environment work together to determine personality and how a person behaves. Genes and environment work together to determine personality and how a person behaves. Neither genes nor environment influence what a person does or their personality. The environment has the largest influence on how people behave.
Genes and environment work together to determine personality and how a person behaves.
Which statement is TRUE regarding genetic influence? Environment has exclusive control over how a person develops and behaves. Genetics exclusively influence how a person develops and behaves. Genes have little to no influence on how a person develops and behaves. In determining genetic influence, environmental context must be considered.
In determining genetic influence, environmental context must be considered.
Following massive damage to his frontal lobes in 1848, Phineas Gage was MOST strikingly debilitated by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Irritability
_____ records how magnetic pulses are absorbed to construct an image of brain structures. Electroencephalography (EEG) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computerized axial tomography (CT) Positron emission tomography (PET)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Functional imaging techniques measure increased _____, which helps carry energy to activated areas. radioactive substances action potentials blood flow neurons
blood flow
Feature detectors are: highly specialized receptor cells in the retina that respond to particular wavelengths of light. the light-sensitive receptors that signal the pupil to expand or contract. the highly specialized receptor cells found in some insects and reptiles that respond to invisible ultraviolet or infrared light waves. highly specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to particular types of visual stimuli.
highly specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to particular
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) works by: measuring the extent to which spontaneous activity in different brain regions is correlated over time. measuring the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules along white matter pathways so that information about the direction in which water molecules diffuse can be used to determine where a white matter pathway goes. measuring the rate and direction of the diffusion or movement of red blood cells along the white matter pathways so that information about the direction of the blood flow can be used to determine where a white matter pathway goes. using a radioactive substance and detectors to determine brain activity related to tasks and then tracing blood flow to different brain regions.
measuring the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules along white matter pathways so that information about the direction in which water molecules diffuse can be used to determine where a white matter pathway goes.
The benefit of using functional neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to: produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas. observe dynamic activity in the brain as it occurs during specific tasks. make fundamental discoveries about the nature of sleep. determine cause-and-effect relationships between brain and behavior.
observe dynamic activity in the brain as it occurs during specific tasks.
The benefit of using structural neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. make fundamental discoveries about the nature of sleep. determine cause-and-effect relationships between brain and behavior. produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas. observe dynamic activity of the brain as it occurs during specific tasks.
produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas.
The benefit of using _____ brain imaging techniques is that they allow researchers to produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas.
structural
Which method is NOT one of the main ones used for understanding how the brain affects behavior?. studying electrical activity in the brain during behavior conducting brain scans while people perform various tasks testing people with brain damage and observing deficits watching a person's behavior while they are sleeping
watching a person's behavior while they are sleeping
_____ consist of strands of DNA wound around each other. Alleles Genes Chromosomes Nuclei
Chromosomes
Although the first neurons appeared in simple invertebrates such as jellyfish, the first central nervous systems developed in: .protozoa. humans. cats. flatworms.
flatworms
Dizygotic (DZ) twins began life as two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm at roughly the same time. This type of twins is also referred to as _____ twins. fraternal internal conjoined identical
fraternal
epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Symptoms of anxiety and depression are associated with electrical activity in the right frontal lobe. This finding MOST likely reflects the use of a technique called: . an electroencephalogram (EEG). magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). positron emission tomography (PET).
an electroencephalogram (EEG).
_____ are neurons in the visual cortex that respond to certain aspects of visual stimuli. Feature detectors Sensory neurons Motor neurons Visual detectors
Feature detectors
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a useful way for researchers to: see different structures in the brain. establish causal relationships. observe brain activity. detect brain damage.
establish causal relationships.
Environmental influences that determine whether genes are expressed or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves, is called ___
epigenetics
Environmental influences that determine whether genes are expressed or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves, is called _____.
epigenetics
_____ twins are created when two eggs are fertilized by two sperm at roughly the same time. Identical Cloned Dizygotic (DZ) Monozygotic (MZ)
Dizygotic (DZ)
Which animal was among the first to develop neurons? . jellyfish humans frogs flatworms
jellyfish
Diffusion tensor imaging
Variation of MRI - measures movement of water molecules along axons. Allows tracing of brain wiring.
default network
a network of interacting brain regions known to activate "by default" when a person is not involved in a task
Pat has been convicted of several crimes and has volunteered to be in a study investigating brain activity during decision making. When he gets to the laboratory on the day of the study, the researchers tell him they will be injecting his blood with a radioactive substance and using _____ to measure Pat's brain activity while he engages in decision making. positron emission tomography (PET) an electroencephalograph (EEG) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) computerized axial tomography (CT)
positron emission tomography (PET)
_____ brain imaging provides information about activity in the brain while people perform tasks.
Functional
Which statement is TRUE about the way the visual cortex works? Neurons respond to various characteristics and these are combined in later processing. Neurons respond to individual characteristics and these are kept separate through processing. Neurons respond to the whole image and then it is broken up in later processing. Neurons immediately process the image as a whole.
Neurons respond to various characteristics and these are combined in later processing.
Which statement regarding using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) to measure resting state functional connectivity is NOT true? This technique measures the extent to which spontaneous activity in different brain regions is correlated over time. This technique does not require participants to perform a task. Subjects are required to perform a cognitive task in order to identify brain networks. Functional connectivity measures have been used extensively in recent years to identify brain networks.
Subjects are required to perform a cognitive task in order to identify brain networks.
Vertebrates such as birds and reptiles have larger forebrains but have almost no _____. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
cerebral cortex
A split-brain procedure involves surgeons severing the _____ to alleviate the severity of seizures. frontal lobe corpus callosum cerebellum hippocampus
corpus callosum
Environmental influences that determine whether genes are expressed or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves, is called: the degree of relatedness. epigenetic marks. epigenetics. heritability.
epigenetics
Nathan has developed schizophrenia, while his monozygotic twin Alan has not. Nathan began showing symptoms a year after he experienced a physical assault. This difference between Nathan and Alan, even though the twins share 100% of their genes, is the subject of an area of research called: epigenetics. epigenetic marks. degree of relatedness. heritability.
epigenetics
A researcher who wants the MOST preferred and accurate method of localizing brain activity would MOST likely use a(n) _____ machine. X-ray CT EEG (electroencephalograph) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
What would NOT be a reason that fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is preferred over PET (positron emission tomography)? fMRI allows experimental designs that resemble those used in psychology laboratories. fMRI is a more accurate way to localize activity. fMRI does not require exposure to radiation. fMRI localizes changes in activity over briefer periods than does PET.
fMRI is a more accurate way to localize activity.
Joanne and Margie are investigating single neurons in the primary visual cortex of cats and have found a neuron that responds only to a circular shape. They have identified a(n): sensory neuron. feature detector neuron. motor neuron. interneuron.
feature detector neuron.
Michelle has a very outgoing personality and claims that she inherited this trait from her mother. Michelle's opinion is consistent with the view of behavior that emphasizes: osmosis. nature. nurture. environmental factors.
nature
Feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
Which structure(s) initially appeared in simple invertebrates such as jellyfish? a hindbrain neurons a brain stem a forebrain
neurons
Feature detectors are:
neurons that respond to certain aspects of visual stimuli.
Researchers have NOT found specialized neurons for: color. shape. numbers. orientation.
numbers
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel used a device to measure activity of an individual neuron in the _____ lobe of anesthetized cats. frontal temporal occipital parietal
occipital
Ilana is having a baby and it is only three and a half weeks since conception. At this stage, which central nervous system structure(s) will have begun to form? the cerebellum the cerebral hemispheres the spinal cord the cerebral cortex
spinal cord
monozygotic twins
identical twins
Dizygotic twins share _____% of their genes. 50 25 100 between 50 and 100
50
The human brain:
Is still evolving
_____ has very good resolution and gives the clearest structural picture of the brain; this is more accurate in localizing tumors, lesions, and other types of brain damage. CT (computerized axial tomography) scanning An EEG (electroencephalograph) reading PET (positron emission tomography) scanning MRI scan
MRI scan
The doctor has determined that a couple have monozygotic (MZ) twins. What has occurred for this to take place? There is no way of knowing if twins have been conceived during pregnancy. Two separate eggs were fertilized. One fertilized egg has split into two. In vitro fertilization (IVF) has been performed.
One fertilized egg has split into two.
Which statement is TRUE of species as the forebrain shows more refinement and differentiation? Species get smaller as their forebrain shows more refinement. Species perform more complex functions. Species become more basic and only perform simple functions. Species are all the same despite differences in forebrain refinement.
Species perform more complex functions.
_____ brain imaging provides information about the basic composition of the brain, while _____ brain imaging provides information about activity going on in the brain. Functional; whole Structural; functional Structural; partial Functional; structural
Structural; functional
A technique abbreviated as _____ delivers a magnetic pulse that deactivates neurons in the cerebral cortex for a short period.
TMS
What did researchers learn from split-brain procedures? The frontal lobe is involved in emotional regulation, planning, and decision making. Brain damage always leads to a nonfunctional state of living. Speech production and comprehension are related to different brain areas. The different brain hemispheres have some independent functions.
The different brain hemispheres have some independent functions.
Which statement describes a major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?. The vertebrate brain is hierarchically organized, while the invertebrate brain is not. Invertebrates have an extremely complex brain compared with vertebrates. Vertebrates do not have a spinal cord, while invertebrates do. Invertebrates have neurons, and vertebrates do not.
The vertebrate brain is hierarchically organized, while the invertebrate brain is not.
Is it informative to study people with damage to certain regions of the brain? There is often widespread damage, which can help researchers localize the associated brain regions with particular behaviors. These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and it is possible to correlate this behavior with the specific region that has been damaged. There is no benefit to studying these patients, and they should not be included in psychological research. These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and it is possible to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between brain and behavior.
These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and it is possible to correlate this behavior with the specific region that has been damaged.
How do split-brain patients function normally in the world even though their brain hemispheres do not communicate? They take medication to help their hemispheres communicate. They are very good at imitating normal behavior. They adapt by moving their eyes to get information to both hemispheres. They use a machine to help them register all information.
They adapt by moving their eyes to get information to both hemispheres.
_____ delivers a magnetic pulse that deactivates neurons in the cerebral cortex for a short time. Positron emission tomography (PET) An electroencephalograph (EEG) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
An electroencephalograph (EEG) is: a way to determine brain activity by use of radiation detectors. a device used to record electrical activity in the brain. a way to view the structures in the brain by use of magnets. a way to scan different X-rays and determine the density of brain tissue.
a device used to record electrical activity in the brain.
Jamie went to the doctor because she has been having blurred vision that seems unrelated to the function of her eyes. While at the hospital, they decided they should scan her brain to make sure she has no tumors in the occipital lobe. A couple of nurses take her to a room with an X-ray machine and begin to take images. The nurses are using _____ to examine Jamie's brain. an electroencephalograph (EEG) computerized axial tomography (CT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET)
computerized axial tomography (CT)
Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET (positron emission tomography) and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), allow researchers to _____ brain activity in certain areas with particular behaviors.
correlate
Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET (positron emission tomography) and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), allow researchers to _____ brain activity in certain areas with particular behaviors. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. correlate directly link establish cause and effect between coordinate
correlate
Jack is a split-brain patient, and he is presented with a picture of a phone on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a cake on the right side. If he were asked to draw the object he saw on the right side of the screen with his left hand, he: would draw both images. would draw a cake. would draw a phone. could not draw anything.
could not draw anything.
Resting state functional connectivity helped to identify the _____ network, a group of interconnected regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes that is involved in internally focused cognitive activities.
default
The EEG (electroencephalograph) is NOT useful for: determining the specific locations of brain damage. looking at brain activity during cognitive processes such as learning. observing brain patterns in different stages of sleeping. determining brain activity during different states of consciousness.
determining the specific locations of brain damage.
Functional imaging allows researchers to watch the brain in action by detecting the use of _____ by brain structures. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. nitrogen neurotransmitters electricity energy
energy
Barry is studying neuroscience and has developed an idea for an experiment in which he looks at brain activity while people view images of their loved ones. Barry now needs to gain access to a laboratory that uses: functional brain imaging. single-neuron measures. CT (computerized axial tomography) scans. structural brain imaging.
functional brain imaging.
Chan is participating in research in which his brain activity will be observed while he listens to various types of music. Before Chan comes to the laboratory, the researchers tell him he should not wear any metal and should leave his credit cards at home because the brain imaging machine uses a very large magnet. The method of brain scanning Chan will undergo is called: positron emission tomography (PET). an electroencephalograph (EEG). computerized axial tomography (CT). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel used a device to measure activity of an individual neuron in the _____ lobe of anesthetized cats.
occipital
When David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel were investigating single-neuron firing, they found that different neurons in the primary visual cortex respond to contrasting edges of particular: shades. orientation. size. width.
orientation
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel measured the response of individual neurons and found that neurons in the _____ are activated when a contrast between light and dark occurs. primary visual cortex amygdala primary auditory cortex hippocampus
primary visual cortex
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. uses magnetic pulses to determine tissue density and create an image of brain structures. measures electrical activity of the brain with electrodes placed on the scalp. uses a radioactive substance and detectors to determine brain activity related to tasks. combines X-ray photos of the brain into an image that shows different densities of tissue.
uses magnetic pulses to determine tissue density and create an image of brain structures.