psyc/soc
Id
(impulses) -Primary Principle: seeks immediate drive reduction from needs arising within -Primary Process: fantasizing about needs met through imagined objects
Stage 1
(Prejudice & Discrimination) begin; an expression of ethnocentrism or an attempt to justify economic exploitation. *Cycle of Prejudice
Mechanisms of opposites
(Reaction formation) Unacceptable latent material expressed as its opposite in manifest material
Persona
(Similar to superego) =The stereotypical masks we wear to satisfy demands of society -Reduces anxiety of the unknown
Concrete operational period
(age 7-12) the child moves into this period by acquiring the same mental operators that he previously lacked, such as reversibility, identity, and compensation; children gradually expand their use of these mental operators by applying them to a broader range of problems
Preoperational period
(ages 2-7)- during which children lack the capacity to think about the world abstractly
Frontal lobe
(behind the forehead) which is responsible primarily for thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
Ego
(executive control of impulses) -Reality Principle: behaviour must take external world into account to satisfy needs -Secondary Process: ego delays gratification until it can match Id's primary process with perception of real object in external world.
why differentiation (2)
(ind) physical diff, mental diff; (social) population growth, tech change, social origins
Superego
(learned impulses) Develops through internalization (i.e. taking in) of values of parents, culture, society.
implementation: in/formal, individual
(f) gov legislation, judicial sys; (i) NGO, religious org; (in) leaders, crusaders
general/specific deterrence
(g) examples are made out of deviants; (s) aims to deter the individual, recidivism
Cerebellum
(literally, little brain) consists of two wrinkled ovals behind the brain stem. It functions to coordinate voluntary movement
Conversion
- An interpretation procedure people use that (erroneously) treats sentences as reversible Example: If A = B, Then B = A
Wernicke's Area
- Area of the brain located in the auditory cortex and parietal lobe that is essential for auditory processing and semantic processing (understanding messages) - Works closely with the angular gyrus
Research hypothesis
Hypothesis that if it is an important way of describing humans, we would have been researching it
Formal Operational Thought
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning emerges
Flynn Effect
IQ goes up by 3 points per decade
James Flynn
IQ score test
Flynn effect
IQ scores have crept up over time, but his rise was masked by regular downward adjustments of the entire score distribution scores
Functional metaphors for personality structure
Id= desires Superego= moral guidance Ego= adaptive balance
Self Regulation
If you can control your impulses (effortful control)
Openness to experience vs closedness
Imagination, creativity, fantisizing
Prefrontal Cortex
Implicated in judgement, decision making, and self control might not fully mature until the age of 27 years
Attachment theory (importance)
Importance of reactions to separation from caregiver.
Emile Durkheim
Interested in understand the power that society has over an individual; thought about social facts, "what does social cohesion come from?", and mechanical and organic solidarity. . .
Phantasy
Internal objects involve distorted and fantastic relational experiences organized around themes of libido (good, loving) and aggression (bad, hating, withholding).
Two major features of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development
Internalized and Scaffolding
Resocialization
The process in which the individual's previous self is dismantled and replaced with a new social identity.
Moral Justification
The process through which immoral acts are made personally and socially acceptable by portraying them as serving worthy purposes
Neoliberation Globalization
The removal of all barriers to commerce and the privatization of all available resources and sources.
Vertigo
The sensation of dizziness
Prenatal Development
Zygotic Embyonic Fetal
Reciprocal determinism was created by....
_______ was created by Albert Bandura
Corpus Callesum
a bundle of nerves that connects the right and left hemisphere-maturation allows for improvements in information processing
Teaching
a child ideally involves questioning a child carefully to find out where she is coming from cognitively
Development of a sense of self
a child's emerging sense of self may provide important support for the development of long-term episodic memories and the emergence of autobiographical memory
Acetylcholine
a common neurotransmitter used in the spinal cord and motor neurons to stimulate muscle contractions. It is also used in the brain to regulate memory, sleeping, and dreaming; Low levels amy result in Alzheimers
Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
norm
accepted rule of behavior/way of acting
reform
accomodative pole; make capitalism better; alter positions
Oedipus Complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Normative Conformity
actions made because we want to be liked by others
Accomidation
adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
Positive reinforcement
add or increase a pleasant stimulus
Formal Operational
adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning (Ages 11-death)
Phonics approach
advocates teaching children about phonics, the rules for combining the sounds of letters into words as a foundation for early reading skills
Thyroid gland
affects metabolism among other things
Fixed ratio
aka. continuous reinforcement Example: vending machine - punishment every 3rd time it is used
marx: class struggle
all societies that ever existed has class struggle; propertied vs. property-less
Working memory
also called (short-term memory) specifically attending to a processing the incoming information from sensory memory
revolution
alternative pole; make a socialist state; change organization of society
Personal Fable
an adolescences sense of invincibility, may be the part of personal uniqueness and invincibility, may be the part of adolescent egocentrism associated with risk-taking behavior
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and then purging
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by low body weight, obsession with exercise, and fear of gaining weight
Conditioned Emotional Response
an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning
DSM
an ever revised handbook that clearly and concisely provides standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders
Second order conditioning
an existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with new conditioned stimlus
EEG
an instrument that records the electrical activity produced by the brains neurons through these of electrode placed on the surface of the research participants head
Case Study
an observation technique in which one person is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
how to mobilize public
animate - clarify nature of issue; legitimate - establish its priority; demonstrate - identify solutions
Golden Ratio
approximately 1.618 and is believed to be aesthetically pleasing in art and architecture
Boundaries
are emotional barriers that protect individuals, subsystems and families; the overall structure can become unstable if one intrudes on another subsystem
ecological footprint
area or land/water ecosystems required to produce resources that population consumes
Mischel
cognitive affective personality theory (ex: John acts friendly when first meeting someone but then is a jerk when they get to know him. Jim is shy at first but then is super friendly when he gets comfortable with the person)
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross he synaptic gaps between neurons.
Sensorimotor
child experiences the world through fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching, and tasking (Ages 0-2)
Role of childhood according to Gordon Allport
childhood is unimportant in shaping personality
Preoperational
children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. Also start sot see the world from other people perspectives (Ages 2-7)
Bootstrapping
children appear to build on their early insights about small numbers using these patterns as a foundation for understanding new and quite different kinds of number concepts
Conservation tasks
children are asked to judge whether certain physical properties of an object, such as its size or amount, are "conserved" (remain unchanged) when the object is transformed along different sorts of dimensions
Concrete Operational
children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations on objects that are only imagined (Ages 7-11)
Pre conventional morality
children focus on self interest. Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought (birth to age 9)
Breakthrough pain
chronic pain that will break through he effect of pain medication
health: changing practices
cigarettes once considered good for health
Spin
circular standard deviation
Domain-general pattern of development
cognitive capacity improves it should lead to advancements in each and every domain of knowledge
Tolman
cognitive maps
Gender schemas
cognitive systems for interpreting gender-related activities and roles; shaped in parents by the norms and stereotypes that exist for each gender in a parent's culture
Self management
collaboration between the persons and the professional to get a sense of control over their pain
breakdown theories
collective action as the result of disruption of traditional practices
unionization
collective agreements negotiated with employers
dendrite
collects info from other cells and send the information to the soma
Dream theories
divine gifts or messages predictions of the future messages from the past wish fulfillment unconscious trying to resolve conflict maybe nothing
What is true about correlational research
correlation does not equal causation
Myelin Sheath (neuron)
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.
Case Study
descriptive records of one or more individuals experiences and behavior (jean Piaget theory of cognitive development on his own child)
Punishment
deterring behaviour by adding a stimulus (example: when lever is pressed the rat is shocked)
family structure changes
divorce rate - peak 1970s; increasing co-habitation; declining marriage rates; below replacement fertility
Biographical coherence
do the episodes fit the expected trajectory defined by culture?
institutional adjustments: vehicles
diversity/inclusion among employees; human rights resources
government inaction
don't think it's a problem; lack of public support; economic impact; institutional friction
Orienting
drawing attention to a particular region; occurs when a baby moves her eye and turns her head to look at a blinking light or stays oriented in that direction in anticipation of another blink
Oedipus Complex
during phallic stage, boys experience sexual feelings towards mother and rivalries with father; girls become upset because they realize they lack a penis
Attachment anxiety
dysregulated by separation, and not easily comforted (20% of people).
Secure attachment
dysregulated by separation, but easily comforted (60% of people).
Fowler's Synthetic-Conventional faith
early adolescence; (1) who conform to the beliefs of others and (2) view religion as more abstract and coherent
Fowler's Intuitive-projective faith
early childhood; (1) understands what is considered good and bad (2) does not discern fantasy from reality
Percentages of temperament in babies
easy babies- 40% slow to warm up babies- 15% Difficult babies- 10% No single category babies- 35%
Thomas and Chess
explained the dimensions of temperament (1) activity level (2) approach vs. withdrawal (3) long term adaptability (4)intensity (how big emotions are) (5) regularity (baby fits into a pattern)
Gibson
examined how children respond to depth information (visual cliff)
frank parkin (2) modes of closure
exclusionary - downward; usurpationary - upward
Rotter
expectancy (behaviors will bring about rewards), emphasized reward value, internal-external scale
self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave in ways that make those beliefs come true
Flooding
experiencing fear at its worst
Pavlov
experimented with classical conditioning; dogs salivating when they hear a bell
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + unstable + specific
explain: "I was tired of math problems that day"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + unstable + global
explain: "I was tired that day"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + stable + specific
explain: "I'm bad at math"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + stable + global
explain: "I'm stupid"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + stable + global
explain: "standardized math tests are unfair"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + stable + specific
explain: "the company writes poor math tests"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + unstable + specific
explain: "the testing environment was too noisy for ME to do well"
Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + unstable +global
explain: "the testing environment was too noisy of ANYONE to do well"
gestalt therapy
focuses on ways to unite mind and body to make a person whole, goal of self-awareness; proposed by Fritz Perls
Fixed-Action Patterns
genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus
retribution
getting even; revenge; must be proportionate to crime committed
Rapport talk
girls use this communication more and establish connections, negotiate relationships
Standardization
giving a test to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average scores on the test at each age level
Reciprocal altruism
if we help other poeple now those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future
Manifest content
imagery of a dream (?)
Kagan
in the video, described the slow to warm up child
important
income inequality is large result of polarization WITHIN occupational groups as well as BETWEEN
deviance: positive
increase social solidarity; define group moral boundaries
stratified society
indian society - social strata defined by family origin; prisons - prisoners vs guards
Neuroticism (indicates)
indicate(s) affect
Openness (indicates)
indicate(s) cognition
Extraversion and agreeableness (indicate)
indicate(s) interpersonal relationships
Conscientiousness (indicates)
indicate(s) motivation
Identity diffusion status
individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progess toward them
Identity-achievement status
individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions
Foreclosure status
individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity base don the choices or values of others
Moratorium status
individual is exploring carious choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them
collective action problem: public goods
individuals don't participate since they benefit from what is gained w/o contributing
Post conventional morality
individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behaviors. Moral behavior is base on self chosen ethical principles that are generally universal, such as justice, dignity, and equality.
recategorization
individuals from different social groups come to see themselves as members of a single group
Trial and error learning
individuals notice the consequences of their actions and eventually learn the right action
conservative theories
individuals who are bad commit crimes; biologically based (hormones/psychological)
Nomothetic approach
involves comparing the lives of especially creative individuals to look for common patterns or principles
Qualitative data
involves distinct and dramatic changes in structure
Reversibility
involves noting that a change can be reversed or "run backward" to return things to their initial condition
Identity
involves noting that values on a dimension are the same
Moral Motivation
involves prioritizing moral values over other personal values
Nurturance
involves showing children warmth and responding to their needs and changing emotions
Quantitative development
involves smooth, continuous changes without the kind of abrupt transitions that would suggest a wholly new process or structure
testosteron
is an androgen associated with male secondary sex characteristics, aggression, sexual behavior
estradiol (E2)
is an estrogen associated with female sex characteristics
Limbic system
is largely responsible for memory and emotions (amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
Gonadotropin releasing-hormone
is linked to the timing of onset of puberty
Generativity vs Stagnation
is the conflict we face in developing an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming parents
Intimacy vs Isolation
is the conflict we fact in learning to give and revive eove in a close long term relationship
Short term memory
is the place where small amounts of info can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute
Ambivalent attachment style
is wary about the situation in general, specifically the stranger and stays close or even clingsto the motehr rather than exploring toys
Why Sleep?
it allows us to conserve energy, repair damage to the body, and store and organize information.
Validity
it is correlated highly with other IQ tests
Internalized
mental processes take place symbolically in our minds
Schemata
mental representations of the world that are formed and adjusted using the processes of assimilation and accommodation as a person experiences life
Cognition
mental/activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering
Discipline
methods that attempt to explain the reason for a punishment are generally considered more effective than punishments that are coercive
Scarr
model of interactive influences of parents and child
Mood-Stabilizing
moderates levels of norepinephrine and glutamate
increase of help to developing countries
moral duty; public diplomacy/good PR; investment in self-protection/prevention
Intelligence
more analytical with numbers and facts
social networks
more people you know, more likely to participate; creates friendship as well
recategorization results
more positive attitudes toward each other; more positive contact; reduced intergroup bias
Glumate
most common neurotransmitter -released in more that 90 percent of the brain synapses. Glutamate is found in the food additive MSG
control theory
most people follow the rules; socialization constrains us; - social control = + deviance acts
Stepfather
mother has custody, mom remarries
Gibson
motion perception; the rate at which an image expanded gives you an idea of how quickly you are approaching
Hull
much important behavior is motivated by internal drives
Miscellaneous pain
muscular, joint, chest, back pain, ect
eric olin wright: modern class analysis
must be sensitive to: access to economic resources, location within product relations, etc.
Cognitive process that continue to ature
myelin and prefrontal cortex
implementing human rights
national courts; human rights institutions; UN human rights council; NGO - non-gov org
Affective forecasting
peoples abiltiy to preditct their future emotional states is not very accurate
Bottom-Up Processing
perce, analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Period of consolidation
period of time in which the LTP occurs and in which memories are stored
phobia
persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
generalized anxiety disorder
person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
learning theory
person's social environ. provides the opportunity to learn a new trade (prison interaction)
visible minority
persons not first nations that are non-white in race
incapacitation
physically prevent offender from committing crime again; protect greater society; ie imprisonment
stress
physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats
Hippocampus
plays an especially important role in informing and consolidating memories. More specifically, it is involved in integrating information from the many memory traces that are stored throughout different regions of the cerebral cortex
problems w/ BW policing
police discretion leads to discrimination/inequalities; police brutality; failure to prove disorder-crime nexus
labor market evolution
poor working conditions and low wages led to collective action from multiple fronts; workers, aristocracy, church
why division of labor is growing
population growth; enhanced productivity; rationalization-market specialization; power-increases managerial strength
increasing footprint
population increase; increased consumption;new tech; heightened econ activity; mass waste generated
Erikson
proposed that every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages
Sternbergs triachic theory
proposed that people amy display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
Partial reinforcement schedule
sometimes reward for desired response (fixed/variable ratio and fixed/variable interval)
Naturalistic Observations
research based on the observation of everyday events occurring in the natural environment of people or animals
Basic Research
research that answers fundamental questions about behavior
Applied Research
research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems
restriction of h.rights
reserved for white, property owning, men; social construction of 'human'
assimilation measures
residential schools; restrict cultural practices; culture genocide
Temporal lobe
responsible for hearing and language
craft work -> detail work
results in alienation and dehumanizes work process
Continuous reinforcement schedule
reward every time desired response occurs
restoration
right the wrongs
h.rights conditional
rights are not necessarily universal; PATRIOT ACT
Functions of synapses
spaces between the cells that allows each axon to communicate with many dendrites in neighboring cells
2nd Industrial Revolution
specialization; division of labor; 1920-1960
Internal characteristics of wellness
spiritual physical intellectual emotional
Flux
standard deviation on A and C axes
Morality
standards if behavior that are generally accepted within a culture to be right or proper
health
state of complete physical, metal, social well-being; not merely being absent of disease
welfare state
state that provides social services including health care, education, pensions, police
Social sharing of memories
talking about past events makes those events easier to recall
human responses to environment
tame/eliminate/abandon/conserve/ecosystem management
means-tested
targeted programs to those who need it most (student financial aid); not popular
Jigsaw Classroom technique
teacher purposefully puts together groups of students from different cultural backgrounds to work on a project with a common goal.
Adolescent egocentrism
teens believe that they can do anything and that they know better than anyone else
Overconfidence
tendecy for people to be too certain about their ability to accurately remember events and make judgements
Self-disclosure
tendecy to communicate frequently without fear or reprisal and in an accepting and empathetic manner
Misattribution of arousal
tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of arousal that they are experiencing
Fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factor and overlook the impact of situations in judging others
Social facilitation
tendency to perform task better or faster when others are watching
Social inhiibition
tendency to perform task more poorly or more when others are watching
Mere exposure
tendency to prefer stimuli we see frequently
Discrimination
tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical
Counterfactual thinking
tendency to think about and experience events according to what might have been
social status
term used to describe individuals and groups based on honor or prestige
Fast emotional pathways
thalamus, amygdala (when a car pulls out in front of us on the highway)
Slow emotional pathways
thalamus, frontal cortex, amygdala(recollecting on a big football game)
Rehearsal
that is, simply repeating to oneself the information to be remembered
Social Clock
the "right time" for major events in life like when to move out and when to get married
Emotional intellignece
the ability to accurately identify, assess, and understand emotions as well as effectively control ones own emotions
Creativity
the ability to come up with novel insights and new ways of solving problems
Scientific reasoning
the ability to develop hypothesis about some aspect of the world and then efficiently test those hypothesis with relevant data
Divergent thinking
the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem
Seriation
the ability to order objects according to a shared property
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Fluid intelligence
the ability to think and acquire info quickly and abstractly
Fluid intelligence
the ability to think flexibly and solve novel problems; fades away earlier in life
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
the ability to think systematically about different possibilities that might depart from the current reality
Crystallized intelligence
the ability to use specific skills and knowledge gained through experience; continues to develop later in life
Context
the actual experiences of adolescence are influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors which form the setting in which development occurs.
Medulla
the area of the brain stem that controls heart rate and breathing
Self efficiency
the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes
Vitalism
the belief that living things are distinctive because of a vital force inside them that is responsible for growth and movement
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
Sex
the biological components that distinguish between female & male
Metacognition
the broad ability to think about our own mind and thoughts
Cell Body (neuron)
the cell's life support center
Executive functioning
the collection of cognitive abilities involved in goal-directed tasks and problem solving
Geometric information
we construct a mental representation of the environment's overall shape
Closure
we fill gaps to create a complete, whole object.
Proximity
we group nearby figure together.
Similarity
we group smaller figure together, we would group all the triangles together in a line, then all the circles together in a line.
Continuity
we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones.
Elaborative encoding
we process new info in way that make it more relevant or meaningful (just relate the work that you are trying to remember to something you are more common with)
Law of effect
we repeat actions that lead to desirable outcomes and avoid those that lead to undesirable results
Physical attractiveness sterotype
what is beautiful is good
Evaluative information
when a child conveys their own responses to events
economic inequality
work is becoming parttime, contract, sessional; also unionized groups
Skinner/ Skinner's box
worked with operant conditioning; created an "operant chamber" where the animal had control over his food
capitalist exploitation
workers create goods which has more value than their wages; profit surplus, usurped by owners
Extrinsic motivations
works because they are getting a reward such as money
Intrinsic motivation
works because they enjoy the task and they believe the task is important and they desire to do a good job
Syllogism
- An argument in which the conclusion follows from the premises
Resistance
Tendency to NOT want to understand self, too painful
Ethnocentrism
Tendency to favor ones own culture over others
Role Strain
Tension among the roles connected to a single status.
Oligopoly
The domination of a market by a few producers.
Identity Achievement
Yes to crisis and yes to commitment
Infancy- Surgency (E)
Approach orientation, vocal reactivity, activity level, perceptual sensitivity
Friedrich Engels
"Capitalism intensifies male domination. Creates more wealth, which gives more power to men."
Absolute continuity
"Does your conscientiousness today remain at the same level 10 years from now?"
Relative continuity
"Does your level of conscientiousness remain the same compared to others over 10 years, even as most increase in their conscientiousness?"
August Comte
"Father of Sociology" - Wanted to understand how society worked and thought that scientific method and inquiry will reveal the "truth" behind social functions - what makes a society cohesive and healthy. *Positivist, structural functionalist
Internalization
"I am like them"
Example of unconditional positive regard
"I understand that you are angry at your brother, but can you accept my concern if your younger brother is hurt? Therefore, I don't want you to hit him, even though we can both accept each other's feelings"
Identification
"I want to be like you"
Example of conditional positive regard
"If you hit your younger brother, I will be mad at you and you will be a bad older sister"
Stable vs. unstable attributions
"It will always be that way vs. it can get better"
Global vs. specific attributions
"It will be that way for everything vs. just this thing"
Internal vs. external attribution
"It's my fault vs. other factors may have contributed"
Herbert Spencer
"Survival of the Fittest" - He believed in "survival of the fittest" in the social world, likened social systems to a biological organism - each system has a function.
Conceptual argument against Mischel's critique of traits
"Traits are meant to describe you generally, not just your actions"
Mischel's critique of triats
"Traits assume consistency of behavior across situations" -But traits (e.g. honesty) rarely +.30 correlation with behavior (e.g. cheating). -9% of behavior explained by traits, so what good are they?
Da Sein
"being there" emphasized your immediate existence
Szasz
"mental illness does not exist- it is a myth"
Endorphins
"morphine within" natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.
Milgram
"obedience may be a sense of conformity"; teacher gives increasing levels of shock when the student makes a mistake
Openness
(1) Creativity, (2) preference for variety
Risky Behavior may be related to... (4)
(1) Increased sensation seeking in early adolescence (2) decreased social capital (3) large amounts of unstructured time (4) Amygdala(emotions) growth outpacing Prefrontal Cortex (decision making and reasoning)
Decreasing Tension
(1) Jigsaw classroom technique (2) building positive personal relationships (3) engaging in perspective taking (4) multicultural education
Anatomical Differences
(1) Male brains are bigger, (2) female brains are more convoluted- more folds (3) male brains maybe more lateralized for some specific functions
Superego
(1) Part of the personality that presents internalized ideals/morals (2) provides standard for judgement and action
4 specific individualistic values
(1) Personal choice (2) intrinsic motivation (3) self maximization (4) self-esteem
Id
(1) Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives (2) fully unconscious (3) Id's motives can be seen through analysis of dream and parapraxes
Agreeableness
(1) helpfulness, (2) trusting of others
Neuroticism
(1) insecurity, (2) tendency toward self pity
Sense of self
(1) more abstract- how they are (2) more differentiated -separation from parents (3) includes contradictions- ex)friendly but reserved (4) relies more on social comparison- comparing to others (5) more self- consciousness (6) includes elements of self-protection
Conscientiousness
(1) responsibility, (2) organization
Extraversion
(1) sociability, (2) enjoys others
Limitations and Failures to Defense Mechanisms
(1) tautology- to come to conclusion you have to come to premiss- not testable (2) sexism-more male based (3) pessimism- very negative (4) determinism- rejects free will
Ego
(1) the conscious "executive" part of personality (2) decision maker (3) mediates along the demand of the id, superego, and reality
Elements of emotional competence that adolescence must acquire
(1) understanding the role of emotion in a relationship (2) learning to cope with negative emotion (3) being able to control emotional expression (4) being able to discern the emotions of others (5) being able to understand emotions without being overwhelmed
Intelligence quotient
(IQ); a test score based on the following calculation: a child's intellectual abilities tested to determine "mental age" and this score divided by chronological age; this is then multiplied by 100
Personal unconscious
(Like the id) -Includes things we actively repress, unwanted material, things we don't care about.
Micro-Level
Close up focus on social interaction in specific situations.
Domain-specific pattern of development
(local) children are seen as going through a series of changes in knowledge and reasoning that are unique to each domain
Bell curve
(normal distribution curve)- representing the range and distribution of scores in the population
human rights: neg vs pos
(p) entitlement to something; (n) protection from something
Shadow
(part of personal unconscious) -Represents the "dark side" of ourselves (e.g. animalistic) -Material is unpleasant and painful -Complements ego (tension of opposites) -Can provide us with vitality and strength (if expressed appropriately)
Transitive reasoning
(transitive inference) involves reasoning about known relationships of stimuli to infer a relationship between the stimuli that were not initially or directly related to each other
Presentation of Self
*Erving Goffman A person's efforts create specific impressions in the minds of others.
Idealization
*Erving Goffman Constructed performances intended to reflect ideal cultural standards.
Back stage
*Erving Goffman Place to "go out of play" and escape the demands of the front region's expectations.
Front Stage
*Erving Goffman Place where we manage public performances.
Dramaturgical Analysis
*Erving Goffman The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
"Me"
*George Herbert Mead How we evaluate our actions based on general societal expectations
Signifcant Others
*George Herbert Mead People, like parents, who have special importance for socialization. Primary means of how we learn to behave.
Self
*George Herbert Mead The part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
"I"
*George Herbert Mead The self that experiences the world on its own terms.
Generalized Other
*George Herbert Mead Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves
Ethnomethodology
*Harold Garfinkel The study of the way people make sense of their surroundings.
Objectivation
*Peter Berger & Thomas Luckman Socialized into the social pattern and perceive this activity as an objective reality - not socially produce - or they acquire historical facticity. Ex: "The handshake becomes a pattern between two friends who share it with more people who do not question how the handshake originates."
Externalization
*Peter Berger & Thomas Luckman The genesis of the social pattern, starts off as "anything" than becomes "something" through negotiation and habitualization. Ex: The handshake becomes something that only two people do and become accustom to doing.
Internalization
*Peter Berger & Thomas Luckman The pattern becomes not just a way to do things, but the way things are done. Ex: "The handshake becomes the way to do things and no one truly questions it because it is 'the ways things are'".
Superego
*Sigmund Freud Cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
Ego
*Sigmund Freud Efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
Id
*Sigmund Freud Human beings basic drives (Eros & Thanatos)
Thanatos
*Sigmund Freud The death drive, the innate aggression that drives human behavior.
Eros
*Sigmund Freud The life drive, the urge to bond.
Conspicuous consumption
*Thorsten Veblen Buying & Using products for the statement that they make about social class.
"Bad me"
*Type of "me" -Behaviors responded to by disapproval and anxiety
"Good me"
*Type of "me" -Behaviors responded to with tenderness, praise and reward -Increases self-esteem
"Not me"
*Type of "me" -Dissociated feelings, images, behavior -Intense anxiety (dread, disgust, terror) -Typically related to parataxic experiences
Wernicke's Aphasia
- "Word Salad" - Speaking using real words but does not make any sense
Natural Language
- 4 components are Message, Physical Constraints, Medium, and Social Constraints
Monty Hall Dilemma
- A decision situation where people believe events are independent of each other when they actually are dependent
Base Rate
- A known portion of a sample or population
Lexicon
- A mental dictionary that matches words to specific meanings
Means-Ends Analysis
- A process in problem solving in which the problem solver minimizes the distance between the current and goal states by the use of subgoals to achieve the ultimate goal
Depth-First Strategy
- A process in problem solving in which the problem solver selects one option, and if successful, stops; if unsuccessful, the problem solver tests the next option and continues until the goal is achieved or all options have been exhausted
Breadth-First Strategy
- A process in problem solving in which the problem solver tries all the main possible options to see if any lead to immediate success; if not, the problem solver proceeds to the next level options
Counterfactual Strategy
- A process of problem solving in which reasoners assume that their favored hypothesis is incorrect
Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas
- A set of reasoning precondition-action pairs that specify 4 social rules that will specify when an action can or cannot be taken
Holophrastic Speech
- A tendency, that begins in young childhood, to find meaning beyond what is superficially expressed in speech utterances (thinking someone said something inappropriate instead of what they were actually trying to say)
Given-New Contract
- An agreement consisted of already known information by the listener (given), and information conveyed by the speaker (new)
ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought with Rational Analysis)
- An ambitious theory of cognition that has the ability to capture general properties of human cognition, from basic perceptual processes to high-level cognitive functioning; its production system reflects the knowledge people assemble to solve problems
Broca's Area
- Area of the brain located in the left prefrontal cortex - Responsible for speech production and communicating a syntactic analysis of an incoming stream of words to Wernicke's area
Angular Gyrus
- Area of the brain located next to the auditory cortex in the parietal lobes that provides an understanding of categories of words - If damaged, can think of a word but cannot say it, having to describe the word you are thinking - Works closely with Wernicke's Area
Hemispherectomy
- Brain surgery where the dominate hemisphere is removed in order to relieve the effects of pathologies such as epilepsy
Nonredundancy of Words Principle
- Children act as if there is only one name of any given object
Whole-Object Principle
- Children show a preference for identifying words with whole objects rather than part of an object
Reference Principle
- Children tend to interpret utterances to be part of whole objects and not the feelings of the speaker
Deontic Rule
- Common rules in everyday life that consist of permission and obligations, and are often used in negotiations
Pure Alexia
- Condition in which individuals have difficulty reading even though they are able to identify sounds and letters
Mixed Transcortical
- Damage to both Broca's and Wernicke's areas - Cannot understand or generate novel sentence but can repeat heard sentences
Clustering Illusion
- Decision-making Error that stems from our perception that cluster of random events are not really random
Set-Inclusion Relations
- Describes the relationship between categories of objects. Objects that have a "congruent relation" (same dimension) will draw conclusions faster than if they have a "divergent relation" (different dimension).
Dysarthria
- Difficulty and/or reluctance to speak
Broca's Aphasia
- Difficulty saying real words and just make sounds
Dual Route Hypothesis
- Early readers use phonological codes where skilled readers use direct visual coding to read
Spina Bifida (divided spine)
- Excessive cerebrospinal fluid resulting in learning difficulties
Turner's Syndrome
- Female syndrome where girls show difficulty in social relations and nonverbal problem-solving tasks, but their spoken language skills are normal
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis / Linguistic Relativity
- Hypothesis that states the language you speak unconsciously shapes your thinking about the world
Dual Process
- Idea that high level cognition relies on heuristic and analytics
Conduction Aphasia
- Language difficulty where a person can understand what is being said but cannot repeat it back correctly
Principle of Lexical Marking
- Marked terms are more difficult to reason with and to store in memory than unmarked terms - Also applies to descriptive terms (Wide, Narrow - width)
Sunk Cost
- Money or resources invested that cannot be recovered
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
- No genetic flaw, normal intelligence but slightly less developed language
Correlational Studies
Collect data without manipulation and observes relationships
Cooperative Principle
- Principle that says in an interaction, speaker and listener work together to conduct a meaningful and understandable conversation
Reality Principle
- Principle that says in order for an utterance to be understood, a speaker must say something the listener can interpret using their personal knowledge of the world
Analogical Reasoning
- Problem solving based on noticing similarities between current problem and one that was encountered in the past - Reasoning by learning from past events
Well-Defined Problems
- Problems that have clear goals, and a clear solution Example: Chess, math, etc.
Ill-Defined Problems
- Problems with goals that may have multiple answers, no one correct answer, and it is not always clear what the problem is
Counterfactual Reasoning
- Reasoning from assumptions or hypotheses that the reasoner believes to be false Example: If I had studied for the test, I would have gotten a good grade
Deductive Reasoning
- Reasoning from general to specific
Inductive Reasoning
- Reasoning from specific to general
Reasoning Schemas
- Set of rules and procedures that reasoners automatically follow to draw or evaluate conclusions
Primary Progressive Aphasia
- Slow deterioration in the ability to understand language - Starts off as inability to understand specific words, then ability to identify names of objects, then reduction in general comprehension
Logographic System
- System of language that uses "letters" or characters to resemble different words Example: Chinese
Phonological (Alphabetic) System
- System of language that uses a series of sound based letters to create spoken language Example: English
Syllabary System
- System of language that uses letters or symbols to resemble syllables Example: Japanese
Pragmatics
- System of rules for social cooperation when speaking such as how to act, how to respond, and what to expect
Marked Terms
- Term that is difficult to understand because it is specific and complex (Lioness vs. Lion)
Unmarked Terms
- Term that is easy to understand because of its simplicity and generalizability (Lion vs. Lioness)
Linear Reasoning
- The ability to draw a conclusion from pairs of relationships on the same dimension Example: Barbara is taller than Jessie, Jessie is taller than Pam, so Barbara is taller than Pam
Conjunction Fallacy
- The belief that the likelihood of 2 independent events occurring together is greater than the likelihood of either one occurring alone
Social Exchange Rules
- The idea that when interacting with others, there are certain rules you must abide by "I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine"
McGurk Effect
- The inability to hear sound correctly when a speaker's utterances and lip movements do not match; the listener hears something that is neither in the mouth movements of the speaker nor in the auditory signal
Gambler's Fallacy
- The mistake that independent past events will affect future events
Subjective Utility
- The personal evaluation of a decision outcome
Prosody
- The rhythm, stress, and intonation pattern of the voice
Dopaminergic Theory of Positive Affect (DTPA)
- The theory that mood affects the production of dopamine, which in turn activates parts of the brain that contribute to problem solving and creativity
Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT)
- The theory that states: 1. Capacity: Unconscious thought requires little cognitive capacity 2. Processing: Unconscious thought slowly integrates info to and from an objective summary judgment 3. Evidence: Unconscious thought weighs the relative importance of various attributes absent biased thoughts
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
- The theory that the entire body's emotion-related circuitry is the basic system in which decision making occurs, which is in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. If damaged, an individual may have difficulty making decisions
Speech Recoding
- The translation of visual characters into a kind of subvocal speech; individual speech sounds activate word and contextual knowledge in memory, which allows people to understand writing and speech
Interaction Models
- Theories of speech perception that evaluate the entire context of the interaction among linguistic and social elements Example: semantics of words, syntax of utterance, and theme of social exchange (filling in the ____ of sentences where you don't hear the word)
Fuzzy Logic Model
- Theory of speech perception composed of 3 stages (evaluation, integration and assessment/decision), which assumes the listener has stored idealized "prototypical forms of speech sounds in their LTM and matches the incoming sounds to them
TRACE Model
- Theory of speech recognition that assumes listeners will use all the info at their disposal all at once. Works forward and backwards: people not only identify initial speech sounds but can also correct initial ID of speech sounds when incorrect
Cohort Model
- Theory that divides speech recognition into 2 stages - Stage 1: detects the beginning sounds of the word which activates all possible words in LTM with a similar set of sounds - Stage 2: Processes info to eliminate words that are not the target word
Indirect Access Hypothesis
- Theory that emphasizes the use of basic sensory processes (such as sight) and the phonological components of word identification in reading (not automatic)
Dissociative Disorders
Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Prospect Theory (Cumulative Prospect Theory)
- Theory that explains the relationship between framing effects (presented as gains or losses) and the choices people make. Generally, people are more affected by the fear of loss than the prospect of equivalent gain Would rather Win 30 out of 100 than lose 70 out of 100
Direct Access Hypothesis
- Theory that new readers are able to go from the visual arrangement of the letters of words directly to the lexicon, and that an appreciation for phonemic structure is gained from pronouncing recognized words (more automatic)
Williams Syndrome
- These people have incredible musical talents but have no spatial knowledge what so ever such as not being able to tell left from right
Paralogical Thinking
- Thinking that follows the format of normal logic, except that the speaker sees 2 things as identical based on the similarities between them
Paroxysmal Aphasia
- Total aphasia, but can still comprehend the situation
Automatic Speech
- Type of aphasia that is nearly total aphasia except for the ability to recite highly learned phrases or written passages
Abductive Reasoning
- Type of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn that offers the best explanation for the facts at hand (Sherlock Holmes reasoning)
Word Deafness
- Unable to understand any type of speech but can speak and make sound
Sunk Cost Fallacy
- When additional money or resources are invested in an already failed investment to "save" the failure of investment
Belief-Bias Effect
- When people allow their personal knowledge and beliefs to affect their decisions as to whether or not a conclusion is logically valid
Anchoring and Adjustment
- When presented an example, people tend to guess not to far from this example if unknown Mississippi River example
Disconfirmation
- When proving a hypothesis, researchers must falsify it
Principle of Congruity
- When the codes of the question and the facts of what is stored match, answers are faster and more accurate
time devoted to housework
- labor automation; = time commitment similar; + consumerism time consuming
Methodological argument against Mischel's critique of traits
-.30 based on incomplete literature review -Situation effects (converted to correlation) are about .3 -Naturalistic behavior (opposed to behavior in lab) improves it to .42-.56 (Fleeson & Gallagher, 2009) -Aggregate across many situations improves to >.4
Erikson psychosocial stage: Childhood play age (3-6)
-Behavior Modality: Exploring the world, play -Psychosocial crisis: initiative vs. guilt *If parents encourage fantasy and curiosity: Promotes awareness of others, seeking answers, approaching style *If parents inhibit child completing task, or excessive punishment: Immobilization, worthlessness, afraid to try, avoiding style -Ego strength: Purpose= Courage to envision and pursue valued goals, uninhibited by the defeat of infantile wishes, guilt, or fear of punishment.
Erikson psychosocial stage: Infancy
-Behavior Modality: To get and give in return -Psychosocial crisis: trust vs. mistrust *If caregiver provides familiarity and consistency of experience: World experiences as safe, stable, reliable. Moments of mistrust can be repaired *If caregiver is unreliable, rejecting, inadequate Fosters suspicion and apprehension about the world. -Ego strength: Hope= Enduring belief one can attain wishes despite chaos & uncertainty.
Erikson psychosocial stage: Early childhood
-Behavior Modality: To hold on vs. to let go -Psychosocial crisis: Autonomy vs. shame *If parents allow freedom to control their own activities. Fosters self-control without loss of self-esteem. Moments of mistrust can be repaired *If parents are impatient, or expect too much: Anger over lack of autonomy turned inward (shame) -Ego strength: Will= Determination to exercise free choice and self-control in spite of unavoidable shame and doubt.
Erikson psychosocial stage: Adolescence (12-19)
-Behavior Modality: to be yourself, show yourself honestly -Psychosocial crisis: ego identity vs. role confusion -Consolidate self-images into a cohesive, consistent personal identity...Who am I? Influenced by social groups (reflected appraisals of others) Seek out experiences that confirm your social role (e.g. Athlete making football team). Can over identify with peer group, lose your true sense of self. *If not, IDENTITY CRISIS Experience disorganization Adopt "negative identity", counter culture -Ego strength: Fidelity= Being true to your real self, in spite of social pressure to conform.
Erikson psychosocial stage: Late adulthood
-Behavior Modality: to face not being -Psychosocial crisis: ego integrity vs. despair -Ego Integrity: looking back satisfied with life. Death not feared, one's life continue through offspring and/or accomplishments. -Despair: "what might have been". Hidden fear of death, feeling of failure, regret, blaming the world. -Ego strength: Wisdom= Detached concern for life in the face of death. Wisdom inherited from society, evolved to look beyond one's self.
Erikson psychosocial stage: Early adulthood
-Behavior Modality: to have meaningful connection with another -Psychosocial crisis: intimacy vs. isolation Intimacy shared with partners, friends, family, self. Develop capacity to merge yourself deeply with another without fear of loosing yourself. -Isolation Self-absorption and/or avoidance of relationships seen as threatening. -Ego strength: Love= Shared identity, mutual devotion, sex as a bonding experience (not just a physical satisfaction or aspect of personal pride).
Erikson psychosocial stage: Childhood school age (6-12)
-Behavior Modality: to produce things -Psychosocial crisis: industry vs. inferiority *If skills and status are promoted in school: Interest in learning, comprehending structure, recognize culture *If skills and status are devalued in school: Learning is discouraged, ineffective at building skills, sensitive to failing -Ego strength: Competence= Freely exercise intelligence in the completion of tasks, unimpaired by unreasonable inferiority.
Erikson psychosocial stage: Middle adulthood
-Behavior Modality: to take care of -Psychosocial crisis: generativity vs. stagnation -Generativity: recognizing responsibility of your generation, enhance culture for next generation. -Stagnation: self-absorption, not concerned with society. -Ego strength: Care= The widening concern for what should be loved. Care can overcome the ambivalence of adhering to irreversible obligations (taking that job, having a child).
4 types of generativity
-Biological -Parental -Technical -Cultural
Hippocrates' 4 humors
-Choleric (irritable) -Melancholic (depressed) -Sanguine (optimistic) -Phlegmatic (calm)
Immature defenses
-Defend against boundary between self and outer world
Mature defenses
-Defend against internal boundaries -What I want (id) vs. What I should do (superego)
Depressive Position (6 months+)
-Efforts to manage complex relationships with others. -Process loss of a "perfect" self and other
Paranoid-Schizoid Position (birth-6 months)
-Experiences are so intense, self and objects are split into good or bad components. -Benefit: feels good to invest in phantasy -Cost: distorted reality, unattainably high self-expectations
FFM across cultures
-Extraversion higher in American and European people, as compared to those from Asian cultures -More pronounced differences within a culture than between cultures
Defenses are used when
-Fixing a problem -Conveying an emotion -Making an experience more enjoyable -Translating impulses and emotions into more familiar dynamics
3 levels of consciousness
-conscious -preconscious -unconscious
Counterculture
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted in a society.
Principles of Client Centered Therapy (4)
-Focus on understanding the client (Not judging, not passively checking out) -Communicate your attempts to understand them (Allowing them to correct you) -Giving them unconditional positive regard (Not permission to behave irresponsibly) -Help them identify how their self-concept and experiences are not congruent. (They will naturally correct if they feel sufficiently accepted.)
Fundamental motives (Freud, Jung, ORT)
-Freud: drive reduction -Jung: drive balance -ORT: "Object seeking"
Similarities in Interpreting dreams (Jung vs. Freud)
-Humans are motivated by innate physiological urges -Mental activity powered by psychic energy (Libido) -Importance of unconscious
Safe Holding environment
-I am the center of the universe -Omnipotence, fantasy, part-object relations -My needs are synchronized with mother's actions -Not a perfect, but "good enough" mother
Difference between Bowlby and Klein
-Klein: explained child emotional problems through internal phantasies. -Bowlby highlighted the actual family experiences and family unit as important. *Focused on Children's ability to separate from parental figures
Prototaxic mode
-Lack of object permanence -Experiences are unconnected -No language -No causal logic -Can't attribute their actions to causing their needs to be met.
Syntaxic mode
-Mature causal logic and use of consensual symbols (e.g. language) -Has object permanence -Can organize past, present, future to anticipate results of actions. -Determine cause and effect -Past experiences used to inform future behavior Egocentric position decreases (E.g. maybe I'm not the reason my parents are divorcing)
Word Association
-Meant to uncover a psychological complex -Look for signs of disturbance, hesitation, failed ability to recall what they originally said. Indicative of a complex.
Development of personal narrative- adulthood
-More reflective (vs. dramatic) -Stories are more complex -Integrating positive & negative elements of the story. -Exploring negative life events related to health and maturity.
Transition/Differentiation
-Mother gives infant space to be on his/her own -Use of transitional objects to cope with separation
Five Factor Model (FFM)- 5 factors
-Neuroticism (vs. emotional stability) -Extraversion (vs. introversion) -Openness to experience (vs. closedness) -Agreeableness (vs. disagreeableness) -Conscientiousness (vs. disconstraint)
Differences in Interpreting dreams (Jung vs. Freud)
-Not as focused on sexual motivations -Recognizes the importance of a person's future -Extends the unconscious
Interpersonal/object relations theory and death
-Not only lose actual person -Lose internal representation of them -Lose their reflected appraisals of you -Lose a part of yourself (you when interaction with them)
Selfobject
-Objects used to make self feel complete -Proper selfobject experiences build cohesion of self -Faulty selfobject experiences lead to fragmentation of self
Transitional Objects
-Objects used to represent subjective (internal) fantasy of omnipotent world and attuned caretakers. -Teaches child there is more than one source of support, attunement, and achievement (omnipotence)
Melanie Klein: Developmental story
-Paranoid-schizoid position -depressive position -mature personality
Psychic energy cycle (basic)
-Self -tension build -express drive -cathexis object -tension reduction ...etc.
3 levels of structural diagnosis
-Self and other integration? -Function and type of defenses? -Reality testing?
Parataxic Mode
-Trial and error (side by side) reasoning -Correlation = causation -Egocentric memory -Parataxic logic: saying I am sorry undoes what I did -Parataxic distortion: One experience defines how it will always be. -Treating others as if they are that same person. -Freud would call this projection (?) -Developing foresight, anticipation, intention
3 channels of communication
-What the client says -How the client behaves -Your reaction to the client
Systematic desensitization
-develop hierarchy of fears -gradually work through fears, paired with relaxation skills
Reciprocal inhibition
-exposure to feared stimulus -introduce positive stimulus -inhibits anxiety response
Physiology of Hunger
-hunger is controlled by the interaction among complex pathways in the nervous system and a variety of hormonal and chemical systems in the brain and body -When the stomach is empty we feel hunger -The hypothalamus is important to eating -The lateral part cues us to eat while the ventromedial part cues us to stop eating -Eating is influenced by hormones - orexin, insulin, ghrelin, and leptin -Triggers for eating - leptin, the availability of desirable food, the passage of time
modern development of personality trait theory (3 parts)
-lexical hypothesis -research hypothesis -childhood features
Observational Learning (2 parts)
-modeling -vicarious reinforcement
Adler's belief about how parents can contribute to an inferiority complex
-pampering -neglect -other: unattainable standards, ridiculing children, excessive criticism of others, etc.
Status
A social position that someone holds in the social structure.
Donald Winicott: Developmental story
-safe holding environment -transition/differentiation -true self
L35: Crime Law Deviance
.
L36: Crime Law Deviance II
.
L37: Crime Law Deviance III
.
L38: Police Policy
.
L39: Punishment
.
L40: Human Rights
.
L41: Human Rights II
.
L43: Stratification & Differentiation
.
L44: Inequality Economy/Class
.
L45: Social Status
.
L46: Gender Inequality
.
L47: Race Ethnicity Discrimination
.
L48: First Nations Inequality
.
L49: Poverty Homelessness
.
L50: Consequences of Prejudice
.
L51: Inequality Solutions
.
L52: Institutions
.
L53: Work Occupations
.
L54: Occupations and Work
.
L55: Family
.
L56: Education
.
L58: Sociology of Health
.
L60: Social Movements & Social Change
.
L61: Social Change II
.
L64: States Governance Social Change
.
Hume
...
Classical conditioning (dog study)
1- Food is US and Salivation is UR 2- Bell is NS... no CR 3-Bell + Food leads to UR (salivation) 4- Bell is now CS and leads to Salivation (now CR)
Process of Phallic stage
1-Tendency to take on role of same sex parent 2-Brings conflict and anxiety with same sex parent 3-Identify with same sex parent to remove anxiety and develop superego ideal to get someone like your opposite sex parent.
Functions of Language
1. Describe the World - Describes concepts and is a reflection of the social structure. 2. Constructs Reality - Contains hidden assumptions about the way the world works. 3. Vehicle for Change - Those who control language control perception.
Postindustrial Process
1. From tangible products ideas - symbolic production rather than the production of tangible goods. 2. From mechanical to literary skills - rewards predicated on literacy and computer skills. 3. From Factories to almost everywhere - increasing telecommunication rather than place based jobs.
Consequence of Global Economy
1. Global Division of Labor 2. Increased number of products 3. National governments no longer have control over goods and resources 4. Small number of businesses globally control a vast portion of the world's wealth 5. Raised concerns about the rights of workers when businesses can move freely; yet people are bound by the confines of nation-states
Depression Cycle
1. Negative stressful events 2. Pessimistic explanatory style 3. Hopeless depressed state 4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection
Industrial Revolution
1. New sources of energy changed "manual" labor to machine-based production 2. Centralization of work in factories - work moved from homes/farm to factories. 3. Manufacturing and Mass Production - Before this most people produced their needs at home. 4. Specialization - Repeating single task over and over at factories. 5. Wage Labor - Selling labor for a wage is new
Sherif
5 phenomenon; light seen in totally dark room perceptual illusion (light moves), individual guesses becomes stable
Five steps of scientific method
1. State the problem 2. Make observations 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Do an experiment 5. Write up conclusions
Traditional Stage
1. Thought that people in traditional societies cannot imagine a more "modern" way of life. *Rostow's Stages of Modernization
Economic Concentration
2,568 corporations represent 80 percent of all corporate assets. Some generate more income than almost all the states alone.
Take Off Stage
2.Society starts to "shake the grip" of tradition, people start to use their talents & imagination - sparks economic growth *Rostow's Stages of Modernization
zimbardo experiment
24 'normal' people put in prison; 12 guards/12 prisoners
Photoreceptors
3 types of cones that are sensitive to either red, blue, or green.
Drive to Technomaturity
3.Growth spurs the pursuit of higher living standards. *Rostow's Stages of Modernization
High Mass Consumption
4. People experience a new "need" for the "good things". *Rostow's Stages of Modernization
Metropolis
A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area.
Prenatal Development
5-8 weeks: responds to touch on mouth and feet 20 weeks: stimulated by sounds, responds to light from a fetoscopy by shielding eyes 28 weeks: blinks eyes in reaction to nearby sounds 30-34 weeks: sow rhythmic alterations between sleep and wakefulness
Thurstone
8 multiple intelligence theory, which includes all school-based concepts that each student was tested on. If one student scored well in one area they were likely to score well in another proving spearman's g-factor
Fixation
=A pathological resolution to a stage's developmental conflicts. -Due to frustration or indulgence of needs. -Overinvestment of libido (psychic energy) in gratifying needs at that stage.
Copy process: identification
=Act like that important other -Treat others as you were treated
Copy process: Recapitulation
=Behave like that other person is still in control -Expect from others, how you were treated.
Malevolent transformation
=Belief others are hostile and unloving "So I need to be to in order to survive" Can lead to bullying others
Regression
=Coping through immature behaviors consistent with an earlier stage of development.
Self as an author
=Creating self-defining stories to form a narrative identity -Incorporates social roles, and personal motivations -Who you are defined by the stories you tell
Mastery
=Fundamental human motive to master our environment. -Promoted by praise that is earned.
Pre-conscious
=Information that is not conscious at this time, but can be recalled -Superego and ego are found here
Unconscious
=Instinctual drives, emotions, urges, and memories so disturbing to the conscious that they are repressed (cannot be remembered) -Superego, (some) ego, and Id are found here
Self as a actor
=Present yourself to others through playing a role, enacting routines, manage your audience's impression. -Concerned about how others view you
Conscious
=Sensations and experiences you are aware of -Superego and ego are found here
Defenses
=Tools the ego uses to cope with realistic, neurotic, and moral anxiety. -operate pre(un)consciously -Can be healthy if employed in appropriate circumstance
Copy process: introjection
=Treat yourself as that person treated you -Treat yourself as you have been treated
Contamination sequence
=finding negativity in positive events Example: marriage is great but ends in divorce
Redemption sequence
=finding positive meaning in negative events Example: father passed away but the family became closer
How did skinner add to classical conditioning?
?
Social Mobility
A change in position in social hierachy. Ex: "Upper-class to The Working Class or The Working Class to Upper-class."
Intragenerational social mobility
A change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime. Ex: "I was poor and now, I'm rich!"
Socio-economic Status
A composite rankning based on various dimensions of social inequality. *Max Weber
Alienation
A condition where human beings were estranged from their determination with regard to theri social world and especially from their work. *Karl Marx
Language
A culture's most pervasive set of symbols. Defined as a system of symbols that people use to communicate with one another.
Government
A formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
Dependency Theory
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones. 1. Historical Perspective - The economic success of many rich countries have been achieved by the legacy of colonialism 2. The Importance of Colonialism - Former colonalism disappeared, but economic relationship of subordination & domination lives.
The care perspective
A moral perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
What is a trait?
A neuropsychic system with the capacity to render many situations functionally equivalent, leading to relatively consistent forms of behavior.
Neocolonialism
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
Personality
A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.
Gender Identity
A person's personal sense of being male or female (masculine, feminine and androgynous)
Symbolic Interactionism
A product of everyday interactions of individuals: micro-level
Postindustrial Economy
A productive system based on service work and high technology.
Delay of gratification
A self regulatory process that is related to moral behavior
Ethnicity
A shared cultural heritage. *Cultural
Structural Social Mobility
A shift in social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society than to individual efforts. Ex: "1950-1970s in the United States, and now numerous people falling into the ranks of the poor - mass social change."
Social Facts
A social phenomena that exist in an objective realm, and are external to individuals operating by their constraining or coercive influence on an individuality. They are general and collective. *Emile Durkheim
Acheived Status
A social position that one attains through their actions.
Race
A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. *Biological
Race-Pluralism
A state in which racial & ethnic minorities are distinct but have equal social standing.
Theory
A statement of how and why facts are related
Master Status
A status that has special importance for social identity.
Longitudinal research
A study in which a single cohort of individuals are assessed over multiple time points.
Social stratification
A system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a hierachy Ex: "Upper class, Upper-uppers, Lower-Uppers, Upper-Middles, Average-Middles, The Working Class, The Lower Class."
Ecosystem
A system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment.
Genderqueer
A term applied to individuals who do not identify within the gender binary.
Piaget's Formal Operational
Abstract reasoning, Developmental Phenomena (2) Abstract logic, Potential for moral reasoning
Genotype
Actual genetic material sets a range of possible phenotypes (ex. hair color)
Biggest Consumers of music
Adolescence
Managing Stress
Aerobic exercise biofeedback relaxiation meditation religious attendance
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. (Depression= too little)
Radical Feminism
Aims to challenge and overthrow patriarchy by opposing traditional gender roles. To them, gender roles are the prevailing mechanisms by which women are oppressed.
Determinism
All mental (and physical) behavior determined by prior causes, usually unconscious motives.
Out-group Homogenetity
All of "them" are judged to be very similar
Role Set
All the roles attached to a particular status.
Status Set
All the statuses that people hold at a given time.
Experiment
Allows researches to determine cause and effect relationships
Intersection Theory
An analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender, which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
An approach to te study of motivation that emphasizes the importance of cognitive and behavioral consistency.
Socialism
An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are not privately owned. 1. Collective ownership of property 2. Pursuit of Collective 3. Government control for the economy
Capitalism
An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned. 1. Private Ownership 2. Pursuit of Personal Profit 3. Competition & Consumer Choice
Limits to Growth Thesis
An economic system that keeps growing in an ecosystem of fixed size is doomed to failure.
Multiculturalism
An educational & cultural perspective that recognized the cultural diversity of the US.
Corporation
An organization with a legal existence including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members.
Gestalt
An organized whole.
Transgender
An umbella term applied term to those who gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth.
Pluralism
Analysis of politics that sees power as dispersed among various interest and interest groups.
Fearful/Avoidant AAI style
Angry or ambivalent representations of the past. Incoherent & defensive story. -(Avoid. high, anx. high)
Automatic Behavior Pattern
Animals sometimes only respond to a single feature of the relevant information in the situation
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, etc.
Minority
Any category of people that are characterized by physical and cultural traits that society uses to set apart and subordinate that group.
Social Dysfunction
Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.
Symbols
Anything that carries a particular meaning within a culture
Socialist Feminism
Argues a fundamental interconnection between women's struggle and class struggle. Women are a class of people who are subordinate under capitalism to men.
Brofenbrenner's Macrosystem
Aspect of culture
Models of Cultural Adaptation
Assimilation, Acculturation, Alternation and Multicultural
ADHD
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Projection
Attribute unacceptable emotions, thoughts, motivations to others or the environment
Terror management theory and death
Balance between the desire to live and the realization that death is inevitable
Who did the BOBO doll experiment and what was it
Bandura; children watched an adult perform behaviors on a bobo doll and the children copied their behavior
Theoretical Approach
Basic image of society that guides thinking and research
Biological generativity
Begetting, bearing, nursing offspring Object: infant
Role
Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.
Psychological Disorder
Behavior patterns that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.
Self-efficacy
Belief in your ability/competence to succeed in reaching your goals or impact your environment -Built on performance accomplishments, verbal persuasion, emotion, etc.
Max Weber
Believed the goal of sociology is to understand human action.
Causes of Psychological Disorders
Biological Factors Biochemical process Genetic learning and reinforcement roles expectations stress
Treatments of Psychological Disorders
Biological Treatments Drugs Psychosurgery Cognitive, behavior, group, insight therpaies
Levels of Analysis
Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural
Moral Identity
Blasi sees moral connections as central to one's life
Androgenous
Both feminine and masculine traits
Macro-Level
Broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
Prefrontal cortex
CEO of the brain; specializes in cognitive analysis, anticipation, planning, and impulse control. Grows from about age 12 to 25
Richard Wolff
Capitalism and Socialism polarization are being "challenged and displaced" for two reasons: 1. Capitalist markets are "planned" and regulated; hey have public resources. 2. Socialism relies on private property. Argues that state-planned socialist economies did not undo the fundamental feature of capitalism - absentee ownership of the means of production Democratic workplaces are a key feature to changing the economy beyond the dichotomous capitalism/state socialism dichotomy.
Marxist Model
Capitalism itself is the problem. Marx was both in awe of capitalism, but also suspicious of several of its fundamental characteristics. 1. Growth Imperative - Its need to ever expand means it must value profit over general well-being 2. Alienation - People do anything to survive and this alienates them. 3. Superstructural Control - The government the executive committee of the bourgeoisie.
Amygdala
Center for primitive emotions such as anger and outpaces the growth of PFC
How to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance
Change attitude change perception change behavior minimize the importance of the conflict reduce perceived choice
Organic Solidarity
Characterized complex or modern societies, based on complex division of labor, solidarity based on interdependence of people on one another.
Mechanical Solidarity
Characterized simple societies, less division of labor (occupations are less specialized) - solidarity based on similarities between people. *Emile Durkheim
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messages that cross synaptic gaps between neurons influence wether or next neuron will fire
Complimentarity
Communion: sameness (friendliness pulls for friendliness) Agency: oppositeness (dominance pulls for submission)
Conscientiousness vs disconstraint
Competence and constraint, focus on goals and order
Agreeableness vs disagreeableness
Compliant, willing to go along with things
Learned helplessness
Condition in which a person suffers from feelings of powerlessness. Belief that things will not change. (Example: shocking the dog experiment)
Communion
Condition of connecting to a larger social entity (friendly)
Agency
Condition of differentiation (Dominance)
Opposite (complementing) hypothesis
Confirming your expectations of others.
Role Conflict
Conflict among the roles connected to a particular status
Feminism
Conglomerate of social movements that support some sort of equality between men & women.
3 vales of Collectivism
Connectedness, orientation to the larger group, respect and obedience
Structural Functionalism Critique
Conservative/Privileged Views Does not allow human agency to account for social change Assumes "Progress" Assumes value-free analysis as ideal Paints Society in Broad Strokes
Temperament
Constitutionally based individual differences in reactivity and self regulation
_______ reinforcement is learned the quickest, but extinguishes faster than intermittent reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement (FR)....
Left Hemisphere
Controls Right side of body Language
Right Hemisphere
Controls left side of body
Flynn
Country affect
Spearman
Created the theory of general intelligence (g-factor) meaning if you are intelligent in one area, you are likely to be intelligent in all areas
Cultural generativity
Creating, renovating, art, conserving a symbol Object: the society
Ideology
Cultural beliefs justify particular social arrangements. *Karl Marx
Subculture
Cultural pattens that set apart a segment of a society's population.
Popular Culture
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.
High Culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite.
Values
Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful that serve as a broad guideline for social living.
Anomie
Dangers of Organic Solidarity: Modern society, there is a lack of social integration - no moral guidance due to cohesion as a result of too much diversity & cohesion only coming from the division of labor (No Clear Path) *Emile Durkheim
Conduct disorder
Demonstrate repeated violations of the rights of others or major social norms, and show little remorse or empathy
Trait perspective
Describes personality in terms of a persons level on certain characteristic patterns of behavior; traits are thoughts to be determined in genetics, though experience may also plays a role
True Self
Development of capacity to be alone
Role Theory
Differences between men and women emerge due to the different tasks attributed to males and females in a society
Shyness
Discomfort and inhibition in interpersonal situations that interferes with pursuing one's interpersonal or professional goals.
Neuroticism vs emotional stability
Distressed and anxiety-prone
Eurocentricism
Dominance of European cultural patterns.
Critical Thinking
Don't blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Simple, Short-term solutions
Don't work. A single in-service, or PTA meeting, or an assembly is insufficient School Climate must change
Peer Mediation/conflict resolution
Don't work. Bullying is not a conflict but a "victimization" May send the message that the bullied child is partly at fault may retraumatize the targeted child has not been shown to reduce bullying behavior
Group treatment for those who bully
Don't work. Group members tend to serve as a role models Good intentions of this type of therapy are better realized in individual therapy
Zero tolerance policies
Don't work. Would affect up to 20% of kids may discourage reporting may be so restrictive that they limit victimized removing the child from school may remove positive role models
Anabolic Steroids
Drugs derived from test from testosterone, promote muscle growth but also affect hair growth and testicular volume in males
Infancy- Orienting/Regulation (C?)
Duration of orienting, soothability, attentional focus
Meylin Sheath
During adolescence, more axon become coated in this fatty substance that increases the transmission speed of certain neurons
Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnias, Sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, parasomnias, sleep terrors, sleep walking
Inter-related parts
Each structure serves a function and contribute to the overall function of society.
Income
Earnings from work or investments. Ex: "How much money do you make?"
Natural Environment
Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, waste, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.
Capitalist Advantages
Economic Productivity Economic Equality Personal Freedom
Global Economy
Economic activity that crosses national borders.
Secondary Revision
Effort to place logic into bizarre or nonsensical part of dreams, distorting the original dream
Neural Communication
Electrochemical Process
Assimilation in Models of Cultural Adapation
Embracing new culture while relinquishing old cultural identity
Realistic anxiety
Emotional response to perception of real dangers in the external world
Moral anxiety
Emotional response to the threat of punishment from superego (ex. Shame, guilt).
Neurotic anxiety
Emotional response to threat of unacceptable Id impulses become conscious
Moratorium
Emphasizes the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy; it is in this gap period that adolescence try on various roles to see which fit them the best
Sociological Imagination
Enables us to group history & biography & the relation between the two within society, that is its task and its promise. -We must understand the life and the history of a society (both)
gender
biological diff. don't explain completely; socially constructed
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating a culture by the standards of one's own.
Cultural Relativism
Evaluating a culture by using it's own standards.
Day Residue
Events throughout the day that you didn't fully process
Attachment security hypothesis
Everyone wants a securely attached partner
Variable interval
Example: pop quizzes or surprise visit from boss
Variable Ratio
Example: slot machines
Fixed interval
Example: weekly salary or presidential term
Piaget's Sensorimotor
Experiences the world through senses and actions((3)looking, touching, mouthing). Developmental Phenomena include (2) Object permanence and Stranger Anxiety
Phenotype
Expression of a characteristic that is programmed in (ex. actual hair color)
Materials Economy
Extraction -> Production -> Distribution -> Consumption -> Disposal
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Extreme prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals; people who show strong prejudice toward one minority are intolerant of all minorities.
Culture Theory
Extreme prejudice is found in some people, but some prejudice is found in everyone. Prejudice is culturally embedded.
Reactivity
Fear, cardiac response, duration, frequency of reactions
Infancy- Negative emotionality (N)
Fear, frustration, sadness, irritability
Peak experiences
Feeling of euphoria, harmony, interconnectedness
Reaction Formation
Feeling the opposite of how you truly feel (Stockholm syndrome)
Adrenarche
First hormonal phase of puberty
One Genus postulate
Focuses on the things all humans have in common.
Laws
Folkways and mores that are vital to the dominant interest so that they are written, legal formalizations that society members are required to obey.
Structural Functionalism
Framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability: macro-level
Social Conflict
Framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict & change: macro-level
Pinel
French psychologist that got permission to unchain some of the mental patients in the French revolution
Ethnicity
Function of heritage, nationality, race, religion and language. Great deal of diversity because of this in the United States
Socioeconomic Status
Function of occupational, educational and economic consideration; related to differences in access to resources
Selye
GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
Phrenology
Gall proposed that the shape of a person's skull reveals their intellectual and emotional characteristics. Specific brain functions can be localized. Was applied to practical problems.
Multiple intelligences
Gardner's theory; a model that divides intelligence into distinct modalities that often have strong links to sensory or motor skills; 8 separate types of intelligence (linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic)
G-Conflict Theory
Gender Theory: Gender roles are based on domination and subordinated.
G-Symbolic Interactionism
Gender is produced and reproduced through subtle mechanisms.
Talcott Parsons
Gender role is complementary - Boys and Girls are socialized differently in order to fulfill different needs.
Agentic complementarity (oppositeness)
Generally found in clinic and community samples (in work settings only) Inconsistently found in student samples Leads to satisfying interactions Weakened for narcissistic people
Communal complementarity (sameness)
Generally found in student, community, and clinic samples Leads to a more satisfying interaction Complementarity enhanced when When not at work When in a high status (e.g. boss) role
Fechner
German psychophycisist that coined the name psychophysics and provided a set of procedures to relate the intensity of a physical stimulus to the magnitude of sensory experience
Collectivism
Give priority to values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity
Token economy
Giving the individual a prize for specific behaviours (example: rewarding child with a token for good behaviour... three tokens will win the child a piece of candy)
Conditions of Worth
Growth can be hindered by these excessive messages that you are valued to the extend to which you meet expectations
Seven Basic Emotions
Happiness Sadness Anger Fear Disgust Surprise Contempt NOT LEARNED
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal. (Depression= too little)
Indulgent
Highly involved, place few demands or controls on adolescents behavior. Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent and display less self-control
Multicultural in Models of Cultural Adaptation
Holding cultural identity and accepting that many can coexist in a setting
Cortisol
Hormone that is associated with increased fat storyge around waste which comes from the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting from the release of the adrenal gland
Racial salience
How much is race a part of your self-concept in the moment?
The Limits to Growth
Humanity must enact policies to control economic growth, population increase, pollution, and use of resources to avoid environmental collapse. Logic of growth flawed - a logic that dominates public policy
Lexical hypothesis
Hypothesis that if a concept is useful in describing a human's personality, the culture will likely have a word for it
Empathy
Important contributor to moral development which involves reacting to another person's emotional feeling with a similar emotional feeling
Social System Morality
In Kohlberg's Conventional level, stage four. Respectful of laws and rules because they exist
Mutual interpersonal exceptions, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
In Kohlberg's Conventional level, stage three. How people view you
Social Contract and Individual Rights
In Kohlberg's Postconventional level, stage five. Looking for ways to make it more fair
Universal Ethnic Principle
In Kohlberg's Postconventional level, stage six. Doing what is morally right
Heteronomous Morality
In Kohlberg's Preconventional level, stage one. Moral thought motivated by fear of punishment Penalty related
Individualism, purpose and exchange
In Kohlberg's Preconventional level, stage two. About self interest and reward
Castration Anxiety
In the oedipus complex, fear that father will take revenge by castrating him
Development of personal narrative- elementary school
Incorporate culture norms into stories
Dopamine
Increases the activity of neurotransmitters from this substance in some brain regions may be related to risk-taking during adolescence
Myelination
Increases through adolescence and enables inductive reasoning
Cross-sectional
Individuals of different ages are compared at a single point in time.
Sullivan's developmental model
Infant: needs met through parents Juvenile: needs met through same-sex friends Can give more realistic expectations Malevolent transformation Early adolescence: express motivations through sexual behavior Late adolescence: motivations beyond lust Adulthood: Capacity for genuine love. Mature set of interpersonal relationship
Total Institution
Institutions in which individuals are completely isolated from the rest of society for an extended period of time.
Teritary Prevention
Interventions aimed at reducing established problems and improving functioning. Examples include: create friendship groups for bullied kid encourage parents to use school conseling resources for bullying or victimization training kids not to be bystanders
Secondary Prevention
Interventions that increase the likelihood of early identification of a problem. Examples include: Train older peer monitors to watch out for bullying early identification of potential bullies or victims for social-skills training
Primary Prevention
Interventions that target at-risk groups before problems occur. Examples include: Publicizing school-wide policies spread messages to community reinforce prosocial behavior
Identify two conflict stages in Eriksons theory that relate to the early and middle adulthood stages
Intimacy vs Isolation Generatively vs Stagnation
Case Study
Involves collecting a large amount of in-depth data on a special single individual
Tertiary Sector
Involves services rather than goods (high income countries)
Naturalistic Observation
Involves unobtrusively collecting data in natural setting
Rite of Passage
Is a ceremony or ritual that represents the transition into adulthood
Synapse
Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrites or cell body of receiving neuron
Lucid Dreams
Knowing you are dreaming while in a dream. Can influence your dream.
Limbic System
LOCATION: below te cerebral hemispheres FUNCTIONS: contains the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. associated with emotions and drives.
Temporal Lobes
LOCATION: cerebral cortex. Lying roughly above the ears. FUNCTION: includes auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
Occipital Lobes
LOCATION: cerebral cortex. lying at the back of the head. FUNCTION: includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.
Parietal Lobes
LOCATION: cerebral cortex. lying at the top of the head and toward the rear FUNCTION: receives sensory input for touch and body position.
Sensory Cortex
LOCATION: front of the parietal lobes FUNCTION: registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Hypothalamus
LOCATION: lying below the thalamus FUNCTION: direst several maintenance activities (eat, drink, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward.
Glial Cells
LOCATION: nervous system FUNCTION: support, nourish, and protect neurons
Frontal Lobes
LOCATION: portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead. FUNCTION: involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.
Cerebral Cortex
LOCATION: the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres FUNCTION: body's ultimate control and information processing center.
Thalamus
LOCATION: top of the brainstem FUNCTION:brains sensory switchboard. directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
Sapir-Whorf Thesis
Language has imbedded within it ways of seeing and perceiving the world. People perceive the world throught the cultural lens of the world.
Subsystems
Large structure (spousal, parental, siblings, extended)
Fowler's Universalizing faith
Late adulthood (1) oneness with all beings transend doctrine and (2) comforts conflicting ideas
Synchronicity
Leads to "hunches" or intuitive guesses that are guided by the collective unconscious.
Underdeveloped persona
Leads to anxiety and resistance from others
Overdeveloped persona
Leads to images of arrogance
Anticipatory Socialization
Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.
Equivalence
Libido withdrawn from one aspect of personality reappears somewhere else (e.g. Freud's symptom substitution).
Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligence
Linguistic, logicomathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, and naturalistic
Demographic Transition Critiques
Linked to Modernization Theory Optimism that poor countries will solve problems as they industrialize Dependency Theory - Population isn't the problem; distribution is.
Brofenbrenner's Exosystems
Links between Microsystems and setting that the adolescent isn't involved in
Demographic Transition Theory
Links population patterns to a society's level of technological development.
Phallic stage
Major conflict: Oedipus complex/Electra complex (can I have who I want?)
Anal stage
Major conflict: Toilet training (can I do what I want?)
Genital stage
Major conflict: development of altruistic love (can I love who I want?)
Latent stage
Major conflict: none
Oral stage
Major conflict: weaning (can I have what I want?)
Glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. (Seizures= too much)
Dependent Variable
Manipulated by the independent variable to observe it's effects- stays the same in an experiement
Independent Variable
Manipulated in an experiment to observe their effect on the dependent variable
Self-Persuasion
Many studies have shown that when people are induced to behave differently, their attitudes or beliefs will often times change accordingly.
Commitment
Marcia's Theory posits that identity status is determined by whether or not a person has experienced an identity crisis, and whether or not the person has registered toward this idea..
Similarity hypothesis
Matching needs for intimacy vs. independency
False Consciousness
Material & Institutional processes to capitalist society mislead the proletariat. *Karl Marx
The Logic of Growth
Material comfort, progress, science, economic growth. Argues that more powerful technology has improved lives and new discoveries will continue to do so in the future.
Dismissing AAI style
Memory lapses of childhood, minimize importance of family and personal impact on relationships. Defensive story. -(Avoid. high, anx. low)
Men vs. Women on infidelity
Men: more distressed by sexual infidelity Women: more distressed by emotional infidelity
Fowler's Conjunctive faith
Middle adulthood (1) is open to paradox and opposing views (2) stremming one's own limitations
Ecological Modernization
Minimize waste and pollution through increasingly efficient resource use which can increase profits. - technological innovation and transformation to improve environmental outcomes -market based environmental instruments such as eco-efficiency techniques
Stage 2
Minority is (socially disadvantaged), occupying a low position in the system of stratification. *Cycle of Prejudice
Modernization Theory
Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations. 1. Historical Perspective - Development of industrial technology has raised the standard of living. 2. Importance of Culture - Traditions created barriers.
Functions of Emotion
Motivate us, sustain goal-directed behaviors, provide feedback, regulate social interactions, affect cognitive functions, arousal affects performance.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple personality disorder an unexpected partial or complete disruption of the normal integration of a person's conscious or psychological functioning that cannot be easily explained by that person.
FFM differences between gender
N- Higher in women A- Higher in women O-about the same E- about the same C-about the same Age 11-18: Self esteem lower in women
Childhood FFM
N- Negative Affectivity/Emotionality E- Surgency O- Orienting Sensitivity A- low Negative Affectivity and high Affiliation C- Effortful Control
Absolute Continuity Trait Changes
N: decreases with age E: no strong effect O: increases in adolescence, decreases in adulthood A: increases in old age C: increases with age
Costa& McCrae
NEO-PI; has five major dimensions, asseses 30 major traits; five factor model
John Henyrism
Named after a character in a folk tale who was said to work himself to death due to the maladaptive use of active coping strategies in response to chronic, uncontrollable stressors
Drive-reduction Theory
Needs and incentives combine to drive us
Rejecting
Neglecting; undemanding and unresponsive
Action Potential
Neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
Relative Continuity Trait Changes
Neuroticism- tends to decline Extraversion- tends to decline Openness- tends to decline Agreeableness- tends to remain the same Conscientiousness- tends to fluctuate
terminal branch of the axon
Neurotransmitters are released from this and into the synaptic gap
Horizontal social mobility
No change in social mobility in relation to parents. Ex: "My mom was poor and now, I'm still poor!"
Identity Defusion
No to crisis and no to commitment
Identity Foreclosure
No to crisis and yes to commitment
Folkways
Norms for routine or casual interaction.
Attachment avoidance
Not dysregulated by separation (20% of people).
Adler's fundamental drive
Not for love and sex, but power and superiority
Economic class
Not well defined categories, but a continuum ranging high to low. *Max Weber
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Notion that differences between boys and girls become more pronounced in adolescence due to social pressure
Parental generativity
Nurturing, disciplining, little league coach Object: Child
"Brown Eye's Blue Eye's"
On the day that children were assigned to wear collars designated them as lower-status, they preformed worse on the reading test and the other children treated them unjustly
Stereotype threat
One Preforming worse on a task because of a stereotype that is placed upon one
Idealization
Only seeing the good in others
Class System
Open system, allows mobility Ex: "The American or mostly industrial stratification."
Economic Determinism
Other systems define inequality in economics. *Karl Marx
Self-Reinforcement
Our own system of rewards and punishments from our behavior, beyond what others might see
Disengagement
Overly rigid, overly guarded boundaries foster detachment
3 Modes of being in the world- Eigenwelt
Own world: the relationship with one's self, inner experiences, and subjective reactions to the world.
Bourgeoisie
Owners of the means of production. *Karl Marx
Types of Schizophrenia
PARANOID: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, with themes of persecution DISORGANIZED: disorganized speech or behavior flat or inappropriate behavior CATATONIC: immobility, extreme negativism, parrotlike speech or movements UNDIFFERENTIATED:many and varied symptoms RESIDUAL: withdrawal, after hallucination and delusions have disappeared.
Aversion therapy
Pairing unwanted activity with unpleasant behaviour (Example: showing person a scary picture of the effects of smoking... deters them from smoking in the future)
Primary Sector
Part of the economy that draws material from natural environment. (Low income places)
Acculturation in Models of Cultural Adaptation
Participating in majority culture while remaining old cultural identity
Global Stratification
Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole.
Environmental Racism
Patterns that make environmental hazards greatest for poor people, especially minorities. -Factories near poor neighborhoods -Poor drawn to factory work -Low Incomes led to affordable housing in undesirable neighborhoods -Less political clout for resident who are poor
Post Formal
Proposed as a fifth stage of cognitive development which is characterized by (1) reflection, (2) a sense that knowledge is provisional, (3) realism, and (4) recognition that cognition is open to emotion
Society
People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
Self-Efficacy
People's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance.
Culture Shock
Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
Gender
Personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being male & female.
Psychoanalytical Perspective
Personality develops in childhood through psychosexual stages
Five factor theory on culture
Personality maturation largely determined by genetics, which is why we see cross-cultural consistency
Social-investment theory
Personality maturation occurs because you are put into different life roles.
Somatization
Physical expressions of symptoms
Segregation
Physical separation of categories of people.
Global South
Poor nations are predominantly located in the Southern Hemisphere.
David-Moore Thesis
Positions at top require investments of time, money, years in education therefore they should have higher rewards to encourage the best people to go after those positions. Ex: "The rich and powerful and prestigious are at the top because they are most talented and the best trained and they make greatest contribution to society's preservation."
Postmodernity
Postmodern epoch was distinguished from the modern age by its self-realization that more and more science and technology does not produce more and more freedom and reason; that is, increased power over nature has not led to utopia, as modern people once assumed it would.
Ivan Pavlov
Practiced classical conditioning using dogs
Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
Pre conventional Conventional Postconventional
Infancy- Rhythmicity (A?)
Predictability in a child's biological functions, such as waking, becoming tired, hunger, and bowel movements
Malthusian Critiques
Prediction Flawed Birth rate began to drop during Industrialization Underestimates Human Ingenuity Ignored the role of social inequality in world abundance and famine.
Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice results from frustrations among people who are themselves disadvantaged - a "safer" way to express frustration over disadvantages
Preoccupied AAI style
Preoccupied (enmeshed) with parents. Incoherent & defensive story. Experience continuing preoccupation with their own parents. -(Avoid. low, anx. high)
Social Status
Prestige
Assimilation
Process by which minorities adopt patterns of the dominant category, often to enjoy similar standings.
Environment Deficit
Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short affluence.
Class Consciousness
Proletariat recognition of real position in the class structure - understand the exploited nature of labor. *Karl Marx
Egoism
Prolonged Sense of not belonging. Overdeveloped individuality leading to a weakening of the moral bonds we share with a group. (No Sense of Community) *Emile Durkheim
Social Construction of Reality
The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.
R-Conflict Theory
Proposes that prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people to oppress others. Minorities encourage "race consciousness" to win greater power & privileges.
Anna Freud
Psychoanalytic theorist who proposed that adolescent problems stem from attachment to love objects
Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
Suppression
Putting off reaction to negative event until you have time to deal with it
Institutional Discrimination
Racial prejudice or discrimination embedded in the routine functioning of societal institutions
Personal Discrimination
Racial prejudice/discrimination expressed by individuals/small groups of people
Sociology Emerges
Rapid Change from Industrial Revolution & Capitalism Growth of Cities/Urbanization Political Changes - less reliance on traditional authority
Malthusian Theory
Rapid population growth would lead to social chaos. Geometric progression of population (2,4,6,8) Arithmetic progression of food population (2,3,4,5) Geometric = Doubling ~ Arithmetic = Limiting
Sociology Benefits
Re-evaluates common sense Sees opportunities and constraints in our lives Active Participants in Society Helps us live in a diverse world
Late FOT
Reasoning is tempered by experience; balanced; characterized by accommodation- make changes to what they already know- more realism
Sperry
Received nobel prize for research on split brain; talks about separate consciousness in split brain people, or the idea that each hemisphere has separate impulses and experiences; severely handicapped
Manifest Function
Recognized and intended function of a social structure. *Robert K. Merton
Androgen Levels
Related to aggressive behaviors and acting out
Leptin
Related to levels of onset of puberty in girls which is secreted by adipose tissue and is a marker of body fat percentage
Brofenbrenner's Mesosystem
Relations/Connections between Microsystems.
Piaget's Preoperational
Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning Developmental Phenomena (3) Pretend Play, Egocentrism, and Language Development
Experiment
Research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.
Participant Observation
Research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.
Identification
Resolution of oedipus complex is achieved through this; modeling of father in hopes of vicariously obtaining mother
Authoritative parent
Responsive and demanding =secure attachment
Permissive parent
Responsive and undemanding
Moral Character
Rest's view which involves having strength to carry out interactions
Global North
Rich nations are predominantly located in the Northern Hemisphere.
Prejudice
Rigid & unfair generalizations about an entire category of people. *Attitudes
Liberal Feminism
Rooted in classic liberal thinking that individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursure their own interest regardless of sex and gender.
Norms
Rules and expectation by which society guides the behaviors of its members.
Reality Principle:
Says that behaviour must take external world into account to satisfy needs
Secondary Process:
Says that ego delays gratification until it can match Id's primary process with perception of real object in external world.
Primary Principle
Says that one seeks immediate drive reduction from needs arising within
Primary Process
Says that one starts fantasizing about needs met through imagined objects
Industry vs. Inferiority
School age- feeling accomplished among peers or inferior among peers
Character Education
School programming that influences moral maturity by having a direct approach that emphasizes clear moral code
Service Learning
School programming that influences moral maturity by having an active approach that encourages students to take part in assisting others
Hidden Curriculum
School programming that influences moral maturity by having indirect moral education
Values Clarification
School programming that influences moral maturity by students being encouraged to define their own values and respect those of others
Secondary Sector
Sector of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured good. (refining petroleum into gas/metal into tools or cars) (middle-income places)
Sociological Perspective
Seeing the general in the particular, how society shapes our individual choices. *Peter Berger
Vicarious reinforcement
Sees other being rewarded, so reason that their behaviors is good to do
Vicarious punishment
Sees other punished, so their behaviors should not be copied.
Dejure Segregation
Segregation by law/public policy
Alternation in Models of Cultural Adaptation
Selectivity emphasizing different cultural identities in different situations
Self as an agent
Self as a set of goals, motivations and plans
Imaginary Audience
Sense that everyone is attuned to you as you are
Piaget four stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational
Brofenbrenner's Microsystem
Setting in which adolescent are directly with others
Stereotype
Simplified descriptions applied to everyone in a category.
Thomas Theorem
Situations defined as real are real in their consequences.
Extraversion vs introversion
Sociability and positive emotions
Stage 3
Social disadvantage is then interpreted as a result of earlier prejudice and discrimination, but as evidence that the minority is innately inferior, the cycle repeats. *Cycle of Prejudice
In-group
Social group to which you belong
Out-group
Social group to which you don't belong
Ascribed Status
Social position that a person receives involuntarily.
Caste System
Social stratification based on ascription, or birth. (Closed) Ex:"Popular stratification amongst agrarian societies."
Meritocracy
Social stratification based on birth and individual achievement. Ex: "A stratification that has never existed before."
Degradation Ceremony
Socialization agents assail and devalue the subjects.
Matriarchial
Sociall organized in a way that females dominates.
Patriarchial
Socially organized in a way that males dominates.
Structure of Poverty
Society is primarily responsible for poverty. Ex: "Poor people are poor because of society."
Cisgender
Someone who is not transgender.
Ontogenetic
Something that occurs because of natural maturation; is innately driven
Stages of Demographic Transition
Stage 1 - Preindustrial Agrarian Societies (High birth rate, High death rate) Stage 2 - Industrialization (Death rate falls, birth rate remains high) Stage 3 - Mature Industrial Economy (Birth rate drops, death rate drops) Stage 4 - Post-Industrial Economy (Low-birth rate, steady death rate)
Gender Theory
Structural Functionalism: Gender is a social structure that performs a function in a society.
Minuchin's Structural Approach to families
Structure is comprised by unhealthy boundaries
Bobo doll experiment
Study in which children viewed how an adult interacted with a doll and then, when placed in the room with the doll afterward, acted in a similar fashion.
Research Methods
Survey, Case Study, Naturalistic Observation, Correlation, Experiment
Attachment theory and death
Task of grieving is to reorganize internal representation of the deceased to incorporate reality of the death.
cognitive therapies
Teach new, constructive ways of thinking.
Technical generativity
Teaching skills to successors, philosophy, mentoring, teaching Object: the apprentice, the skill
R&R Culture
Term or concept used to describe a culture in which rape and sexual violence are common and in which prevalent attitudes, norms, practices, and media normalize, excuse, tolerate, and even condone.
Systems Thinking
That everything exists as part of a larger system.
Parapraxis
The Freudian slip which according to Freud was not a mistake, but rather an instance where ego lost control of id
Glass Cieling
The Unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper levels of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications of achievements.
Power
The ability to influence the behavior of others.
Social interaction
The basic building block of society according to symbolic interactionist. Ex:"When we meet someone, and they speak to us.... reciprocal relationships between interactions."
Binet
The beginning of modern intelligence testing is realted to this theorist, who created a test designed to identify schoolchildren who would need special assistance
Social Darwinism
The belief in the survival of the fittest.
Racism
The belief that one racial category is innately superior/inferior to another.
Sexism
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other.
Urbanization
The concentration of population into cities.
Social Function
The consequences of any social patterns for the operation of society as a whole.
Status consistency
The degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. Ex: "Weber's socio-economic status is a measure."
Agricultural Revolution
The development of agriculture allowed for the development of an economy as agricultural technology led to increasingly specialized work, permanent settlement, and trade allowed for place-based production and distribution.
Exploitation
The difference between what a worker earns and the profit that it produces the owner. *Karl Marx
Base
The economic foundations of a society.
Attachment
The emotional bonds we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver
Hypothalamus
The first step in gonadarche which involves the influence of motivated behavior and controls the endocrine system
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
The hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
Non-material Culture
The intangible aspects of culture.
Lateralization
The left and right brains work together, but also have specific functions.
Custom Complex
The normative practice of one's culture and the cultural beliefs that underlie these practices
Social Capital
The number of religious institutions and school programs in a particular area
Sleep Paralysis
The person starts to wake up before paralysis wears off, yet still remains in a dreaming state. Hypnopompic hallucinations occur.
Culture of Poverty
The poor are primarily responsible for their poorness. Ex: "Poor are poor because of their own problems."
Authority
The power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive.
Primary socialization
The process by which children learn cultural norms of the society into which they are born.
Cultural Transmission
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
Transition
The process by which one's gender expression to match their gender identity.
Phantom Limbs
The sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached to te body. Sensations include pain, movement, warmth, cold, itching, squeezing and burning.
Politics
The social institution that distributes power, and sets social agenda.
Economics
The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Superstructure
The social, political, and legal, relations which are said to be built upon the base by social conflict theorist.
Archetypes
The specific themes or symbols that help to organize our perception and experience.
Demography
The study of human population. - Helps us understand the effects that population has on our social and ecological existence.
Positivist Sociology
The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior. *Sociological Research
Interpretive Sociology
The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world. *Sociological Research
Critical Sociology
The study of society that focuses on the need for social change. *Sociological Research
Ecology
The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
Sociology
The systematic study of society
Material Culture
The tangible, physical artifacts of a culture.
Second Shift
The tensions experienced within AMerican families between the demands of work and the demands of childcare and housework, particularly by women. *Arlie Hochschild
GDP
The total value of all goods and services produced within the nation's border each year. Capitalist markets out-produce socialist ones.
Wealth
The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts. Ex: "How much make are making, invested into, and how much debt are you in?"
Gender Stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege that society confers on people on the basis of gender.
Essentialism
The use of biological, physiological and, increasingly, genetic, causes as explanations for human social behavior (biology is destiny). It seeks to close off the possibility of changeable human behavior.
Constructivism
The view that reality is socially constructed or that meaning is "constructed" through social, legal, scientific, and other practices. In this case, differences in male and female behavior were due to cultural training.
Real Culture
The way culture really is.
Social Structure
The way in which occuring patterns in society are organized.
White Privilege
The way in which white people accrue structural advantages in society. Differs from overt racism or prejudice because white peoples' social, cultural, and economic experiences are the norm and ignore the differences in experience between white/non-white persons.
Ideal Culture
The way we would like culture to be or say culture should be.
Reciprocal determinism
Theory that states that a person's behaviour both influences and is influenced by the environment and personal factors.
Self-actualizing theory
Theory that states that people have an inherent drive toward being competent, good, capable, self-adjusted, increased autonomy, etc.
Piaget's Contrete Operational
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and preforming arithmetical operations Developmental Phenomena (2) Conservation, Mathematical transformation
Ockham's Razor
This principle states that when explaining a phenomenon, one should make as few assumptions as possible (Use the simplest solution possible)
Piaget
This psychologist proposed that human cognitive development occurs in four age-related stages, with formal operational stage occurring during the adolescent years.
Brofenbrenner's Chronosystem
Timing and patterning of events over the life course-NOT a part of the whole- set aside from the big picture
Function of defenses
To keep painful material repressed from awareness
Displacement
Transfer emotion (anger, frustration) to a safer, more acceptable, or more controllable object
Equilibration
Transition from one stage of cognitive development to the next
Objectification
Treating women like objects
Sternberg
Triarchic theory: created a three part theory of intelligence (1) analytical thinking (2) creative intelligence (3) practical intelligence
Boundary Ambiguity
Uncertainty regarding the roles of different member of the family
Enmeshment
Unclear, loose boundaries foster inappropriate dependence
Early FOT
Unconstrained thoughts with unlimited possibilities; idealistic; characterized by assimilation; characterized by concrete thinking
Goals of Science
Uncover lawful relationships among events Describes, explains, predicts and applies Good explanations are reliable and useful Determines the conditions under which an event is more or less likely to occur.
Discrimination
Unequal treatment of various categories of people. *Actions
Neglectful
Uninvolved, few limits. Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent and display less self-control
Power elite Model
United States does not have a true democracy because of the fact that power is concentrated among the rich. 3 groups control the agenda - Super Rich High Ranking Military Government
Collective unconscious
Universal themes or symbols inherited from ancestral emotional life.
Latent Function
Unrecognized and unintended function of a social structure. *Robert K. Merton
Authoritarian parent
Unresponsive and demanding =avoidance attachment
Neglectful parent
Unresponsive and undemanding
Intergenerational social mobility
Upward/Downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents. Ex: "My mom was poor and now, I'm rich!"
Suburbs
Urbanish areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.
Development of personal narrative- adolescence
Use stories to link different events in their life to a coherent self-biography
Existing sources
Using data collected by other sources.
Scientific Method
Using observations to create a testable hypothesis that will create theories.
Secure AAI style
Value attachment relationships, describe them in a balanced way and as influential. Story is coherent and non-defensive. -(Avoid. low, anx. low)
_______schedules are harder to learn but take longer to extinguish.
Variable schedules (VR, VI)...
Culture
Ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.
Fetal stage
Week nine, becomes a fetus and starts growing significantly
Angle
What is your "interpersonal style"
Equilibrium
When one extreme is conscious, the unconscious compensates by emphasizing the other extreme. Over time, the opposite is likely to emerge.
Detouring
When parents cant resolve problems between them, they direct their focus of concern away from themselves and onto their child
Emotional Competence
When someone recognizes and understands emotion is linked to behavioral problems and behavioral disturbances.
Individualism
When your personal goals come before the group goals; having a sense of self
Lutcinizing Hormone
Which is released by the pituitary gland regulates E2 secretion & ovum development of follicles (F) and sperm (M)
Mores
Widely observed and have great moral significance.
3 Modes of being in the world- Mitwelt
With world: the meaning one makes out of relationships.
Remembering Location of items
Women tend to score higher than men in this specific task, while men tend to outperform women on tests of spatial ability
Reproductive Control
Women's right to control reproduction. Ability to control reproduction gives women greater choices about how to live.
Mature Personality
Worked through issues of depressive position and can now let go of the phantasy of a perfect other.
Proletariats
Workers under the means of productions. *Karl Marx
3 Modes of being in the world- Umwelt
World around: laws of nature, instincts.
strength
WxUxNxC = worthy, unity, numerous, commitment
Identity Moratorium
Yes to crisis and no to commitment
Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Sleep Deprivation
a lack of sleep
Dyslexia
a learning disability that typically involves a deficit in phonological processing despite normal intelligence, a good motivation to learn to read, and ample early exposure to environments that normally foster reading
Intelligence quotient
a measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age
Specific intelligence
a measure of specific skills in narrow domains
Correlation
a measure of the extent t which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other. CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION.
Kohler
a member of the Gestalt psychology group
Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between severe depression to overexcited mania
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
Reticular Formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
Identity crisis
a period during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives
Major Depressive Disorder
a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
Biological Preparedness
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
Personality Disorders
a psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Schizophrenia
a psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior
Bipolar disorder
a psychological disorder with swings in mood back and forth with periods of near normal mood in between
Baddeley
a psychologist that provided evidence for four components of working memory (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer)
Experiment
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.
Emotion
a response of the whole organism involving physical arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
McNaughton Rule
a rule articulated to limit claims of insanity that states a criminal must not "know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not what he was doing was wrong"
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible
Hemispherectomy
a surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere is removed.
Survey
a technique for getting self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group. Usually questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
Hypothesis
a testable prediction
Scientific Theory
a theory that explains scientific observations
central triat
a trait that affects many behaviours
secondary trait
a trait that does not really affect behaviour
cardinal trait
a trait that is over-riding and completely defines the person
Analogical reasoning
a way of comparing things that on the surface seem quite different in order to see deeper-level similarities between them
Heritability
a way of describing the extent to which within a particular population, the variations in that trait are due to genetic differences rather than environmental ones
Standard deviation
a way of measuring how much the values tend to vary from the mean
Biopsychosocial model
a way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorders are caused by biological, psychological, and social factors
solidarity theory: causes
ability of groups to mobilize resources for collective benefit; change in balance of power
Emotion regulation
ability to controla and productively use ones emotions
Creative abilities
ability to invent, discover, and combine information in novel ways
Kinesthetic (body)
ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical activities
Naturalistic
ability to recognize identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things
Lingustic
ability to speak and write well
Spatial
ability to thing and reason about objects in three dimentions
Interpersonal
ability to understand and interact effectively with others and the ability to have insight into the self
Practical abilities
ability to use and act on information
Logicomathematical
ability to use logic and math skills to solve problems
first nations
aboriginal people in Canada who are neither inuit or metis
Chomsky
argued that children are born with mental structures that facilitate the comprehension and production of language
Confluence theory
argues that as families get larger, their average overall intellectual climate drops
Alerting
arousing the attentional system through a cue that both indicates that a target stimulus is about to occur and that gives some information about the target
Lesion study
as a result of strokes, falls, automobile accidents, gunshots, or tumors
Working memory index
assesses performance on tasks that draw on working memory
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing differences between preexisting differences between them.
Albert Bandura
associated with the concept of modeling
Property attribution
assumes that the kinds of guesses a child makes about what properties apply to living things can reveal the underlying conceptual system that the child is using to think about living things
Occipital lobe
at the very back of the skull, which processed visual info
Dismissing/avoidant attachment
attachment considered unimportant; due to rejection by caregiver
Binet
attempted to devise an objective test of intellectual abilty
usurpation
attempts of excluded to win greater share of resources
Self personification
attributes of self learned through ____________________ from important others.
Echoic
auditory sensory memory
Elevation
average level of all items (Z score)
Mowrer
avoidance learning, combination of classical and operant conditioning at work; learned response that prevents a bad event
schooling: selection
awarding badges of ability; occupational allocation
Metamemory
awareness of our own memory process, abilities, and limitations
Corpus Callosum
axon fivers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Repression
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness
Medulla
base of the brain stem. controls heartbeat and breathing.
deviance level
based on severity of public response, perceived harmfulness, degree of public agreement
Explain how stereotype threat is used to interpret suboptimal performance on IQ tests
because minority groups are expected to score lower- like black people then they go in with that mindset and perform worse than expected like on the ACT
Informational Conformity
because we think people have accurate info and we want knowledge
Secondary reinforcers
become associated with primary reinforcers (Ex. money can buy food)
Sir Francis Galton
began the nature vs nurture debate
Spermarche
beginning of sperm development in testicles
Fixed Ratio
behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses
Variable Ratio
behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable number of responses
Fixed interval
behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passes
Variable interval
behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average,but an unpredicable amount of time has passed
Tend and befriend
behavioral reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection form threats
identity
being an activist may become part of self-image
Ideology
beliefs, values, and opinions about how members of that race should act
Sternburg
believed in multiple intelligence and classified his areas into 3 concepts. Analytical, Creative, and Practical. Analytical is your typical school-based intelligence while Creative is given a novel concept to come up with novel ideas and Practical is how well you compare a task (aka street smarts)
Gardner
believed in multiple intelligence but differed from Thrustone in the categories which Thurstone tested on. Included other intelligence related areas outside of school-based. Such as musical, body kinesthetic, and intrapersonal
social motives
belonging understanding controlling enhancing self trusting
universal
benefit everyone equally (pensions); waste to those who don't need it
Explicit rehearsal of past events
between 3 and 5 children become more inclined to spontaneously recount past experiences either to others or themselves
Development of narrative skills
between 3 and 5 children's narrative skills greatly improve
Atypical Antipsychotic
blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Exhaustion
body runs out of energy reserves and immunity
Blended/complex
both parents bring children in from previous relationships into the family
Report talk
boys use this communication more which includes giving information
Cadaver study
brain can be studied but the disadvantage is the brain is no longer active
fMRI
brain scan tat uses a magnetic field to create images of brain activity in each brain area
Hypothalamus
brain structure that contains a number of small areas that perform a variety of functions. Through its many interactions with other parts of the brain, the hypothalamus helps regulate body temp, hunger, thirst, and sex drive and responds to the satisfaction of these needs by creating feeling of pleasure
Neuroplasticity
brains ability to change ints structure and functions in response to experience or damage. Allows us to learn and remember new thing and adjust to new experiences
Brain Plasticity
brains ability to change, especially during childhood. Reorganizes after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
Dendrites
branching extensions of neuron that receive message, conduct impulses toward soma
creation of detail work
break down constituent elements and assign workers to specific tasks
technical division of labor
breakdown of occupational tasks into finer and finer components
deviance
breaking a norm; socially defined; changes over time in diff. places
Local strategies
breaking down the problem into small, distinct components
microsleep
brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person.
Rooting Reflex
brush on the cheek turn babies head
Socioecological perspective
bullying arises from both individual characteristics, such as anger and beliefs support of violence, and environmental characteristics, such as role models and school climate
labor markets
buyers/sellers - potential employers/potential workers
Conventional morality
by early adolescents, the child begins to care about how situational outcomes impact other s and wants to please and be accepted.
Alfred Binet
came up with first test to test children's readiness for school
Dual representation
can both be physical objects in their own right and also symbols for other objects
Landmarks
can provide one source of spatial information by serving as consistent, reference points
Intelligence
capacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior- potential of what you could do, not what you already know; involves the ability to solve problems and reason effectively
forces driving h.rights
capitalism (indus. rev.) - property/free wage labor, child labor reg., basic education, worker's rights, welfare state
Scaffolding
caregivers can support the child to achieve higher cognitive levels by providing support and guidance
Three types of decriptive research designs
case study, survey, naturalistic observation
Blink reflex
causes the baby to close her eyelids in a protective motion when you tap on its head
Withdrawal refrlex
causes the baby to move his legs up towards his head if you prick him on the bottom of his feet with a sharp object
Moro reflex
causes the baby to open her arms then accross chest when she is startled like she is falling, and also extends her head and legs
Soma
cell body; contains nucleus
Conformity
change in beleifs or behavior that occurs as a result of the presence of the other people around us
Postconventional reasoning
characterized as greater internalization than preconventional
Moral Behavior
characterized as... (1) reinforcement and punishment (2) observational learning (3) Aspects of the social situation (4) Self-regulatory process- delay of gratification (5) moral feeling (6) personality characteristics
why divide labor
cheaper unskilled labor; reduced dependence on skilled labor; introduce machinery; gain more control
two types of schooling
common or different; one best system or tailor made education
alternatives: community policing
community interaction and support can help control crime
Quasi-experimental research design
compares two groups that already exist in the population (families to have family dinner and those who do not)
Analytical abilities
comparing, computing, analyzing, and evaluating
Personification
complex template of self or other, which may or may not reflect the real person
Sleep Debt Symptoms
concentration, memory, reaction time, creativity, muscle strength and endurance, immune system, mood, appetite, etc.
Developmental Psych
concerns the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predisposition (nature) and environmental influences (nurture)
Dysthymia
condition with mild but chronic depressive symptoms for at least two years
Zimbardo
conducted Stanford prison experiment
Holistic strategies
considering many aspects of a problem at once
Blended families
consist of the parents and all children from their current relationship as well as children from prior relationships
L.L. Thurstone theory
consisted of 7 cluster of primary mental abilty
Amygdala
consists of tow almond-shaped clusters and us responsible for regulating our perceptions of and reactions to aggression and fear
Hippocamous
consists of two horns that curve back from the amygdala. The hippocampus is important in storing info in long term memory
General intelligence
construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common
health: technology
contagious diseases once leading cause of death now eradicated by vaccines
soma
contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cell alive
social rules
context sensitive; street language vs suit language
Overlearning
continuing to practice and study even we think we have mastered the material; Ebbinghaus
Lewis M Terman
created american version of the Binet IQ test
Kelley
created covariation model that suggested that people attribute a behavior to a casual factor if that factor was present whenever the behavior occurred but was absent whenever it did not occur
Weiner
created stable/ unstable, internal/external attribution model
Wechsler
created the WAIS-IV which was a verbal and nonverbal part added to the IQ test
Steele
created the stereotype threat
welfare criticism
creates a poverty trap; social stigma of welfare;
crime rates: problems
crimes not reported; police discretion; grassroots efforts
status Offense
criminal acts that are illegal because of the age of the perpetrator at the time of the act
Index Offense
criminal acts that are illegal regardless of the perpetrator's age
liberal theories
criminals not just bad; social environ. determine if person will commit crime
racism: socially constructed
cross cultural variation: race is defined differently in different places
strain theory
cultural goals don't meet opportunities for success; creates strain; diff. reaction (crime)
health affected by
cultural patterns; changing standards; technology; social inequality
alternatives: roots cause
deal with the root causes of crime
Thanatos
death instincts
measures to decrease social inequality
decrease tax burden on poor; subsidize housing; decrease tax benefits for wealthy; increase min wage
schooling: legitimation
define official knowledge; define knowledgeable people
defining deviance
defined by the powerful, rich; can serve to protect privileges, tradition
capitalism
defining feature of the society are those with capital (money); creates divide bet owners and workers; divide creates exploitation
mcjobs thesis
deindustrialization - shift from goods to service employment; increase in high/low pay jobs (polarization)
Authoratitive
demanding but are also responsive to the needs and opinions of the child
Authoritarian
demanding but not responsive
forces II
democratic rev; civil society campaigns - slavery,rights of women,rise of social movements; rise of individualism
forces driving h.rights II
democratic revolutions; american/french revolution
Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
Modern sexism
denial of continued discrimination, antagonism towards women's demands, lack of support for policy changes designed to help women
Antianxiety
depresses central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevation the levels of GABA
absolute poverty
deprivation of resources that are life-threatening; 1/5 of the world
relative poverty
deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
Thematic coherence
deriving an integrative theme about the self from those episodes.
Sibling differentiation
describes children's process of seeking out activities that resonate with their abilities and also reduce their competition with older siblings
Human Perspective
describes personality in terms of a person's tendency to act positively and feel satisfied with himself
Synesthesia
describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")
Development of personal narrative- 3 years
developed ability to recall memories without parents
Rogers
developed client-centered therapy, self concept
Festinger
developed cognitive dissonance
David Wechsler
developed most widely used intelligence test for adults
Ellis
developed rational-emotive therapy (RET), which is a comprehensive system of personality change based on the transformation of irrational beliefs
Ainsworth
developed strange situation test
Asch
developed the line test; people are more likely to conform when there is a group
Bem
developed the self-perception theory
broken windows theory
developmental sequence between disorder and crime
sub-cultural theory
deviance as an adaptation to social cond.; reflection of cult. goals (conformity w/in gangs, types vary by neighborhood, normative structure)
McClelland
devised a way to measure the strength of his participants' fantasies by developing the TAT (thematic apperception test)
inequality
differences bet people that are consequential for the lives they lead; rights they have; opportunities they enjoy
Localization of Function
different brain regions control different aspects of psychological functioning
Pathoplasticity
different interpersonal styles within a disorder (or group) that are associated with distinct outcomes.
social division of labor
differentiation between occupation
Cognitive dissonace
discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in way that we see as inappropiate
statistical discrimination
discrimination based on statistical characteristics of a group
institutional discrimination
discrimination that is embedded in the rules and normal operations of an institution
consequences
discrimination which led to inequality in: income, justice, health, education
consequences of bw theory
disengagement with community; vulnerability to criminal invasion
Predjudice
disliking people because of their appearance or group membership
process of urban decay
disorder, citizen fear, withdrawal, increased predatory behavior; increased crime; spiral of decline
Somatoform Disorders
disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
Unconditional positive regard
display affection, respect, and acceptance of their emotions no matter what (even when telling them no).
Harlow
disproved the cupboard theory with comfort contact theory
Antisocial personality disorder
disregard of the rights of others and the tendency to violate those rights without being concerned of doing so
deterrence
dissuade someone from future wrongdoing; neg - assumes criminals use rational cost-benefit wieghing
historical shift: four reasons
economic/but still farm based; technical/reading imp but not complex math; child adaptation skills; nation building
institutional alignment: support
edu sys - active learning; judicial sys - entrench h.rights; media - disseminate knowledge
Emergent constraints
effects emerge--and come to shape thought and behavior--as a result of specific experiences
least stratified
egalitarian communities - equal access to resources and decision making power
Thalamus
egg shaped structure sitting just above the brain stem that applies still more filtering to the sensory info coming from the spinal cord and through reticular formation, and it relays some of these remaining signals to the higher brain levels
women's right & social change
electoral - election of sympathetic leaders; legal - won right to vote; cultural - depiction in media; social mov - push
routes to social change (4)
electoral; legal; cultural; social movements
Action Potential (neuron)
electrical signa traveling down the axon
EEG
electroencephalogram. amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity across the brain's surface.
Cannon-bard
emotion and arousal occur at the same time
Schacter-Singer
emotion is based on two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive label
Fight or flight
emotional and behavioral reaction to stress that increase the readiness for action
Psychometric approach
emphasis on cognitive skills closely linked to success in school and focuses on developing quantitative measures of intelligence through such means as intelligence tests
Discontinuity View
emphasizes change and growth, and suggests that new relationships are structurally different from previous relationships, and thus require development of different skills
Continuity view
emphasizes early parent-child relationships in laying foundation for character or later relationships; early attachment is predicting later relationship characteristics
Cueing hypothesis
emphasizes how the ability to cue, or trigger, memories changes with age in ways that may make very early memories inaccessible
Ecological systems approach
emphasizes that contextual factors, including culture and social class, among others, are crucial to understanding the child's development within the family
Acetylcholine (ACh)
enables muscle action, learning and memory. (Alzheimers disease= deterioration of ACh)
Old-fashion sexism
endorsement of traditional gender role, differential treatment of males and females, belief in sterotypes
origins of racial categories
english societies 16-19th century; early distinctions (religious diff; civilized vs. non)
human right
entitlement; individually held; shared equally regardless of sex, race, ethnicity; entrenched in legislation
traditional quarantine
environment is clean, have to keep sick people out
remedy 1: inverted quarantine (szasz)
environment is sick, protect ourselves from it
necessary condition for contact theory
equal status; increased cooperation/interdependence; informal contact; must disconfirm stereotypes;
family relations as property
erotic property-marriage = sexual access; generational property-planned marriage;household prop.-sustenance
Wilhelm Wundt
established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig.
Externalizing problems
expressed by acting out in antisocial ways, such as bullying, underage drinking, and disruptive behavior in the classroom
Axon
extension of a neuron; messages sent out to other neurons, muscles, glands
Proximity
extent to which people are physically near us
mrs griffiths
family awarded $3.5m as compensation for lost housewife
bases of inequality
family of origin, mental ability, skin color, disability
family contradictions
family values essential - housework unrecognized; require dual earners - men resist domestic work
1st Industrial Revolution
farm to factory; machine replacing man; 1760-1840
Automaticity
fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention
Stepmother
father has custody, father remarries
Secondary sex characterisics
features that distinguish two sexes from each other but are not involved in repoduction
breakdown theory: causes
feeling marginalized; relative deprivation (underpayment); crowd behavior (joining the crowd); vision of future
Penis envy
feeling of inferiority and jealously towards boys
Zygotic stage
fertilized egg
Permissive
few demands and gives little punishment
Neglected
few positive, few negative ratings
Rejected
few positive, many negative ratings
welfare
financial or other assistance to individual by state; individual welfare/corporate;
vertical mosaic (john porter)
first ethnic group to take control of a previously unoccupied or conquered territory is the charter group
Tulving
first proposed the distinction between semantic and episodic memory
Wundt
first psychology lab (1879), psychophysics: the study of psychological responses to physical stimuli, threshold: point at which human reaction to stimulus changes
Alarm
first reaction body releases stress hormone including cortisol
James-Lange
first we react to arousal and then we experience emotion
Centration
focus excessively on one dimension of a transformation while ignoring other relevant dimensions
Cerebellum and amygdala
focus on implicit and emotional memories repectivly
tech change and housework
food/less production; clothing/less production; health/less home remedies; transpo/more going to places; energy/easier but more work
forces of h.rights
forces of exclusion - boundary hardening; forces of inclusion - boundary softening
Operators
formal mental tools
What stage of Piagets theory applies to adolescents
formal operational
formal school curriculum
formalized program of school based instruction
Terminal Branches of Axon (neuron)
forms junctions with other cells.
Watson
founded the school of psychology; argued that introspection was not an acceptable means of studying behavior because it is too subjective
capitalist exploitation II
fragmented work; workers subordinated to machinery; workers exchanged like property
labor market feature
free wage labor; labor bought and sold like commodity; not tied to owner
Prevalence
frequency of a given condition in a population at a given time
Menarch
frist menstrual period for girls
history of modern schooling
from informal, voluntary to formal and compulsory
fMRI
functional MRI. reveals blood flow, and can show brain function.
Ross
fundamental attribution error
Cannon
gastric activity in the stomach is the sole base for hunger
consequences
gender differences manufacture a system of inequality
Social Cognitive Theory
gender roles are acquired through process of learning examples include: observational and operant conditioning
Gender Schema Theory
gender roles are built in formation of schemas of masculinity and femininity
Nuclear families
generally consist of the mother and father as heads of the household, along with their children
regularity in nature
genetic scripts; ie migration of salmon
Resistance
glucose levels increase to sustain energy, blood pressure goes up
Temporal coherence
goal directed and following a logical pattern (beginning, middle, end)
Hypnogram
graph of different sleep patterns
robbers cave experiment (sherif)
group of boys divided into two groups; created group identity; naturally 'othered' other group
social movement
group of people who try to change or resist change in society
Social loafing
group process loss when people don't work as hard in groups as they do alone
exclusionary
group secures privileged position for self through restriction; ie trade union
realistic conflict theory II
groups in competition see others in negative terms, strengthens ingroup idea of superiority
institutionalized practices
guidelines typify conduct; habitualized activity; must be reciprocated/shared
Ontological guilt: Umwelt
guilt because of alienation from the world (ipods)
Ontological guilt: Eigenwelt
guilt because you forfeit potential to achieve (false) security
Ontological guilt: Mitwelt
guilt because you never fully understand and meet others needs
hippocampus
handles explicit memory
society reproduction
happens through socialization and regulation of laws; people who break norms are punished
movement success
hard to measure; less recognition in the media; can be acceptance or new advantages
charter groups
have ability to decide what groups may enter and reserve high ranks for themselves
rehabilitation
heal offender to avoid future misdemeanor; offender must recognize wrong doing
summary
health socially constructed; inequalities exist bet and w/in countries; social policy affects population health
Unconditional Postitive Regard
healthy personalities are developed; unfailing messages that you are valued and loved as a person
Parathyroids
help regulate level of calcium in the blood
Adrenal glands
help trigger the fight or flight response
Maslow
hierarchy of needs, 1) safety 2) attachment 3) esteem 4) self- actualization
Fearful-avoidant
high avoidance, high anxiety
Dismissing avoidant
high avoidance, low anxiety
social movement: irrational?
high cost/low benefit; individual effort does not increase success rate
Authoritative parents
high in both warmth and control; more balanced and less rigid, set guidelines for their children's behavior, but they are also flexible and will listen to children's concerns and needs; children of these parents fare best and have self-control
Permissive parents
high in warmth and low in control; make few demands of their children and rarely attempt to monitor their behavior; children of these parents tend to seem more immature than their peers and have trouble controlling their impulses or setting limits on themselves
racism
highly organized race based group privilege held together by idea of group supremacy
Rosenhan
him and seven others pretended to have hallucinations so that they could gain access to a mental hospital
Commonalities of Psychotherapies
hope, meaningful perspective, empathetic trusting, and caring relationship
Class-inclusion reactions
how different classes in a hierarchy relate to each other and how broad superordinate categories can encompass narrower, subordinate, categories
Racial regard
how do I view my own race (private)? How do others view my race (public)?
Racial centrality
how much is race a part of your self-concept overall?
health: cultural patterns
human body is not biological entity, also social fact; must conform to cultural ideas
inalienable rights
human rights that are fundamental; cannot be surrendered to the sovereign
social institutions: paradox
humans create institutional rules but experience it as something external
Rogers
humans have a tendency toward psychological growth and health
Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment
hypertuned to attachment experiences, overuse of attachment- seeking behaviors; due to unavailability of caregiver
broken windows theory II
if minor deviance is left unchecked, residents will think that environment is unsafe and will act accordingly
growth in service sector
industrialized agriculture; off-shoring; services are profitable
environmental racism
inequality in the experience of environmental degradation
Bowlby
infants and adults are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Insecure attachment
infants either avoid, show resistance, or show ambivalence towards caregivers
Secure Attachment
infants use caregivers as base from which to explore enviornment
Personality Disorder
inflexible patterns of thinking feeling or relating to others that cause problems in personal social and work situations
Personality disorder
inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause a problem in personal social and work situations
Dopamine
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. (Schizophrenia= too much dopamine) (Parkinsons= too little dopamine)
Social
influences on disorder due to social and cultural factors such as socioeconomic status, homelessness, abuse, and discrimination
Biological
influences on disorder that come from the funcioning of the individuals body
Psychological
influences that come from the individual such as patterns of negative thinking and stress response
Referential details
information about the color or size of an object or animal
Top-Down Processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Orienting information
information that provides context
Actualizing tendency
inherent push towards positive growth (Carl Rogers); "ideal self" is similar to "real self"
conversation rules as constraining
inhibit choices; deemphasize creativity; require monitoring (ostracized if ignored)
Temperament
innate personality characteristics of the infatns. Distincive pattern of attention, arousal, and reactivity to new or novle situations
Primary reinforcers
innately reinforcing (air, water, food, etc)
regularity in society
institutionalized scripts; ie ordering at starbucks
Practical intelligence
intelligence that cannot be learned from books or formal learning
PET scan
invasive imaging technique that provides color coded images of the brain activity by tracking the brains use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug that has been injected into a persons bloodstream
white privilege
invisible package of unearned assets exclusive to white people
Classification
involve sorting objects according to consistent criteria, such as color, shape, or size
Psychological control
involved attempting to regulate a child's behavior by manipulating his feelings
Behavioral control
involved attempting to regulate a child's behavior by setting guidelines that follow the norms and values of the family or society
Association Areas
involved in higher mental functions such as learning, speaking, remembering, and thinking.
Serotonin
involved in many functions inculding mood, appetite, sleep, and aggression
dopamine
involved in movement, motivation, and emotion -produces feeling of pleasure when released by the brain's reward system and is also involved in learning
Compensation
involved noting that a change in one dimension compensates for a change in another dimension
`Reticular fromation
job is to filter out some of the stimulus that are coming into the brain from the spinal cord and to relay the remainder of the signals to tother areas of the brain
Source monitoring
keeping track of where the new information comes from
Self concept
knowledge represetation or shcema that contains physical characterstics, abilities, values, goals, roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals
radical theories
labeling theory; reinforce deviant acts by labeling as deviant; identity formation
Chronic pain
lasting over 3 months
Fowler's Individual-reflective faith
late adolescence; (1) they weigh choices of religion and (2) take responsibility for their faith
Fowler's Mythical- literal faith
late childhood; (1) sees things as more concrete and (2) take religious stories literally
Myelin sheath
layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that both acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal
Alzheimers
leads to loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical funcioning
Spacing effect
learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time that it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time; Ebbinghaus
Accomodation
learning new info and thus changing the way you think of things
Define latent learning and explain how Tolman studied latent learning in lab experiments
learning that is not reinforced an not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. (he put rats in a maze, then added food for motivation)
Operant conditioning
learning that occurs on the bases of consequences of behavior
alternatives: decriminalization
legalize "victimless" crimes
consequence of gender inequality
less economic power for women; dependence on marriage
tech change and jobs
less jobs in agriculture; industrialized farming
Craik
levels of processing theory: the more deeply information was thought about, the more likely it is to be committed to memory
rules as constraining
limit possible; regulative movement
professionalize occupation
limit who can be "x"; stress unique skills; extend length of training; develop jargon; emphasize high intellectual standards; control access
McNaughton Rule
limits claims of insanity; specifies that a criminal must not "know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong"
Follicle-stimulating hormone
linked to the development of follicles (F) and sperm (M)
Causal coherence
linking multiple life episodes into a meaningful sequence that provides a causal explanation.
Skinner
looked at Watson's research and over time created radical behaviorism, mental events do not cause behavior rather they are examples of behavior caused by environmental stimuli
Gregory
looked at the Muller-lyer illusion and stated that people perceived the standard arrow as the exterior of the bugling bulging out toward them and the open arrow as farther away
Preoccupied
low avoidance, high anxiety
Secure
low avoidance, low anxiety
Authoritarian parents
low in warmth and high in control and typically order their children around, expecting compliance with no questioning or discussion; children of these parents tend to be more dependent and lack social competence when dealing with peers
"Three stratum theory"
made by Carroll; hierarchal array of abilities with g as a single factor at the apex, the third stratum; next is a second stratum of roughly 7-10 broad abilities, followed by a first stratum of roughly 70 abilities
Eysenck
made the personality circle; extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging. a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of the soft tissue. show brain's anatomy
GABA
major inhibitory neurotransmitter. (Seizures, tremors, insomnia= too little)
rules as enabling
make possible; constitutive moment
patriarchy
male dominant society
social institutions
malleable social construction; based on shared/repeated/reciprocated
emergence of middle class
managerial positions have high pay, great power, but are not 'working class'
Popular
many positive, few negative ratings
Controversial
many positive, many negative ratings
Pituitary Gland
master endocrine gland
Pituitary Gland
master gland; it's hormone direct other glands to release hormone
remedy 2: social movement
may local movements and lawsuits
Trait perspective limitation/failure
may not adequately predict behavior
social programs
meant to reduce inequality between the rich and poor
Survey
measure administered through either a face to face, telephone
Verbal comprehension index
measures both comprehension of language-based materials and the ability to solve problems
Processing speed index
measures how quickly a child seems to process information in tasks ranging from time spent searching for a target shape among a much larger set of shapes to tasks identifying all instances od a target image in a very cluttered field of diverse objects
Autobiographical memory
memories of one's own specific experience as a participant in an event
Explicit memory
memory for information that is consciously recalled and can often be stated verbally
Echoic memory
memory for sounds that can last up to a few seconds
Iconic memory
memory for visual information thought to last half a second before it decays
Eidetic
memory seems to last longer, in which people can report details of an image over long periods of time
Declarative memory
memory that can be described as "knowing that" memory; as in knowing that an event has occurred or that a particular fact is true
Long-term memory
memory that has a vast capacity and can last a lifetime
Procedural memory
memory that involves "knowing how" to perform certain actions
Implicit memory
memory that may influence behavior but is usually outside of conscious awareness
Emotional Differences
men and women experience similar intensities of emotions but women are more free with the expression of emotions
Moral dilemma
mental conflict involving choice where each potential course of action breaches moral and cultural standards
Major Depression
mental disorder characterized by an all encompassing low mood accompanied by low self esteem and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activites
nature is not natural
nature is social construction; we change nature; eco tourism
Prejudice
negative attitude toward people who belong to a certain social group (cognitive, emotional and behavioral)
prejudice
negative attitude towards someone based solely on their membership to a group
Discrimination
negative behaviors toward others based on predjudice
double-blind procedure
neither the experimenter or the participant knows whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo to reduce chances of placebo effect.
Feature Detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
Neuropathic pain
nerve damage
Autistic Disorder
neurological disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication across different life settings and by restricted and repetitive behavior interests or activities and in which symptoms being in childhood
Neural Networks
neurons cluster in working groups. Neurons that fire together, wire together.
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
motor neurons
neurons that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal cord the communicate internally and intervene between sensory and motor outputs.
evolution of human rights
new actors in conception of humanity - eligible for human rights; slaves, women, homeless, foreigners, etc.
cycles of poverty
no address no job; children can't go to school (no supplies); less social contact
3 pillars of compliance
normative - socialized values; cognitive - schemas of actions; regulative - formalized laws
collective/group rights
not aggregated rights of a group; specific rights for a group of people
housework
not real work; no backing through gov policy; attitude; research - no domestic labor
human rights issues
not western concept; what is 'human'; social constructs or natural rights?; who benefits
Variables that increase conformity
number in majority, unanimity, status and authority
Pruning
number of synaptic connections increase from infancy to adolescence, then get pruned in adolescences
Naturalistic Observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Functional fixedness
occurs when peoples schemas prevent them from using an object in anew and nontraditional ways
Grasp reflex
occurs when you brush the palm of the infants hand and the hand closes as if trying to grasp the objects
Babinsky Reflex
occurs when you stroke the bottom of the infants foot from the heel to toe and toes splay out, except for the big tow, which moves up as the foot turns inward
Brain stem
oldest and innermost region of the brain. It controls the most basic functions of life, including breathing, attention, and motor responses
sexual orientation
once considered a crime, then sickness, now legally protected
Ebbinghaus
one of the first experimental psychologists
Cross-generational coalitions
one parent enlists the support of the child against the other parent
Psychological disorder
ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emption, and behavior that causes significant distress, impair a person normal function, and is considered deviant in that persons culture and society
Conditional positive regard
only display affection, respect, and acceptance of emotions when they do what you want them to.
Narcotic alagesics
opium, morphine, and heroin for pain reducers
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
gender inequality : occupation
paid less; disproportionately concentrated; unpaid reproductive work
Gate control theory of pain
pain is determined by the operation of two types of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. One set of smaller nerve fibers carries pain from the boy to the brain whereas a second set of larger fibers is designed to stop or start the flow of pain
Power assertion
parental discipline style that influences moral maturity by assuming control of resources
Induction
parental discipline style that influences moral maturity by using reason and explanation of consequences of the child's action
Love withdrawl
parental discipline style that influences moral maturity by withholding attention or love
Neglectful/uninvolved parents
parents who seem to ignore and not care about their children
Visual Cortex
part of the occipital lobe that is responsible for processing visual info
values
participating in a social movement feels like advancing one's idealogy
Axon (neuron)
passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Mindfulness
paying attention without judgment to what is happening right now movement by moment
Self-Attribution Theory
people tend to attribute successful forecasting to themselves and unsuccessful forecasting to environmental factors
Observational learning
people watch other people doing things then do the same actions
PET
positron emission tomography. a visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive glucose goes while in the brain.
3rd Industrial Revolution
post-industrial/knowledge society
why no equality? (2)
power of vested interests - corporate exploitation; consequence of diff- fear of diff (othering),
social const or reality (berger/luckmann)
ppl classify experience, then act based on classification; becomes natural and classification is forgotten
rigidity of vertical mosaic (2)
prejudice and discrimination by charter groups; retention of cultural practices incompatible with modern success
contact hypothesis (allport)
prejudice can be reduced by contact between antagonistic groups; not enough
realistic conflict theory (bobo)
prejudice stems from competition among social groups over valued resources or opportunities
Postiive punsihment
present or add an unpleasant stimulus
sectors of economy
primary - agriculture, fishing; secondary - manufacturing; tertiary - financial, transportation
Internalizing problems
problems that are largely within the individual, such as depression and loss of self-esteem
TMS
procedure in which magnetic pulses are applied to the brain of living persons with the goal of temporarily and safely deactivating a small brain region
tactics
procedure or set of activities engaged in to achieve a goal
Sensation
process by which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
racialization
process of structuring relations among groups of people around physical characteristics
Retrieval
procss of reactivating infor that has been stored in memory
Dementia
progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors
marx: two classes
proletariat - owners; bourgeoisie - workers
Borderline personality disorder
prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behavior, fear of abandonment, and impulsivity
Bandura
proponent of social-learning approach to understanding personality; his approach combines principles of learning with an emphasis on human interactions in social settings.
Hall
proponent of the storm-and-stress conception of adolescence; wrote at length about adolescence in the modern era
Meichenbaum
proposed a three process that allows for stress inoculation
Attracting
proximity, attractiveness, and similarity
Anxiety Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistant anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Anxiety
psychological disturbances marked by irrational fears of everyday objects and situations
Grouping
put things in group and memorize it; Ebbinghaus
authoritarian personality (adorno)
questions predisposition to be prejudiced
Phineas Gage
railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function
Whole language approach
rather than having children memorize letters and then isolated words, this approach favors teaching them to comprehend and produce small stories in a variety of formats
Ellis
rational emotive theory
Extended families
reach across generations and sometimes incorporate aunts, uncles, and cousins
Secondary emotions
reactions to primary emotions + cognitive appraisal (thalamus, frontal lobe, amygdala) include emotions such as depressed, distress, calmnesss
Self awarness
realization that he or she is distinct individual, whose mind, body and actions are separate from those of other people
Dendrites (neuron)
receives messages from other cells
Sublimination
rechaneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
Binge Eating Disorder
recurrent binge-eating with out compensatory behaviors, feelings of lose of self control
Negative punishment
reduce or remove a pleasant stimlus
Negative reinforncement
reduce or remove an unpleasant stimulus
Extincion
reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
Flynn effect
referring to the observation that scores on intelligence test worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades
Misinformation effect
refers to error in memory that occur when new information influences existing memories
Explicit memory
refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously and intentionally remembered
Classical Conditioning
refers to learning that occurs when neutral stimulis (a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (food) that naturally produces a specific behavior
Source monitoring
refers to the ability to accurately identify the source of a memory
Explanation application
refers to the ability to answer questions about how a thing works or why it is the way it is by referring to relationships and dynamic patterns
Crystalized intelligence
refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives
Sensory memory
refers to the breif storage of sensory info
Phonological awareness
refers to the child's understanding of the sound unit's and structures of spoken words
Implicit memory
refers to the influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those infludence
Semantic memory
refers to the knowledge of facts about the world, without necessarily remembering how or when the information was learned
Episodic memory
refers to the memories of specific events that have been experienced at a particular time and place
Long-term potentiation
refers to the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as a result of frequent stimulation
Bullying
refers to unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children and adolescence; repeated, or has the potential to be repeated over time; involves areal or perceived power imbalance
Authoritarion
reflective and punitive. Firm limits with little room for discussion. Adolescent offspring show high levels of anxiety, unlikely to initiate activity and poorer social skills
Wernicke's area
region of the brain that allows fluent speech production and comprehension; damage produces fluent but meaningless speech and affects language comprehension
Pancreas
regulates the level of sugar in the blood
remedy 3: government action
regulation of environmental impact; incentives for consumers and businesses
Positive reinforcement
reinforce behaviour by adding a stimulus (example: when lever is pressed the rat is given food)
Negative reinforcement
reinforce behaviour by removing a stimulus (example: when lever is pressed the shock is turned off)
Behavior Modification
reinforce desired behaviors and withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors. Requires a plan, patience, and creativity
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcement every time
Ratio schedules
reinforcement is based on the number of behaviours required
Interval schedules
reinforcement is based on the passage of time
enrophins
release din response to behaviors such as vigorous exercise, orgasm, and eating spicy foods
Long term memory
reltively permanent storage
Sucking reflex
saves the mother from having to teach her infant how to take in nutrients from tits
Jensen
says 80% ethnic group differences are inherited
Platoon school
school in which every room was used to maximum efficiency and children moved from classroom to classroom to pick up different intellectual skills such as reading or mathematics
Endocrine system
secretes chemical messengers called hormones that influence our emotions and behavior
Ovary
secretes female sex hormones
Testis
secretes male sex hormones
Phantom Sensation
seeing, hearing, tasting and smelling things that aren't there. May be due to loss of that sensation
Defacto Segregation
segregation that exists by practice and custom in a "color-blind institution".
Eros
self-preservation and sexual instincts
marx class categories
separation of ownership/control (managerial class); socialization of ownership; prominence of small businesses
Antidepressant
serotonin reuptake inhibitors stabilizes levels of seratonin by inhibiting reuptake
Sterotyping
set of traits attributed to members of a particular group (cognitive)
bound-setting
setting norm/education re-enforcement; logic that unpunished wrongdoing leads to demoralization
Arousal
sex hormones play a role in our arousal -Testosterone: main hormone responsible for arousal -Oxytocin: called the love hormone, promotes closeness and bonding
Primary sex characteristics
sex oran concerned with reporduction
Displacement
shifts impulses toward a more acceptable/less threatening object
purpose of experiment
show deviance as result of social environment; deviance is situational
Stepping reflex
shows as a walking motion when the infant is supported in an upright position and the bottom of his feet touch the ground
chattel slavery
slaves become commodified as objects; loss of recognition as human; social death
External characteristics of wellness
social occupational environmental familial
solidarity theories
social change as the result of resource mobilization and political opportunity
ethnicity
social distinction based on cultural characteristics
race
social distinction based on physical/biological characteristics
conversation rules as enabling
social efficiency process; reduce choices; structure to interaction
social closure
social groups maximize advantages by limiting access to privileges and life chances
ways to other
social interaction promotes ingroup; ingroup promotes loyalty; deviance highlight borders; conflict with out group solidifies ingroup
Bandura
social learning theory , behavior and environment; self efficacy/ reciprocal determinism (ex: not an athlete, live by pol, go swimming, be social with others, pool=enjoyable)
why participate?
social networks; values; identity
achieved status
social status that is achieved through work, purchase, paperwork
master status
social status used as primary identifying characteristic; can be achieved or ascribed
passing on institutionalized practices
socialization; children experience institutionalization through set of rules
purpose of schooling
socialization; selection; legitimation
Building block or the nervous system
soma, axon, dendrite
Optimum Levels of Arousal
some motivated behaviors increase arousal. Sensation-Seeking
Average
some positive, some negative ratings
How to phobias develop?
someone has something tragic happen to them then it turns into a conditioned stimulus that creates a fear response
status and power (weber)
status allows people to exercise power ; impose will on others
ascribed status
status can be ascribed; socially recognized characteristics; imposed, but assumed
Primary reninforce
stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism(food, water)
Pons
structure in the brain stem that helps control the movement to the body, playing a particularly important role in balance and walking (important for sleeping, waking, dreaming, and arousal)
Latane and Darley
students doing questionnaire: alone- gets up and tells someone there is smoke; group- nobody says anything or gets up
Idiographic approach
studying the case histories of highly creative individuals to see whether they seem to cluster into different types
Production deficit
such a failure to spontaneously use strategies to improve memory
Panic Disorder
sudden and recurrent panic attacks that reach a peak within minutes
Acute pain
sudden onset of short duration
Erikson's Theory of religious development
suggest that adolescence may struggle with their personal ideas about religious orientation and spiritual purpose
Core domains
suggesting that these are basic universal cognitive components shared by all infants throughout the world and which then become elaborated on and combined in more powerful ways over the course of development
Evolutionary Theory
suggests males and females develop characteristics that improve the likelihood of passing on their genes
Piaget's Theory of religious development
suggests that adolescence gain the cognitive capacity to consider nontangible issues
Natural change hypothesis
suggests that some brain structures involved in memory, including hippocampus and certain frontal lobe regions must mature before they can set up and maintain permanent memory stores, particularly those that support episodic memories
Attentional schema
suited for particular forms of important information; cognitive structures that are learned through experience in response to a particular set of stimuli in specific task and that form a framework for organizing information and responses to that information
Wolpe
systematic desensitization (relax their muscles then imagine visually their feared situation)
social movement: component
tactics; strength; success
Overjustification Effect
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
Recency effect
the end of the curve shows that recall improves for the last few items on the list
Electromagnetic Spectrum
the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves
independent variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated
correlation
the extent to which one variable is associated with another
Generalization
the extent to which relationships about conceptual variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of people, manipulated or measured variables
Selective Attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Neurogenisis
the forming of new neurons
Prefrontal cortex
the front-most region of the frontal lobes
Homeostasis
the goal of a system "our bodies" that tries to maintain a constant or optimal level of funcioning
Serial position curve
the graph that describes this pattern recall by plotting how often each list item is successfully recalled against its "serial position"--that is it's order in the series
experimental group
the group that receives the treatment
control group
the group the does not receive the treatment
Primacy effect
the higher recall rate for items early in the series, shown at the front of the curve
Brain contralateralization
the idea that the left and the right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions
Infantile amnesia
the inability later in life to recall any memories of experiences prior to about 2 1/2 years of age
Spontaneous recovery
the increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinciton
Utilization deficit
the initial lack of benefit from a new strategy; tends to occur only in children younger than age 7
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
GABA
the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Memory format change hypothesis
the memory format or code changes so that memories formed very early in life become inaccessible to older children
Resource theory
the more children in the family, the less attention parents can devote to each child
Brain Stem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.
figure ground
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.
Cerebral cortex
the outer barklike layer of our brain that allows us to successfully use language, acquire complex skills, create tools, and love in social groups
Autonomic Nervous System
the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
Mere Exposure
the phenomenon by which the greater the exposure we have to a given stimulus, the more we like it
Perceptual Organization
the process by which stimuli are organized into meaningful units
Explanation expansion
the process of elaborating a simple explanation into a more complex one in response to further queries
Retrieval
the process of finding a memory in storage and bringing it to mind for use, usually in a conscious matter
Shaping
the process of guiding an organisms behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to final desired behavior
Assimilation
the process of interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
Storage
the process of preserving information in memory over time
Encoding
the process of turning information into a mentally useful representational format
Working memory
the processed that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and sore info in the short term memory (grouping)
Garcia
the psychologist who first documented taste aversion learning in the laboratory
Fixed schedules
the requirements for reinforcement are always the same
Variable schedules
the requirements for reinforcement change randomly
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Insight
the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem
Cycle of abuse
the tendency for abuse to reoccur in ensuing generations of the same family line
Constancy
the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation
Hardiness
the tendency to be less affected by life's stressor can be characterized as an individual difference measure that has a relationship to both optimism and self-efficancy
Animism
the tendency to imbue inanimate things with psychological motivations, such as desires and beliefs
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
the three phases that occur in response to long tern stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
psychotherapy
the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means
dependent variable
the variable that may change in response to the manipulations.
Stereotype threat
the very fear of confirming a negative stereotype lead to a reduced performance on a task or test
Parenting styles
the ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate
Trait theory
theory that the essence of human nature is in individual differences
Functional Autonomy
theory that traits develop independent of childhood origins
Logotherapy
therapeutic approach that helps people find meaning in their lives
Client-Centered Therapy
therapist tries to recognize, accept, and clarify client's feelings and facilitate the client's search for self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Charles Spearman
there is other intelligence which influence other specific intelligences
Essentialism
they assume that living things have inner essences that are responsible for their surface properties
Salience
they attract our attention-easily seen or noticed
Social Comparison
they begin to evaluate themselves against their obervations of other children around ages 6-7
Incremental theory of intelligence
they believe that intelligence can be changed, particularly through efforts to learn and excel
Entity
they believe that their intelligence is determined by factors present at birth, particularly relate to their genetic inheritance
Cognitive maps
they mentally represent the spatial layout of their environment to infer distance, direction, and ways of navigating
Assimialtion
they use already developed schemas to understand new info
Single unit microelectrode
thin microelectrode is surgically inserted in or near an individual neuron, is used primarly with animals
hidden curriculum
things pupils learn through the experience of attending school
Metacognition
thinking about thinking
Convergent thinking
thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem
Nociceptive pain
tissue damage
punishment
to inflict a penalty on someone for committing a transgression; authorized imposition of deprivations
Rescorla
took domination over Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning
Defense Mechanism
tools help to protect the self from anxiety
Most widely researched trait is...
trait is... extraversion
axon
transmits info away form the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands
Causal attribution
trying to determine the causes of people behavior with the goal of learning about their personalities
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system that are linked to emotion.
DID
two or more distinct and individual personalities exist in the same person, and there is an extreme memory disruption regarding personal information about the other personalities; multi personality disorder
Bad mother
type of mother related to anxiety
Good mother
type of mother related to security and satisfaction
ontological anxiety
uncertainty about the nature of being and the meaning of life
Latent content
unconscious wishes
Development of personal narrative- 5 years
understand basics of story (beginning, middle, end)
health: social inequality
unequal access to care; lack of knowledge; high stress/poor support
panic disorder
unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Unresolved/ disorganized attachment
unusually high level of fear and disorientation; due to trama
Hypnotic relief
use of guided relaxation and intense concentration to relieve pain
Diagnosis
use the DSM-IV-TR
Brelands
used operant conditioning techniques to train thousands of animals; believed that the experiments and instinctual drift makes it so that not all aspects of learning are under control of the experimenter
primary relationship
used to have a trading relationship with the europeans; eroded into view the first nations were second rank
Experimental research design
used to provide more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among variables in the hypothesis in addition to their correlations
Perceptual reasoning index
uses pictures and other visual materials and largely avoids using language
Secure attachment style
usually explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger
schooling: socialization
values and virtues; capacities and competencies
Confounding variables
variables other than the IV on which the participant sin one experimental condition differ from those in other conditions
conception of deviance
varies by time, society, sub-culture; often defined by powerful groups
color-coded vertical mosaic
vertical mosaic exists in visible minorities; class division and gender division
persistence of institutions
vested interests; embeddedness; social efficiencies; shared nature
Iconic
visual sensory movement
Authoritative
warm and nurturant, firm limits but with greater conversation about those limits. Adolescent offspring tend to be self-reliant and socially responsible. Includes a lot of Induction.
Thorndike
watched american cats trying to escape from a puzzle; learning was an association between stimuli in the situation and a response that an animal learned to make= Law-of-effect
tip of the tongue phenomenon
we are certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot come up with it
Groupthink
when a group made up of members who may be competent and thus quite capable of making excellent decisions nevertheless ends up as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures, make poor decisions
GAD
when a person has been excessively worrying about money, health, work, family life for 6 months or more and the anxiety causes stress or dysfuncion
Reliability
when a person is assessed at different times on the test, the person will sore approximately the same every time with more than a 95 percent accuracy rate
feminization
when an occupation becomes dominated/associated with women; occupation loses prestige
poverty line: canada
when one spends 55% of pretax income on food,clothing, shelter
Comorbity
when people suffer from two disorders at the same time
Condensation
when symbols are overdetermined
Split Brain
when the corpus callosum is cut, person does not know what the right brain is doing vs. the left brain.
placebo effect
when the participant acts as if the drug or treatment is working because they think it should.
Mood Disorder
when the person mood negatively influences his or her physical perceptual social and cognitve processes
self perception
when we use our own behavior as a guide to help s determine our thoughts and feelings
Child Effects
whenever the child's traits or behavior causes the parents to act in a certain way in response
Goals
which are desired end states that we strive to attain
Heurisitcs
which are info-processing strategies that were useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied
Drives
which are internal states that are activated when thephysiological characteristic sof the boy are out balance
Algorithms
which are recipe-style info processing stratagies that guarantee a correct answer at all times
Parietal lobe
which extends from the middle to the back of the skull an is responsible form processing info about touch
Secure/autonomous attachment
which is characterized by the ability to form healthy relationships
Zone of proximal development
which is the next level of skill or understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive development
Confirmation bias
which is the tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them
right
who gives it? - law, divine right, natural right
Avoidant attachment style
will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs of returns
Hubel& Weisel
won a nobel prize for their pioneering studies of receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex; discovered that cells at different levels of the visual system responded most strongly to different patterns of stimulation
James
wrote Principles of Psychology, created the functionalism view and the view to try to understand the way consciousness aids in people adapting to their environment
Sullivan worked with what kind of patients?
young schizophrenic males
Embryonic stage
zygote attaches to the wall of the uternus lasts for 6 weeks
