PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Quiz Questions

In the behavioral model of depression, which of the following is thought to contribute to the etiology and maintenance of depression?

A reduction in behaviors that elicit positive reinforcement from the environment and an increase in avoidance behaviors

Which of the following is not a component of "expressed emotion"?

Affective flattening

Which of the following are examples of cognitive distortions that help depressed individuals maintain their negative cognitive schemas, even in the face of contradictory evidence?

Arbitrary inference: drawing negative conclusions in the absence of corroborating evidence Selective abstraction: concentrating on one detail about a situation and ignoring others, thereby not seeing the whole picture All-or-nothing thinking: viewing things in black-and-white terms, rather than as occurring on a continuum All of the above

Interoceptive avoidance is ...

Avoidance of certain bodily sensations and internal states.

Depression is associated with:

Biased attention toward sad rather than angry, neutral, or happy faces. Difficulty shifting attention from one task to another. Self-focused attention accompanied by a repetitive focus on negative emotional causes, symptoms, and consequences. All of the above.

Which of the following was one of the conclusions of the STEP-BD study?

CBT, FFT, and IPSRT are relatively equivalent in their long-term efficacy for the treatment of BD.

Which of the following is the best example of a safety behavior?

Carrying around an empty benzodiazepine pill bottle

When evaluating children for social anxiety, what are some unique symptoms the clinician should look for?

Crying or tantrums

Behavioral activation therapy is efficacious in treating depression by

Decreasing avoidance and increasing the likelihood of experiencing positive reinforcement in the environment.

Which disorders does SAD commonly co-occur with?

Depression and anxiety disorders

Which one of the following neurotransmitters is most associated with increased reward sensitivity?

Dopamine

All of the following biases in information processing have been evaluated in individuals with SAD except:

Emotional bias

Which of the following is probably the most effective component of CBT for PD?

Exposure exercises

Which of the following is not a common feature of panic attacks?

Fainting

According to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, depressed mood most of the day nearly every day must be present for at least 2 weeks in order to receive a diagnosis of a major depressive episode.

False

BD is primarily caused by environmental factors, such as stressful family environments.

False

HPA axis dysregulation is responsible for a deficiency in central nervous system concentration or receptor function of serotonin and norepinephrine.

False

In studies of community samples, agoraphobia is almost always accompanied by a history of PD.

False

Infant temperament has no relation to the development of social and processing deficits seen in individuals with SAD.

False

MAOIs are the "first-line" pharmacological treatments for SAD.

False

SSRIs are currently the most effective treatment for MDD.

False

Which of the following would rule out a diagnosis of BD-II

Having been hospitalized for manic symptoms.

Hypomanic episodes differ from manic episodes in that ...

Hypomanic episodes have a shorter duration requirement for diagnosis.

Which of the following does not increase the risk for the development of PD?

Increased heart rate variability

Negative reinforcement

Increases a behavior with the removal of an aversive stimulus.

The fears of people with agoraphobia differ from the fears of individuals with PD in that ...

Individuals with agoraphobia fear incapacitating symptoms rather than panic attacks themselves.

Which of the following limitations regarding the dissemination of empirically validated treatments for SAD do the authors highlight?

Individuals with generalized SAD are less likely to seek treatment than individuals with specific social fears.

What conclusion have researchers come to concerning the role of genetics in social anxiety?

It is likely that an underlying behavioral trait is genetically transmitted, which then contributes to the development of SAD and other psychopathologies.

Brain regions most closely associated with the with the experience of emotions are part of the ...

Limbic system

Lithium belongs to which class of medications?

Mood stabilizers

Which of the following is one the main negatives of divalproex sodium (Depakote) treatmemt as compared with lithium?

Not as effective at preventing relapse.

Which of the following is not a type of panic attack discussed in the article?

Rational panic attacks

What is the primary drawback of pharmacological treatment of PD?

Relapse on discontinuation of treatment

The learned helplessness model of depression can be attributed to

Seligman and Abramson

Which of the following neurotransmitters are most frequently associated with SAD?

Serotonin and Dopamine

Research on the only SAD prevention study to date, the Norwegian Universal Prevention Program for Social Anxiety, shows that:

The intervention group had greater reductions in SAD a year after the intervention than the control group.

Which of the following is the best description of the prognosis for individuals with BD-I?

The majority of people experience sustained problems with functioning, though some lead highly productive lives.

Which of the following is true about the prevalence and global disease burden of MDD?

The peak age of onset of the first episode of MDD has been decreasing and is currently between 15 and 29 years of age.

Which of the following distinguishes panic attacks in PD from panic attacks associated with other anxiety disorders?

They cause the individual to develop persistent apprehension about having another panic attack.

Research has shown that SAD and alcohol dependence are related, and it has been suggested that SAD may be a risk factor for the development of alcohol problems.

True