psyc/soc

Id

(impulses) -Primary Principle: seeks immediate drive reduction from needs arising within -Primary Process: fantasizing about needs met through imagined objects

Stage 1

(Prejudice & Discrimination) begin; an expression of ethnocentrism or an attempt to justify economic exploitation. *Cycle of Prejudice

Mechanisms of opposites

(Reaction formation) Unacceptable latent material expressed as its opposite in manifest material

Persona

(Similar to superego) =The stereotypical masks we wear to satisfy demands of society -Reduces anxiety of the unknown

Concrete operational period

(age 7-12) the child moves into this period by acquiring the same mental operators that he previously lacked, such as reversibility, identity, and compensation; children gradually expand their use of these mental operators by applying them to a broader range of problems

Preoperational period

(ages 2-7)- during which children lack the capacity to think about the world abstractly

Frontal lobe

(behind the forehead) which is responsible primarily for thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

Ego

(executive control of impulses) -Reality Principle: behaviour must take external world into account to satisfy needs -Secondary Process: ego delays gratification until it can match Id's primary process with perception of real object in external world.

why differentiation (2)

(ind) physical diff, mental diff; (social) population growth, tech change, social origins

Superego

(learned impulses) Develops through internalization (i.e. taking in) of values of parents, culture, society.

implementation: in/formal, individual

(f) gov legislation, judicial sys; (i) NGO, religious org; (in) leaders, crusaders

general/specific deterrence

(g) examples are made out of deviants; (s) aims to deter the individual, recidivism

Cerebellum

(literally, little brain) consists of two wrinkled ovals behind the brain stem. It functions to coordinate voluntary movement

Conversion

- An interpretation procedure people use that (erroneously) treats sentences as reversible Example: If A = B, Then B = A

Wernicke's Area

- Area of the brain located in the auditory cortex and parietal lobe that is essential for auditory processing and semantic processing (understanding messages) - Works closely with the angular gyrus

Research hypothesis

Hypothesis that if it is an important way of describing humans, we would have been researching it

Formal Operational Thought

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning emerges

Flynn Effect

IQ goes up by 3 points per decade

James Flynn

IQ score test

Flynn effect

IQ scores have crept up over time, but his rise was masked by regular downward adjustments of the entire score distribution scores

Functional metaphors for personality structure

Id= desires Superego= moral guidance Ego= adaptive balance

Self Regulation

If you can control your impulses (effortful control)

Openness to experience vs closedness

Imagination, creativity, fantisizing

Prefrontal Cortex

Implicated in judgement, decision making, and self control might not fully mature until the age of 27 years

Attachment theory (importance)

Importance of reactions to separation from caregiver.

Emile Durkheim

Interested in understand the power that society has over an individual; thought about social facts, "what does social cohesion come from?", and mechanical and organic solidarity. . .

Phantasy

Internal objects involve distorted and fantastic relational experiences organized around themes of libido (good, loving) and aggression (bad, hating, withholding).

Two major features of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development

Internalized and Scaffolding

Resocialization

The process in which the individual's previous self is dismantled and replaced with a new social identity.

Moral Justification

The process through which immoral acts are made personally and socially acceptable by portraying them as serving worthy purposes

Neoliberation Globalization

The removal of all barriers to commerce and the privatization of all available resources and sources.

Vertigo

The sensation of dizziness

Prenatal Development

Zygotic Embyonic Fetal

Reciprocal determinism was created by....

_______ was created by Albert Bandura

Corpus Callesum

a bundle of nerves that connects the right and left hemisphere-maturation allows for improvements in information processing

Teaching

a child ideally involves questioning a child carefully to find out where she is coming from cognitively

Development of a sense of self

a child's emerging sense of self may provide important support for the development of long-term episodic memories and the emergence of autobiographical memory

Acetylcholine

a common neurotransmitter used in the spinal cord and motor neurons to stimulate muscle contractions. It is also used in the brain to regulate memory, sleeping, and dreaming; Low levels amy result in Alzheimers

Instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

norm

accepted rule of behavior/way of acting

reform

accomodative pole; make capitalism better; alter positions

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Normative Conformity

actions made because we want to be liked by others

Accomidation

adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

Positive reinforcement

add or increase a pleasant stimulus

Formal Operational

adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning (Ages 11-death)

Phonics approach

advocates teaching children about phonics, the rules for combining the sounds of letters into words as a foundation for early reading skills

Thyroid gland

affects metabolism among other things

Fixed ratio

aka. continuous reinforcement Example: vending machine - punishment every 3rd time it is used

marx: class struggle

all societies that ever existed has class struggle; propertied vs. property-less

Working memory

also called (short-term memory) specifically attending to a processing the incoming information from sensory memory

revolution

alternative pole; make a socialist state; change organization of society

Personal Fable

an adolescences sense of invincibility, may be the part of personal uniqueness and invincibility, may be the part of adolescent egocentrism associated with risk-taking behavior

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and then purging

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by low body weight, obsession with exercise, and fear of gaining weight

Conditioned Emotional Response

an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning

DSM

an ever revised handbook that clearly and concisely provides standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders

Second order conditioning

an existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with new conditioned stimlus

EEG

an instrument that records the electrical activity produced by the brains neurons through these of electrode placed on the surface of the research participants head

Case Study

an observation technique in which one person is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Basic emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

how to mobilize public

animate - clarify nature of issue; legitimate - establish its priority; demonstrate - identify solutions

Golden Ratio

approximately 1.618 and is believed to be aesthetically pleasing in art and architecture

Boundaries

are emotional barriers that protect individuals, subsystems and families; the overall structure can become unstable if one intrudes on another subsystem

ecological footprint

area or land/water ecosystems required to produce resources that population consumes

Mischel

cognitive affective personality theory (ex: John acts friendly when first meeting someone but then is a jerk when they get to know him. Jim is shy at first but then is super friendly when he gets comfortable with the person)

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross he synaptic gaps between neurons.

Sensorimotor

child experiences the world through fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching, and tasking (Ages 0-2)

Role of childhood according to Gordon Allport

childhood is unimportant in shaping personality

Preoperational

children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. Also start sot see the world from other people perspectives (Ages 2-7)

Bootstrapping

children appear to build on their early insights about small numbers using these patterns as a foundation for understanding new and quite different kinds of number concepts

Conservation tasks

children are asked to judge whether certain physical properties of an object, such as its size or amount, are "conserved" (remain unchanged) when the object is transformed along different sorts of dimensions

Concrete Operational

children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations on objects that are only imagined (Ages 7-11)

Pre conventional morality

children focus on self interest. Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought (birth to age 9)

Breakthrough pain

chronic pain that will break through he effect of pain medication

health: changing practices

cigarettes once considered good for health

Spin

circular standard deviation

Domain-general pattern of development

cognitive capacity improves it should lead to advancements in each and every domain of knowledge

Tolman

cognitive maps

Gender schemas

cognitive systems for interpreting gender-related activities and roles; shaped in parents by the norms and stereotypes that exist for each gender in a parent's culture

Self management

collaboration between the persons and the professional to get a sense of control over their pain

breakdown theories

collective action as the result of disruption of traditional practices

unionization

collective agreements negotiated with employers

dendrite

collects info from other cells and send the information to the soma

Dream theories

divine gifts or messages predictions of the future messages from the past wish fulfillment unconscious trying to resolve conflict maybe nothing

What is true about correlational research

correlation does not equal causation

Myelin Sheath (neuron)

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.

Case Study

descriptive records of one or more individuals experiences and behavior (jean Piaget theory of cognitive development on his own child)

Punishment

deterring behaviour by adding a stimulus (example: when lever is pressed the rat is shocked)

family structure changes

divorce rate - peak 1970s; increasing co-habitation; declining marriage rates; below replacement fertility

Biographical coherence

do the episodes fit the expected trajectory defined by culture?

institutional adjustments: vehicles

diversity/inclusion among employees; human rights resources

government inaction

don't think it's a problem; lack of public support; economic impact; institutional friction

Orienting

drawing attention to a particular region; occurs when a baby moves her eye and turns her head to look at a blinking light or stays oriented in that direction in anticipation of another blink

Oedipus Complex

during phallic stage, boys experience sexual feelings towards mother and rivalries with father; girls become upset because they realize they lack a penis

Attachment anxiety

dysregulated by separation, and not easily comforted (20% of people).

Secure attachment

dysregulated by separation, but easily comforted (60% of people).

Fowler's Synthetic-Conventional faith

early adolescence; (1) who conform to the beliefs of others and (2) view religion as more abstract and coherent

Fowler's Intuitive-projective faith

early childhood; (1) understands what is considered good and bad (2) does not discern fantasy from reality

Percentages of temperament in babies

easy babies- 40% slow to warm up babies- 15% Difficult babies- 10% No single category babies- 35%

Thomas and Chess

explained the dimensions of temperament (1) activity level (2) approach vs. withdrawal (3) long term adaptability (4)intensity (how big emotions are) (5) regularity (baby fits into a pattern)

Gibson

examined how children respond to depth information (visual cliff)

frank parkin (2) modes of closure

exclusionary - downward; usurpationary - upward

Rotter

expectancy (behaviors will bring about rewards), emphasized reward value, internal-external scale

self-fulfilling prophecy

expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave in ways that make those beliefs come true

Flooding

experiencing fear at its worst

Pavlov

experimented with classical conditioning; dogs salivating when they hear a bell

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + unstable + specific

explain: "I was tired of math problems that day"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + unstable + global

explain: "I was tired that day"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + stable + specific

explain: "I'm bad at math"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? Internal + stable + global

explain: "I'm stupid"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + stable + global

explain: "standardized math tests are unfair"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + stable + specific

explain: "the company writes poor math tests"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + unstable + specific

explain: "the testing environment was too noisy for ME to do well"

Why did you do poorly on the SAT math test? External + unstable +global

explain: "the testing environment was too noisy of ANYONE to do well"

gestalt therapy

focuses on ways to unite mind and body to make a person whole, goal of self-awareness; proposed by Fritz Perls

Fixed-Action Patterns

genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus

retribution

getting even; revenge; must be proportionate to crime committed

Rapport talk

girls use this communication more and establish connections, negotiate relationships

Standardization

giving a test to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average scores on the test at each age level

Reciprocal altruism

if we help other poeple now those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future

Manifest content

imagery of a dream (?)

Kagan

in the video, described the slow to warm up child

important

income inequality is large result of polarization WITHIN occupational groups as well as BETWEEN

deviance: positive

increase social solidarity; define group moral boundaries

stratified society

indian society - social strata defined by family origin; prisons - prisoners vs guards

Neuroticism (indicates)

indicate(s) affect

Openness (indicates)

indicate(s) cognition

Extraversion and agreeableness (indicate)

indicate(s) interpersonal relationships

Conscientiousness (indicates)

indicate(s) motivation

Identity diffusion status

individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progess toward them

Identity-achievement status

individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions

Foreclosure status

individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity base don the choices or values of others

Moratorium status

individual is exploring carious choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them

collective action problem: public goods

individuals don't participate since they benefit from what is gained w/o contributing

Post conventional morality

individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behaviors. Moral behavior is base on self chosen ethical principles that are generally universal, such as justice, dignity, and equality.

recategorization

individuals from different social groups come to see themselves as members of a single group

Trial and error learning

individuals notice the consequences of their actions and eventually learn the right action

conservative theories

individuals who are bad commit crimes; biologically based (hormones/psychological)

Nomothetic approach

involves comparing the lives of especially creative individuals to look for common patterns or principles

Qualitative data

involves distinct and dramatic changes in structure

Reversibility

involves noting that a change can be reversed or "run backward" to return things to their initial condition

Identity

involves noting that values on a dimension are the same

Moral Motivation

involves prioritizing moral values over other personal values

Nurturance

involves showing children warmth and responding to their needs and changing emotions

Quantitative development

involves smooth, continuous changes without the kind of abrupt transitions that would suggest a wholly new process or structure

testosteron

is an androgen associated with male secondary sex characteristics, aggression, sexual behavior

estradiol (E2)

is an estrogen associated with female sex characteristics

Limbic system

is largely responsible for memory and emotions (amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)

Gonadotropin releasing-hormone

is linked to the timing of onset of puberty

Generativity vs Stagnation

is the conflict we face in developing an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming parents

Intimacy vs Isolation

is the conflict we fact in learning to give and revive eove in a close long term relationship

Short term memory

is the place where small amounts of info can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute

Ambivalent attachment style

is wary about the situation in general, specifically the stranger and stays close or even clingsto the motehr rather than exploring toys

Why Sleep?

it allows us to conserve energy, repair damage to the body, and store and organize information.

Validity

it is correlated highly with other IQ tests

Internalized

mental processes take place symbolically in our minds

Schemata

mental representations of the world that are formed and adjusted using the processes of assimilation and accommodation as a person experiences life

Cognition

mental/activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering

Discipline

methods that attempt to explain the reason for a punishment are generally considered more effective than punishments that are coercive

Scarr

model of interactive influences of parents and child

Mood-Stabilizing

moderates levels of norepinephrine and glutamate

increase of help to developing countries

moral duty; public diplomacy/good PR; investment in self-protection/prevention

Intelligence

more analytical with numbers and facts

social networks

more people you know, more likely to participate; creates friendship as well

recategorization results

more positive attitudes toward each other; more positive contact; reduced intergroup bias

Glumate

most common neurotransmitter -released in more that 90 percent of the brain synapses. Glutamate is found in the food additive MSG

control theory

most people follow the rules; socialization constrains us; - social control = + deviance acts

Stepfather

mother has custody, mom remarries

Gibson

motion perception; the rate at which an image expanded gives you an idea of how quickly you are approaching

Hull

much important behavior is motivated by internal drives

Miscellaneous pain

muscular, joint, chest, back pain, ect

eric olin wright: modern class analysis

must be sensitive to: access to economic resources, location within product relations, etc.

Cognitive process that continue to ature

myelin and prefrontal cortex

implementing human rights

national courts; human rights institutions; UN human rights council; NGO - non-gov org

Affective forecasting

peoples abiltiy to preditct their future emotional states is not very accurate

Bottom-Up Processing

perce, analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Period of consolidation

period of time in which the LTP occurs and in which memories are stored

phobia

persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

generalized anxiety disorder

person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

learning theory

person's social environ. provides the opportunity to learn a new trade (prison interaction)

visible minority

persons not first nations that are non-white in race

incapacitation

physically prevent offender from committing crime again; protect greater society; ie imprisonment

stress

physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats

Hippocampus

plays an especially important role in informing and consolidating memories. More specifically, it is involved in integrating information from the many memory traces that are stored throughout different regions of the cerebral cortex

problems w/ BW policing

police discretion leads to discrimination/inequalities; police brutality; failure to prove disorder-crime nexus

labor market evolution

poor working conditions and low wages led to collective action from multiple fronts; workers, aristocracy, church

why division of labor is growing

population growth; enhanced productivity; rationalization-market specialization; power-increases managerial strength

increasing footprint

population increase; increased consumption;new tech; heightened econ activity; mass waste generated

Erikson

proposed that every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages

Sternbergs triachic theory

proposed that people amy display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

Partial reinforcement schedule

sometimes reward for desired response (fixed/variable ratio and fixed/variable interval)

Naturalistic Observations

research based on the observation of everyday events occurring in the natural environment of people or animals

Basic Research

research that answers fundamental questions about behavior

Applied Research

research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems

restriction of h.rights

reserved for white, property owning, men; social construction of 'human'

assimilation measures

residential schools; restrict cultural practices; culture genocide

Temporal lobe

responsible for hearing and language

craft work -> detail work

results in alienation and dehumanizes work process

Continuous reinforcement schedule

reward every time desired response occurs

restoration

right the wrongs

h.rights conditional

rights are not necessarily universal; PATRIOT ACT

Functions of synapses

spaces between the cells that allows each axon to communicate with many dendrites in neighboring cells

2nd Industrial Revolution

specialization; division of labor; 1920-1960

Internal characteristics of wellness

spiritual physical intellectual emotional

Flux

standard deviation on A and C axes

Morality

standards if behavior that are generally accepted within a culture to be right or proper

health

state of complete physical, metal, social well-being; not merely being absent of disease

welfare state

state that provides social services including health care, education, pensions, police

Social sharing of memories

talking about past events makes those events easier to recall

human responses to environment

tame/eliminate/abandon/conserve/ecosystem management

means-tested

targeted programs to those who need it most (student financial aid); not popular

Jigsaw Classroom technique

teacher purposefully puts together groups of students from different cultural backgrounds to work on a project with a common goal.

Adolescent egocentrism

teens believe that they can do anything and that they know better than anyone else

Overconfidence

tendecy for people to be too certain about their ability to accurately remember events and make judgements

Self-disclosure

tendecy to communicate frequently without fear or reprisal and in an accepting and empathetic manner

Misattribution of arousal

tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of arousal that they are experiencing

Fundamental attribution error

tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factor and overlook the impact of situations in judging others

Social facilitation

tendency to perform task better or faster when others are watching

Social inhiibition

tendency to perform task more poorly or more when others are watching

Mere exposure

tendency to prefer stimuli we see frequently

Discrimination

tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical

Counterfactual thinking

tendency to think about and experience events according to what might have been

social status

term used to describe individuals and groups based on honor or prestige

Fast emotional pathways

thalamus, amygdala (when a car pulls out in front of us on the highway)

Slow emotional pathways

thalamus, frontal cortex, amygdala(recollecting on a big football game)

Rehearsal

that is, simply repeating to oneself the information to be remembered

Social Clock

the "right time" for major events in life like when to move out and when to get married

Emotional intellignece

the ability to accurately identify, assess, and understand emotions as well as effectively control ones own emotions

Creativity

the ability to come up with novel insights and new ways of solving problems

Scientific reasoning

the ability to develop hypothesis about some aspect of the world and then efficiently test those hypothesis with relevant data

Divergent thinking

the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem

Seriation

the ability to order objects according to a shared property

Emotional Intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Fluid intelligence

the ability to think and acquire info quickly and abstractly

Fluid intelligence

the ability to think flexibly and solve novel problems; fades away earlier in life

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

the ability to think systematically about different possibilities that might depart from the current reality

Crystallized intelligence

the ability to use specific skills and knowledge gained through experience; continues to develop later in life

Context

the actual experiences of adolescence are influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors which form the setting in which development occurs.

Medulla

the area of the brain stem that controls heart rate and breathing

Self efficiency

the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes

Vitalism

the belief that living things are distinctive because of a vital force inside them that is responsible for growth and movement

Circadian Rhythm

the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Sex

the biological components that distinguish between female & male

Metacognition

the broad ability to think about our own mind and thoughts

Cell Body (neuron)

the cell's life support center

Executive functioning

the collection of cognitive abilities involved in goal-directed tasks and problem solving

Geometric information

we construct a mental representation of the environment's overall shape

Closure

we fill gaps to create a complete, whole object.

Proximity

we group nearby figure together.

Similarity

we group smaller figure together, we would group all the triangles together in a line, then all the circles together in a line.

Continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones.

Elaborative encoding

we process new info in way that make it more relevant or meaningful (just relate the work that you are trying to remember to something you are more common with)

Law of effect

we repeat actions that lead to desirable outcomes and avoid those that lead to undesirable results

Physical attractiveness sterotype

what is beautiful is good

Evaluative information

when a child conveys their own responses to events

economic inequality

work is becoming parttime, contract, sessional; also unionized groups

Skinner/ Skinner's box

worked with operant conditioning; created an "operant chamber" where the animal had control over his food

capitalist exploitation

workers create goods which has more value than their wages; profit surplus, usurped by owners

Extrinsic motivations

works because they are getting a reward such as money

Intrinsic motivation

works because they enjoy the task and they believe the task is important and they desire to do a good job

Syllogism

- An argument in which the conclusion follows from the premises

Resistance

Tendency to NOT want to understand self, too painful

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to favor ones own culture over others

Role Strain

Tension among the roles connected to a single status.

Oligopoly

The domination of a market by a few producers.

Identity Achievement

Yes to crisis and yes to commitment

Infancy- Surgency (E)

Approach orientation, vocal reactivity, activity level, perceptual sensitivity

Friedrich Engels

"Capitalism intensifies male domination. Creates more wealth, which gives more power to men."

Absolute continuity

"Does your conscientiousness today remain at the same level 10 years from now?"

Relative continuity

"Does your level of conscientiousness remain the same compared to others over 10 years, even as most increase in their conscientiousness?"

August Comte

"Father of Sociology" - Wanted to understand how society worked and thought that scientific method and inquiry will reveal the "truth" behind social functions - what makes a society cohesive and healthy. *Positivist, structural functionalist

Internalization

"I am like them"

Example of unconditional positive regard

"I understand that you are angry at your brother, but can you accept my concern if your younger brother is hurt? Therefore, I don't want you to hit him, even though we can both accept each other's feelings"

Identification

"I want to be like you"

Example of conditional positive regard

"If you hit your younger brother, I will be mad at you and you will be a bad older sister"

Stable vs. unstable attributions

"It will always be that way vs. it can get better"

Global vs. specific attributions

"It will be that way for everything vs. just this thing"

Internal vs. external attribution

"It's my fault vs. other factors may have contributed"

Herbert Spencer

"Survival of the Fittest" - He believed in "survival of the fittest" in the social world, likened social systems to a biological organism - each system has a function.

Conceptual argument against Mischel's critique of traits

"Traits are meant to describe you generally, not just your actions"

Mischel's critique of triats

"Traits assume consistency of behavior across situations" -But traits (e.g. honesty) rarely +.30 correlation with behavior (e.g. cheating). -9% of behavior explained by traits, so what good are they?

Da Sein

"being there" emphasized your immediate existence

Szasz

"mental illness does not exist- it is a myth"

Endorphins

"morphine within" natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

Milgram

"obedience may be a sense of conformity"; teacher gives increasing levels of shock when the student makes a mistake

Openness

(1) Creativity, (2) preference for variety

Risky Behavior may be related to... (4)

(1) Increased sensation seeking in early adolescence (2) decreased social capital (3) large amounts of unstructured time (4) Amygdala(emotions) growth outpacing Prefrontal Cortex (decision making and reasoning)

Decreasing Tension

(1) Jigsaw classroom technique (2) building positive personal relationships (3) engaging in perspective taking (4) multicultural education

Anatomical Differences

(1) Male brains are bigger, (2) female brains are more convoluted- more folds (3) male brains maybe more lateralized for some specific functions

Superego

(1) Part of the personality that presents internalized ideals/morals (2) provides standard for judgement and action

4 specific individualistic values

(1) Personal choice (2) intrinsic motivation (3) self maximization (4) self-esteem

Id

(1) Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives (2) fully unconscious (3) Id's motives can be seen through analysis of dream and parapraxes

Agreeableness

(1) helpfulness, (2) trusting of others

Neuroticism

(1) insecurity, (2) tendency toward self pity

Sense of self

(1) more abstract- how they are (2) more differentiated -separation from parents (3) includes contradictions- ex)friendly but reserved (4) relies more on social comparison- comparing to others (5) more self- consciousness (6) includes elements of self-protection

Conscientiousness

(1) responsibility, (2) organization

Extraversion

(1) sociability, (2) enjoys others

Limitations and Failures to Defense Mechanisms

(1) tautology- to come to conclusion you have to come to premiss- not testable (2) sexism-more male based (3) pessimism- very negative (4) determinism- rejects free will

Ego

(1) the conscious "executive" part of personality (2) decision maker (3) mediates along the demand of the id, superego, and reality

Elements of emotional competence that adolescence must acquire

(1) understanding the role of emotion in a relationship (2) learning to cope with negative emotion (3) being able to control emotional expression (4) being able to discern the emotions of others (5) being able to understand emotions without being overwhelmed

Intelligence quotient

(IQ); a test score based on the following calculation: a child's intellectual abilities tested to determine "mental age" and this score divided by chronological age; this is then multiplied by 100

Personal unconscious

(Like the id) -Includes things we actively repress, unwanted material, things we don't care about.

Micro-Level

Close up focus on social interaction in specific situations.

Domain-specific pattern of development

(local) children are seen as going through a series of changes in knowledge and reasoning that are unique to each domain

Bell curve

(normal distribution curve)- representing the range and distribution of scores in the population

human rights: neg vs pos

(p) entitlement to something; (n) protection from something

Shadow

(part of personal unconscious) -Represents the "dark side" of ourselves (e.g. animalistic) -Material is unpleasant and painful -Complements ego (tension of opposites) -Can provide us with vitality and strength (if expressed appropriately)

Transitive reasoning

(transitive inference) involves reasoning about known relationships of stimuli to infer a relationship between the stimuli that were not initially or directly related to each other

Presentation of Self

*Erving Goffman A person's efforts create specific impressions in the minds of others.

Idealization

*Erving Goffman Constructed performances intended to reflect ideal cultural standards.

Back stage

*Erving Goffman Place to "go out of play" and escape the demands of the front region's expectations.

Front Stage

*Erving Goffman Place where we manage public performances.

Dramaturgical Analysis

*Erving Goffman The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

"Me"

*George Herbert Mead How we evaluate our actions based on general societal expectations

Signifcant Others

*George Herbert Mead People, like parents, who have special importance for socialization. Primary means of how we learn to behave.

Self

*George Herbert Mead The part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

"I"

*George Herbert Mead The self that experiences the world on its own terms.

Generalized Other

*George Herbert Mead Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves

Ethnomethodology

*Harold Garfinkel The study of the way people make sense of their surroundings.

Objectivation

*Peter Berger & Thomas Luckman Socialized into the social pattern and perceive this activity as an objective reality - not socially produce - or they acquire historical facticity. Ex: "The handshake becomes a pattern between two friends who share it with more people who do not question how the handshake originates."

Externalization

*Peter Berger & Thomas Luckman The genesis of the social pattern, starts off as "anything" than becomes "something" through negotiation and habitualization. Ex: The handshake becomes something that only two people do and become accustom to doing.

Internalization

*Peter Berger & Thomas Luckman The pattern becomes not just a way to do things, but the way things are done. Ex: "The handshake becomes the way to do things and no one truly questions it because it is 'the ways things are'".

Superego

*Sigmund Freud Cultural values and norms internalized by an individual

Ego

*Sigmund Freud Efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

Id

*Sigmund Freud Human beings basic drives (Eros & Thanatos)

Thanatos

*Sigmund Freud The death drive, the innate aggression that drives human behavior.

Eros

*Sigmund Freud The life drive, the urge to bond.

Conspicuous consumption

*Thorsten Veblen Buying & Using products for the statement that they make about social class.

"Bad me"

*Type of "me" -Behaviors responded to by disapproval and anxiety

"Good me"

*Type of "me" -Behaviors responded to with tenderness, praise and reward -Increases self-esteem

"Not me"

*Type of "me" -Dissociated feelings, images, behavior -Intense anxiety (dread, disgust, terror) -Typically related to parataxic experiences

Wernicke's Aphasia

- "Word Salad" - Speaking using real words but does not make any sense

Natural Language

- 4 components are Message, Physical Constraints, Medium, and Social Constraints

Monty Hall Dilemma

- A decision situation where people believe events are independent of each other when they actually are dependent

Base Rate

- A known portion of a sample or population

Lexicon

- A mental dictionary that matches words to specific meanings

Means-Ends Analysis

- A process in problem solving in which the problem solver minimizes the distance between the current and goal states by the use of subgoals to achieve the ultimate goal

Depth-First Strategy

- A process in problem solving in which the problem solver selects one option, and if successful, stops; if unsuccessful, the problem solver tests the next option and continues until the goal is achieved or all options have been exhausted

Breadth-First Strategy

- A process in problem solving in which the problem solver tries all the main possible options to see if any lead to immediate success; if not, the problem solver proceeds to the next level options

Counterfactual Strategy

- A process of problem solving in which reasoners assume that their favored hypothesis is incorrect

Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas

- A set of reasoning precondition-action pairs that specify 4 social rules that will specify when an action can or cannot be taken

Holophrastic Speech

- A tendency, that begins in young childhood, to find meaning beyond what is superficially expressed in speech utterances (thinking someone said something inappropriate instead of what they were actually trying to say)

Given-New Contract

- An agreement consisted of already known information by the listener (given), and information conveyed by the speaker (new)

ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought with Rational Analysis)

- An ambitious theory of cognition that has the ability to capture general properties of human cognition, from basic perceptual processes to high-level cognitive functioning; its production system reflects the knowledge people assemble to solve problems

Broca's Area

- Area of the brain located in the left prefrontal cortex - Responsible for speech production and communicating a syntactic analysis of an incoming stream of words to Wernicke's area

Angular Gyrus

- Area of the brain located next to the auditory cortex in the parietal lobes that provides an understanding of categories of words - If damaged, can think of a word but cannot say it, having to describe the word you are thinking - Works closely with Wernicke's Area

Hemispherectomy

- Brain surgery where the dominate hemisphere is removed in order to relieve the effects of pathologies such as epilepsy

Nonredundancy of Words Principle

- Children act as if there is only one name of any given object

Whole-Object Principle

- Children show a preference for identifying words with whole objects rather than part of an object

Reference Principle

- Children tend to interpret utterances to be part of whole objects and not the feelings of the speaker

Deontic Rule

- Common rules in everyday life that consist of permission and obligations, and are often used in negotiations

Pure Alexia

- Condition in which individuals have difficulty reading even though they are able to identify sounds and letters

Mixed Transcortical

- Damage to both Broca's and Wernicke's areas - Cannot understand or generate novel sentence but can repeat heard sentences

Clustering Illusion

- Decision-making Error that stems from our perception that cluster of random events are not really random

Set-Inclusion Relations

- Describes the relationship between categories of objects. Objects that have a "congruent relation" (same dimension) will draw conclusions faster than if they have a "divergent relation" (different dimension).

Dysarthria

- Difficulty and/or reluctance to speak

Broca's Aphasia

- Difficulty saying real words and just make sounds

Dual Route Hypothesis

- Early readers use phonological codes where skilled readers use direct visual coding to read

Spina Bifida (divided spine)

- Excessive cerebrospinal fluid resulting in learning difficulties

Turner's Syndrome

- Female syndrome where girls show difficulty in social relations and nonverbal problem-solving tasks, but their spoken language skills are normal

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis / Linguistic Relativity

- Hypothesis that states the language you speak unconsciously shapes your thinking about the world

Dual Process

- Idea that high level cognition relies on heuristic and analytics

Conduction Aphasia

- Language difficulty where a person can understand what is being said but cannot repeat it back correctly

Principle of Lexical Marking

- Marked terms are more difficult to reason with and to store in memory than unmarked terms - Also applies to descriptive terms (Wide, Narrow - width)

Sunk Cost

- Money or resources invested that cannot be recovered

Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

- No genetic flaw, normal intelligence but slightly less developed language

Correlational Studies

Collect data without manipulation and observes relationships

Cooperative Principle

- Principle that says in an interaction, speaker and listener work together to conduct a meaningful and understandable conversation

Reality Principle

- Principle that says in order for an utterance to be understood, a speaker must say something the listener can interpret using their personal knowledge of the world

Analogical Reasoning

- Problem solving based on noticing similarities between current problem and one that was encountered in the past - Reasoning by learning from past events

Well-Defined Problems

- Problems that have clear goals, and a clear solution Example: Chess, math, etc.

Ill-Defined Problems

- Problems with goals that may have multiple answers, no one correct answer, and it is not always clear what the problem is

Counterfactual Reasoning

- Reasoning from assumptions or hypotheses that the reasoner believes to be false Example: If I had studied for the test, I would have gotten a good grade

Deductive Reasoning

- Reasoning from general to specific

Inductive Reasoning

- Reasoning from specific to general

Reasoning Schemas

- Set of rules and procedures that reasoners automatically follow to draw or evaluate conclusions

Primary Progressive Aphasia

- Slow deterioration in the ability to understand language - Starts off as inability to understand specific words, then ability to identify names of objects, then reduction in general comprehension

Logographic System

- System of language that uses "letters" or characters to resemble different words Example: Chinese

Phonological (Alphabetic) System

- System of language that uses a series of sound based letters to create spoken language Example: English

Syllabary System

- System of language that uses letters or symbols to resemble syllables Example: Japanese

Pragmatics

- System of rules for social cooperation when speaking such as how to act, how to respond, and what to expect

Marked Terms

- Term that is difficult to understand because it is specific and complex (Lioness vs. Lion)

Unmarked Terms

- Term that is easy to understand because of its simplicity and generalizability (Lion vs. Lioness)

Linear Reasoning

- The ability to draw a conclusion from pairs of relationships on the same dimension Example: Barbara is taller than Jessie, Jessie is taller than Pam, so Barbara is taller than Pam

Conjunction Fallacy

- The belief that the likelihood of 2 independent events occurring together is greater than the likelihood of either one occurring alone

Social Exchange Rules

- The idea that when interacting with others, there are certain rules you must abide by "I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine"

McGurk Effect

- The inability to hear sound correctly when a speaker's utterances and lip movements do not match; the listener hears something that is neither in the mouth movements of the speaker nor in the auditory signal

Gambler's Fallacy

- The mistake that independent past events will affect future events

Subjective Utility

- The personal evaluation of a decision outcome

Prosody

- The rhythm, stress, and intonation pattern of the voice

Dopaminergic Theory of Positive Affect (DTPA)

- The theory that mood affects the production of dopamine, which in turn activates parts of the brain that contribute to problem solving and creativity

Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT)

- The theory that states: 1. Capacity: Unconscious thought requires little cognitive capacity 2. Processing: Unconscious thought slowly integrates info to and from an objective summary judgment 3. Evidence: Unconscious thought weighs the relative importance of various attributes absent biased thoughts

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

- The theory that the entire body's emotion-related circuitry is the basic system in which decision making occurs, which is in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. If damaged, an individual may have difficulty making decisions

Speech Recoding

- The translation of visual characters into a kind of subvocal speech; individual speech sounds activate word and contextual knowledge in memory, which allows people to understand writing and speech

Interaction Models

- Theories of speech perception that evaluate the entire context of the interaction among linguistic and social elements Example: semantics of words, syntax of utterance, and theme of social exchange (filling in the ____ of sentences where you don't hear the word)

Fuzzy Logic Model

- Theory of speech perception composed of 3 stages (evaluation, integration and assessment/decision), which assumes the listener has stored idealized "prototypical forms of speech sounds in their LTM and matches the incoming sounds to them

TRACE Model

- Theory of speech recognition that assumes listeners will use all the info at their disposal all at once. Works forward and backwards: people not only identify initial speech sounds but can also correct initial ID of speech sounds when incorrect

Cohort Model

- Theory that divides speech recognition into 2 stages - Stage 1: detects the beginning sounds of the word which activates all possible words in LTM with a similar set of sounds - Stage 2: Processes info to eliminate words that are not the target word

Indirect Access Hypothesis

- Theory that emphasizes the use of basic sensory processes (such as sight) and the phonological components of word identification in reading (not automatic)

Dissociative Disorders

Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Prospect Theory (Cumulative Prospect Theory)

- Theory that explains the relationship between framing effects (presented as gains or losses) and the choices people make. Generally, people are more affected by the fear of loss than the prospect of equivalent gain Would rather Win 30 out of 100 than lose 70 out of 100

Direct Access Hypothesis

- Theory that new readers are able to go from the visual arrangement of the letters of words directly to the lexicon, and that an appreciation for phonemic structure is gained from pronouncing recognized words (more automatic)

Williams Syndrome

- These people have incredible musical talents but have no spatial knowledge what so ever such as not being able to tell left from right

Paralogical Thinking

- Thinking that follows the format of normal logic, except that the speaker sees 2 things as identical based on the similarities between them

Paroxysmal Aphasia

- Total aphasia, but can still comprehend the situation

Automatic Speech

- Type of aphasia that is nearly total aphasia except for the ability to recite highly learned phrases or written passages

Abductive Reasoning

- Type of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn that offers the best explanation for the facts at hand (Sherlock Holmes reasoning)

Word Deafness

- Unable to understand any type of speech but can speak and make sound

Sunk Cost Fallacy

- When additional money or resources are invested in an already failed investment to "save" the failure of investment

Belief-Bias Effect

- When people allow their personal knowledge and beliefs to affect their decisions as to whether or not a conclusion is logically valid

Anchoring and Adjustment

- When presented an example, people tend to guess not to far from this example if unknown Mississippi River example

Disconfirmation

- When proving a hypothesis, researchers must falsify it

Principle of Congruity

- When the codes of the question and the facts of what is stored match, answers are faster and more accurate

time devoted to housework

- labor automation; = time commitment similar; + consumerism time consuming

Methodological argument against Mischel's critique of traits

-.30 based on incomplete literature review -Situation effects (converted to correlation) are about .3 -Naturalistic behavior (opposed to behavior in lab) improves it to .42-.56 (Fleeson & Gallagher, 2009) -Aggregate across many situations improves to >.4

Erikson psychosocial stage: Childhood play age (3-6)

-Behavior Modality: Exploring the world, play -Psychosocial crisis: initiative vs. guilt *If parents encourage fantasy and curiosity: Promotes awareness of others, seeking answers, approaching style *If parents inhibit child completing task, or excessive punishment: Immobilization, worthlessness, afraid to try, avoiding style -Ego strength: Purpose= Courage to envision and pursue valued goals, uninhibited by the defeat of infantile wishes, guilt, or fear of punishment.

Erikson psychosocial stage: Infancy

-Behavior Modality: To get and give in return -Psychosocial crisis: trust vs. mistrust *If caregiver provides familiarity and consistency of experience: World experiences as safe, stable, reliable. Moments of mistrust can be repaired *If caregiver is unreliable, rejecting, inadequate Fosters suspicion and apprehension about the world. -Ego strength: Hope= Enduring belief one can attain wishes despite chaos & uncertainty.

Erikson psychosocial stage: Early childhood

-Behavior Modality: To hold on vs. to let go -Psychosocial crisis: Autonomy vs. shame *If parents allow freedom to control their own activities. Fosters self-control without loss of self-esteem. Moments of mistrust can be repaired *If parents are impatient, or expect too much: Anger over lack of autonomy turned inward (shame) -Ego strength: Will= Determination to exercise free choice and self-control in spite of unavoidable shame and doubt.

Erikson psychosocial stage: Adolescence (12-19)

-Behavior Modality: to be yourself, show yourself honestly -Psychosocial crisis: ego identity vs. role confusion -Consolidate self-images into a cohesive, consistent personal identity...Who am I? Influenced by social groups (reflected appraisals of others) Seek out experiences that confirm your social role (e.g. Athlete making football team). Can over identify with peer group, lose your true sense of self. *If not, IDENTITY CRISIS Experience disorganization Adopt "negative identity", counter culture -Ego strength: Fidelity= Being true to your real self, in spite of social pressure to conform.

Erikson psychosocial stage: Late adulthood

-Behavior Modality: to face not being -Psychosocial crisis: ego integrity vs. despair -Ego Integrity: looking back satisfied with life. Death not feared, one's life continue through offspring and/or accomplishments. -Despair: "what might have been". Hidden fear of death, feeling of failure, regret, blaming the world. -Ego strength: Wisdom= Detached concern for life in the face of death. Wisdom inherited from society, evolved to look beyond one's self.

Erikson psychosocial stage: Early adulthood

-Behavior Modality: to have meaningful connection with another -Psychosocial crisis: intimacy vs. isolation Intimacy shared with partners, friends, family, self. Develop capacity to merge yourself deeply with another without fear of loosing yourself. -Isolation Self-absorption and/or avoidance of relationships seen as threatening. -Ego strength: Love= Shared identity, mutual devotion, sex as a bonding experience (not just a physical satisfaction or aspect of personal pride).

Erikson psychosocial stage: Childhood school age (6-12)

-Behavior Modality: to produce things -Psychosocial crisis: industry vs. inferiority *If skills and status are promoted in school: Interest in learning, comprehending structure, recognize culture *If skills and status are devalued in school: Learning is discouraged, ineffective at building skills, sensitive to failing -Ego strength: Competence= Freely exercise intelligence in the completion of tasks, unimpaired by unreasonable inferiority.

Erikson psychosocial stage: Middle adulthood

-Behavior Modality: to take care of -Psychosocial crisis: generativity vs. stagnation -Generativity: recognizing responsibility of your generation, enhance culture for next generation. -Stagnation: self-absorption, not concerned with society. -Ego strength: Care= The widening concern for what should be loved. Care can overcome the ambivalence of adhering to irreversible obligations (taking that job, having a child).

4 types of generativity

-Biological -Parental -Technical -Cultural

Hippocrates' 4 humors

-Choleric (irritable) -Melancholic (depressed) -Sanguine (optimistic) -Phlegmatic (calm)

Immature defenses

-Defend against boundary between self and outer world

Mature defenses

-Defend against internal boundaries -What I want (id) vs. What I should do (superego)

Depressive Position (6 months+)

-Efforts to manage complex relationships with others. -Process loss of a "perfect" self and other

Paranoid-Schizoid Position (birth-6 months)

-Experiences are so intense, self and objects are split into good or bad components. -Benefit: feels good to invest in phantasy -Cost: distorted reality, unattainably high self-expectations

FFM across cultures

-Extraversion higher in American and European people, as compared to those from Asian cultures -More pronounced differences within a culture than between cultures

Defenses are used when

-Fixing a problem -Conveying an emotion -Making an experience more enjoyable -Translating impulses and emotions into more familiar dynamics

3 levels of consciousness

-conscious -preconscious -unconscious

Counterculture

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted in a society.

Principles of Client Centered Therapy (4)

-Focus on understanding the client (Not judging, not passively checking out) -Communicate your attempts to understand them (Allowing them to correct you) -Giving them unconditional positive regard (Not permission to behave irresponsibly) -Help them identify how their self-concept and experiences are not congruent. (They will naturally correct if they feel sufficiently accepted.)

Fundamental motives (Freud, Jung, ORT)

-Freud: drive reduction -Jung: drive balance -ORT: "Object seeking"

Similarities in Interpreting dreams (Jung vs. Freud)

-Humans are motivated by innate physiological urges -Mental activity powered by psychic energy (Libido) -Importance of unconscious

Safe Holding environment

-I am the center of the universe -Omnipotence, fantasy, part-object relations -My needs are synchronized with mother's actions -Not a perfect, but "good enough" mother

Difference between Bowlby and Klein

-Klein: explained child emotional problems through internal phantasies. -Bowlby highlighted the actual family experiences and family unit as important. *Focused on Children's ability to separate from parental figures

Prototaxic mode

-Lack of object permanence -Experiences are unconnected -No language -No causal logic -Can't attribute their actions to causing their needs to be met.

Syntaxic mode

-Mature causal logic and use of consensual symbols (e.g. language) -Has object permanence -Can organize past, present, future to anticipate results of actions. -Determine cause and effect -Past experiences used to inform future behavior Egocentric position decreases (E.g. maybe I'm not the reason my parents are divorcing)

Word Association

-Meant to uncover a psychological complex -Look for signs of disturbance, hesitation, failed ability to recall what they originally said. Indicative of a complex.

Development of personal narrative- adulthood

-More reflective (vs. dramatic) -Stories are more complex -Integrating positive & negative elements of the story. -Exploring negative life events related to health and maturity.

Transition/Differentiation

-Mother gives infant space to be on his/her own -Use of transitional objects to cope with separation

Five Factor Model (FFM)- 5 factors

-Neuroticism (vs. emotional stability) -Extraversion (vs. introversion) -Openness to experience (vs. closedness) -Agreeableness (vs. disagreeableness) -Conscientiousness (vs. disconstraint)

Differences in Interpreting dreams (Jung vs. Freud)

-Not as focused on sexual motivations -Recognizes the importance of a person's future -Extends the unconscious

Interpersonal/object relations theory and death

-Not only lose actual person -Lose internal representation of them -Lose their reflected appraisals of you -Lose a part of yourself (you when interaction with them)

Selfobject

-Objects used to make self feel complete -Proper selfobject experiences build cohesion of self -Faulty selfobject experiences lead to fragmentation of self

Transitional Objects

-Objects used to represent subjective (internal) fantasy of omnipotent world and attuned caretakers. -Teaches child there is more than one source of support, attunement, and achievement (omnipotence)

Melanie Klein: Developmental story

-Paranoid-schizoid position -depressive position -mature personality

Psychic energy cycle (basic)

-Self -tension build -express drive -cathexis object -tension reduction ...etc.

3 levels of structural diagnosis

-Self and other integration? -Function and type of defenses? -Reality testing?

Parataxic Mode

-Trial and error (side by side) reasoning -Correlation = causation -Egocentric memory -Parataxic logic: saying I am sorry undoes what I did -Parataxic distortion: One experience defines how it will always be. -Treating others as if they are that same person. -Freud would call this projection (?) -Developing foresight, anticipation, intention

3 channels of communication

-What the client says -How the client behaves -Your reaction to the client

Systematic desensitization

-develop hierarchy of fears -gradually work through fears, paired with relaxation skills

Reciprocal inhibition

-exposure to feared stimulus -introduce positive stimulus -inhibits anxiety response

Physiology of Hunger

-hunger is controlled by the interaction among complex pathways in the nervous system and a variety of hormonal and chemical systems in the brain and body -When the stomach is empty we feel hunger -The hypothalamus is important to eating -The lateral part cues us to eat while the ventromedial part cues us to stop eating -Eating is influenced by hormones - orexin, insulin, ghrelin, and leptin -Triggers for eating - leptin, the availability of desirable food, the passage of time

modern development of personality trait theory (3 parts)

-lexical hypothesis -research hypothesis -childhood features

Observational Learning (2 parts)

-modeling -vicarious reinforcement

Adler's belief about how parents can contribute to an inferiority complex

-pampering -neglect -other: unattainable standards, ridiculing children, excessive criticism of others, etc.

Status

A social position that someone holds in the social structure.

Donald Winicott: Developmental story

-safe holding environment -transition/differentiation -true self

L35: Crime Law Deviance

.

L36: Crime Law Deviance II

.

L37: Crime Law Deviance III

.

L38: Police Policy

.

L39: Punishment

.

L40: Human Rights

.

L41: Human Rights II

.

L43: Stratification & Differentiation

.

L44: Inequality Economy/Class

.

L45: Social Status

.

L46: Gender Inequality

.

L47: Race Ethnicity Discrimination

.

L48: First Nations Inequality

.

L49: Poverty Homelessness

.

L50: Consequences of Prejudice

.

L51: Inequality Solutions

.

L52: Institutions

.

L53: Work Occupations

.

L54: Occupations and Work

.

L55: Family

.

L56: Education

.

L58: Sociology of Health

.

L60: Social Movements & Social Change

.

L61: Social Change II

.

L64: States Governance Social Change

.

Hume

...

Classical conditioning (dog study)

1- Food is US and Salivation is UR 2- Bell is NS... no CR 3-Bell + Food leads to UR (salivation) 4- Bell is now CS and leads to Salivation (now CR)

Process of Phallic stage

1-Tendency to take on role of same sex parent 2-Brings conflict and anxiety with same sex parent 3-Identify with same sex parent to remove anxiety and develop superego ideal to get someone like your opposite sex parent.

Functions of Language

1. Describe the World - Describes concepts and is a reflection of the social structure. 2. Constructs Reality - Contains hidden assumptions about the way the world works. 3. Vehicle for Change - Those who control language control perception.

Postindustrial Process

1. From tangible products ideas - symbolic production rather than the production of tangible goods. 2. From mechanical to literary skills - rewards predicated on literacy and computer skills. 3. From Factories to almost everywhere - increasing telecommunication rather than place based jobs.

Consequence of Global Economy

1. Global Division of Labor 2. Increased number of products 3. National governments no longer have control over goods and resources 4. Small number of businesses globally control a vast portion of the world's wealth 5. Raised concerns about the rights of workers when businesses can move freely; yet people are bound by the confines of nation-states

Depression Cycle

1. Negative stressful events 2. Pessimistic explanatory style 3. Hopeless depressed state 4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection

Industrial Revolution

1. New sources of energy changed "manual" labor to machine-based production 2. Centralization of work in factories - work moved from homes/farm to factories. 3. Manufacturing and Mass Production - Before this most people produced their needs at home. 4. Specialization - Repeating single task over and over at factories. 5. Wage Labor - Selling labor for a wage is new

Sherif

5 phenomenon; light seen in totally dark room perceptual illusion (light moves), individual guesses becomes stable

Five steps of scientific method

1. State the problem 2. Make observations 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Do an experiment 5. Write up conclusions

Traditional Stage

1. Thought that people in traditional societies cannot imagine a more "modern" way of life. *Rostow's Stages of Modernization

Economic Concentration

2,568 corporations represent 80 percent of all corporate assets. Some generate more income than almost all the states alone.

Take Off Stage

2.Society starts to "shake the grip" of tradition, people start to use their talents & imagination - sparks economic growth *Rostow's Stages of Modernization

zimbardo experiment

24 'normal' people put in prison; 12 guards/12 prisoners

Photoreceptors

3 types of cones that are sensitive to either red, blue, or green.

Drive to Technomaturity

3.Growth spurs the pursuit of higher living standards. *Rostow's Stages of Modernization

High Mass Consumption

4. People experience a new "need" for the "good things". *Rostow's Stages of Modernization

Metropolis

A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area.

Prenatal Development

5-8 weeks: responds to touch on mouth and feet 20 weeks: stimulated by sounds, responds to light from a fetoscopy by shielding eyes 28 weeks: blinks eyes in reaction to nearby sounds 30-34 weeks: sow rhythmic alterations between sleep and wakefulness

Thurstone

8 multiple intelligence theory, which includes all school-based concepts that each student was tested on. If one student scored well in one area they were likely to score well in another proving spearman's g-factor

Fixation

=A pathological resolution to a stage's developmental conflicts. -Due to frustration or indulgence of needs. -Overinvestment of libido (psychic energy) in gratifying needs at that stage.

Copy process: identification

=Act like that important other -Treat others as you were treated

Copy process: Recapitulation

=Behave like that other person is still in control -Expect from others, how you were treated.

Malevolent transformation

=Belief others are hostile and unloving "So I need to be to in order to survive" Can lead to bullying others

Regression

=Coping through immature behaviors consistent with an earlier stage of development.

Self as an author

=Creating self-defining stories to form a narrative identity -Incorporates social roles, and personal motivations -Who you are defined by the stories you tell

Mastery

=Fundamental human motive to master our environment. -Promoted by praise that is earned.

Pre-conscious

=Information that is not conscious at this time, but can be recalled -Superego and ego are found here

Unconscious

=Instinctual drives, emotions, urges, and memories so disturbing to the conscious that they are repressed (cannot be remembered) -Superego, (some) ego, and Id are found here

Self as a actor

=Present yourself to others through playing a role, enacting routines, manage your audience's impression. -Concerned about how others view you

Conscious

=Sensations and experiences you are aware of -Superego and ego are found here

Defenses

=Tools the ego uses to cope with realistic, neurotic, and moral anxiety. -operate pre(un)consciously -Can be healthy if employed in appropriate circumstance

Copy process: introjection

=Treat yourself as that person treated you -Treat yourself as you have been treated

Contamination sequence

=finding negativity in positive events Example: marriage is great but ends in divorce

Redemption sequence

=finding positive meaning in negative events Example: father passed away but the family became closer

How did skinner add to classical conditioning?

?

Social Mobility

A change in position in social hierachy. Ex: "Upper-class to The Working Class or The Working Class to Upper-class."

Intragenerational social mobility

A change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime. Ex: "I was poor and now, I'm rich!"

Socio-economic Status

A composite rankning based on various dimensions of social inequality. *Max Weber

Alienation

A condition where human beings were estranged from their determination with regard to theri social world and especially from their work. *Karl Marx

Language

A culture's most pervasive set of symbols. Defined as a system of symbols that people use to communicate with one another.

Government

A formal organization that directs the political life of a society.

Dependency Theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones. 1. Historical Perspective - The economic success of many rich countries have been achieved by the legacy of colonialism 2. The Importance of Colonialism - Former colonalism disappeared, but economic relationship of subordination & domination lives.

The care perspective

A moral perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

What is a trait?

A neuropsychic system with the capacity to render many situations functionally equivalent, leading to relatively consistent forms of behavior.

Neocolonialism

A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Personality

A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.

Gender Identity

A person's personal sense of being male or female (masculine, feminine and androgynous)

Symbolic Interactionism

A product of everyday interactions of individuals: micro-level

Postindustrial Economy

A productive system based on service work and high technology.

Delay of gratification

A self regulatory process that is related to moral behavior

Ethnicity

A shared cultural heritage. *Cultural

Structural Social Mobility

A shift in social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society than to individual efforts. Ex: "1950-1970s in the United States, and now numerous people falling into the ranks of the poor - mass social change."

Social Facts

A social phenomena that exist in an objective realm, and are external to individuals operating by their constraining or coercive influence on an individuality. They are general and collective. *Emile Durkheim

Acheived Status

A social position that one attains through their actions.

Race

A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. *Biological

Race-Pluralism

A state in which racial & ethnic minorities are distinct but have equal social standing.

Theory

A statement of how and why facts are related

Master Status

A status that has special importance for social identity.

Longitudinal research

A study in which a single cohort of individuals are assessed over multiple time points.

Social stratification

A system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a hierachy Ex: "Upper class, Upper-uppers, Lower-Uppers, Upper-Middles, Average-Middles, The Working Class, The Lower Class."

Ecosystem

A system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment.

Genderqueer

A term applied to individuals who do not identify within the gender binary.

Piaget's Formal Operational

Abstract reasoning, Developmental Phenomena (2) Abstract logic, Potential for moral reasoning

Genotype

Actual genetic material sets a range of possible phenotypes (ex. hair color)

Biggest Consumers of music

Adolescence

Managing Stress

Aerobic exercise biofeedback relaxiation meditation religious attendance

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. (Depression= too little)

Radical Feminism

Aims to challenge and overthrow patriarchy by opposing traditional gender roles. To them, gender roles are the prevailing mechanisms by which women are oppressed.

Determinism

All mental (and physical) behavior determined by prior causes, usually unconscious motives.

Out-group Homogenetity

All of "them" are judged to be very similar

Role Set

All the roles attached to a particular status.

Status Set

All the statuses that people hold at a given time.

Experiment

Allows researches to determine cause and effect relationships

Intersection Theory

An analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender, which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

An approach to te study of motivation that emphasizes the importance of cognitive and behavioral consistency.

Socialism

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are not privately owned. 1. Collective ownership of property 2. Pursuit of Collective 3. Government control for the economy

Capitalism

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned. 1. Private Ownership 2. Pursuit of Personal Profit 3. Competition & Consumer Choice

Limits to Growth Thesis

An economic system that keeps growing in an ecosystem of fixed size is doomed to failure.

Multiculturalism

An educational & cultural perspective that recognized the cultural diversity of the US.

Corporation

An organization with a legal existence including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members.

Gestalt

An organized whole.

Transgender

An umbella term applied term to those who gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth.

Pluralism

Analysis of politics that sees power as dispersed among various interest and interest groups.

Fearful/Avoidant AAI style

Angry or ambivalent representations of the past. Incoherent & defensive story. -(Avoid. high, anx. high)

Automatic Behavior Pattern

Animals sometimes only respond to a single feature of the relevant information in the situation

Eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, etc.

Minority

Any category of people that are characterized by physical and cultural traits that society uses to set apart and subordinate that group.

Social Dysfunction

Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.

Symbols

Anything that carries a particular meaning within a culture

Socialist Feminism

Argues a fundamental interconnection between women's struggle and class struggle. Women are a class of people who are subordinate under capitalism to men.

Brofenbrenner's Macrosystem

Aspect of culture

Models of Cultural Adaptation

Assimilation, Acculturation, Alternation and Multicultural

ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Projection

Attribute unacceptable emotions, thoughts, motivations to others or the environment

Terror management theory and death

Balance between the desire to live and the realization that death is inevitable

Who did the BOBO doll experiment and what was it

Bandura; children watched an adult perform behaviors on a bobo doll and the children copied their behavior

Theoretical Approach

Basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Biological generativity

Begetting, bearing, nursing offspring Object: infant

Role

Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.

Psychological Disorder

Behavior patterns that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Self-efficacy

Belief in your ability/competence to succeed in reaching your goals or impact your environment -Built on performance accomplishments, verbal persuasion, emotion, etc.

Max Weber

Believed the goal of sociology is to understand human action.

Causes of Psychological Disorders

Biological Factors Biochemical process Genetic learning and reinforcement roles expectations stress

Treatments of Psychological Disorders

Biological Treatments Drugs Psychosurgery Cognitive, behavior, group, insight therpaies

Levels of Analysis

Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural

Moral Identity

Blasi sees moral connections as central to one's life

Androgenous

Both feminine and masculine traits

Macro-Level

Broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

Prefrontal cortex

CEO of the brain; specializes in cognitive analysis, anticipation, planning, and impulse control. Grows from about age 12 to 25

Richard Wolff

Capitalism and Socialism polarization are being "challenged and displaced" for two reasons: 1. Capitalist markets are "planned" and regulated; hey have public resources. 2. Socialism relies on private property. Argues that state-planned socialist economies did not undo the fundamental feature of capitalism - absentee ownership of the means of production Democratic workplaces are a key feature to changing the economy beyond the dichotomous capitalism/state socialism dichotomy.

Marxist Model

Capitalism itself is the problem. Marx was both in awe of capitalism, but also suspicious of several of its fundamental characteristics. 1. Growth Imperative - Its need to ever expand means it must value profit over general well-being 2. Alienation - People do anything to survive and this alienates them. 3. Superstructural Control - The government the executive committee of the bourgeoisie.

Amygdala

Center for primitive emotions such as anger and outpaces the growth of PFC

How to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance

Change attitude change perception change behavior minimize the importance of the conflict reduce perceived choice

Organic Solidarity

Characterized complex or modern societies, based on complex division of labor, solidarity based on interdependence of people on one another.

Mechanical Solidarity

Characterized simple societies, less division of labor (occupations are less specialized) - solidarity based on similarities between people. *Emile Durkheim

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messages that cross synaptic gaps between neurons influence wether or next neuron will fire

Complimentarity

Communion: sameness (friendliness pulls for friendliness) Agency: oppositeness (dominance pulls for submission)

Conscientiousness vs disconstraint

Competence and constraint, focus on goals and order

Agreeableness vs disagreeableness

Compliant, willing to go along with things

Learned helplessness

Condition in which a person suffers from feelings of powerlessness. Belief that things will not change. (Example: shocking the dog experiment)

Communion

Condition of connecting to a larger social entity (friendly)

Agency

Condition of differentiation (Dominance)

Opposite (complementing) hypothesis

Confirming your expectations of others.

Role Conflict

Conflict among the roles connected to a particular status

Feminism

Conglomerate of social movements that support some sort of equality between men & women.

3 vales of Collectivism

Connectedness, orientation to the larger group, respect and obedience

Structural Functionalism Critique

Conservative/Privileged Views Does not allow human agency to account for social change Assumes "Progress" Assumes value-free analysis as ideal Paints Society in Broad Strokes

Temperament

Constitutionally based individual differences in reactivity and self regulation

_______ reinforcement is learned the quickest, but extinguishes faster than intermittent reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement (FR)....

Left Hemisphere

Controls Right side of body Language

Right Hemisphere

Controls left side of body

Flynn

Country affect

Spearman

Created the theory of general intelligence (g-factor) meaning if you are intelligent in one area, you are likely to be intelligent in all areas

Cultural generativity

Creating, renovating, art, conserving a symbol Object: the society

Ideology

Cultural beliefs justify particular social arrangements. *Karl Marx

Subculture

Cultural pattens that set apart a segment of a society's population.

Popular Culture

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.

High Culture

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite.

Values

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful that serve as a broad guideline for social living.

Anomie

Dangers of Organic Solidarity: Modern society, there is a lack of social integration - no moral guidance due to cohesion as a result of too much diversity & cohesion only coming from the division of labor (No Clear Path) *Emile Durkheim

Conduct disorder

Demonstrate repeated violations of the rights of others or major social norms, and show little remorse or empathy

Trait perspective

Describes personality in terms of a persons level on certain characteristic patterns of behavior; traits are thoughts to be determined in genetics, though experience may also plays a role

True Self

Development of capacity to be alone

Role Theory

Differences between men and women emerge due to the different tasks attributed to males and females in a society

Shyness

Discomfort and inhibition in interpersonal situations that interferes with pursuing one's interpersonal or professional goals.

Neuroticism vs emotional stability

Distressed and anxiety-prone

Eurocentricism

Dominance of European cultural patterns.

Critical Thinking

Don't blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Simple, Short-term solutions

Don't work. A single in-service, or PTA meeting, or an assembly is insufficient School Climate must change

Peer Mediation/conflict resolution

Don't work. Bullying is not a conflict but a "victimization" May send the message that the bullied child is partly at fault may retraumatize the targeted child has not been shown to reduce bullying behavior

Group treatment for those who bully

Don't work. Group members tend to serve as a role models Good intentions of this type of therapy are better realized in individual therapy

Zero tolerance policies

Don't work. Would affect up to 20% of kids may discourage reporting may be so restrictive that they limit victimized removing the child from school may remove positive role models

Anabolic Steroids

Drugs derived from test from testosterone, promote muscle growth but also affect hair growth and testicular volume in males

Infancy- Orienting/Regulation (C?)

Duration of orienting, soothability, attentional focus

Meylin Sheath

During adolescence, more axon become coated in this fatty substance that increases the transmission speed of certain neurons

Sleep Disorders

Dyssomnias, Sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, parasomnias, sleep terrors, sleep walking

Inter-related parts

Each structure serves a function and contribute to the overall function of society.

Income

Earnings from work or investments. Ex: "How much money do you make?"

Natural Environment

Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, waste, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.

Capitalist Advantages

Economic Productivity Economic Equality Personal Freedom

Global Economy

Economic activity that crosses national borders.

Secondary Revision

Effort to place logic into bizarre or nonsensical part of dreams, distorting the original dream

Neural Communication

Electrochemical Process

Assimilation in Models of Cultural Adapation

Embracing new culture while relinquishing old cultural identity

Realistic anxiety

Emotional response to perception of real dangers in the external world

Moral anxiety

Emotional response to the threat of punishment from superego (ex. Shame, guilt).

Neurotic anxiety

Emotional response to threat of unacceptable Id impulses become conscious

Moratorium

Emphasizes the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy; it is in this gap period that adolescence try on various roles to see which fit them the best

Sociological Imagination

Enables us to group history & biography & the relation between the two within society, that is its task and its promise. -We must understand the life and the history of a society (both)

gender

biological diff. don't explain completely; socially constructed

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating a culture by the standards of one's own.

Cultural Relativism

Evaluating a culture by using it's own standards.

Day Residue

Events throughout the day that you didn't fully process

Attachment security hypothesis

Everyone wants a securely attached partner

Variable interval

Example: pop quizzes or surprise visit from boss

Variable Ratio

Example: slot machines

Fixed interval

Example: weekly salary or presidential term

Piaget's Sensorimotor

Experiences the world through senses and actions((3)looking, touching, mouthing). Developmental Phenomena include (2) Object permanence and Stranger Anxiety

Phenotype

Expression of a characteristic that is programmed in (ex. actual hair color)

Materials Economy

Extraction -> Production -> Distribution -> Consumption -> Disposal

Authoritarian Personality Theory

Extreme prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals; people who show strong prejudice toward one minority are intolerant of all minorities.

Culture Theory

Extreme prejudice is found in some people, but some prejudice is found in everyone. Prejudice is culturally embedded.

Reactivity

Fear, cardiac response, duration, frequency of reactions

Infancy- Negative emotionality (N)

Fear, frustration, sadness, irritability

Peak experiences

Feeling of euphoria, harmony, interconnectedness

Reaction Formation

Feeling the opposite of how you truly feel (Stockholm syndrome)

Adrenarche

First hormonal phase of puberty

One Genus postulate

Focuses on the things all humans have in common.

Laws

Folkways and mores that are vital to the dominant interest so that they are written, legal formalizations that society members are required to obey.

Structural Functionalism

Framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability: macro-level

Social Conflict

Framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict & change: macro-level

Pinel

French psychologist that got permission to unchain some of the mental patients in the French revolution

Ethnicity

Function of heritage, nationality, race, religion and language. Great deal of diversity because of this in the United States

Socioeconomic Status

Function of occupational, educational and economic consideration; related to differences in access to resources

Selye

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

Phrenology

Gall proposed that the shape of a person's skull reveals their intellectual and emotional characteristics. Specific brain functions can be localized. Was applied to practical problems.

Multiple intelligences

Gardner's theory; a model that divides intelligence into distinct modalities that often have strong links to sensory or motor skills; 8 separate types of intelligence (linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic)

G-Conflict Theory

Gender Theory: Gender roles are based on domination and subordinated.

G-Symbolic Interactionism

Gender is produced and reproduced through subtle mechanisms.

Talcott Parsons

Gender role is complementary - Boys and Girls are socialized differently in order to fulfill different needs.

Agentic complementarity (oppositeness)

Generally found in clinic and community samples (in work settings only) Inconsistently found in student samples Leads to satisfying interactions Weakened for narcissistic people

Communal complementarity (sameness)

Generally found in student, community, and clinic samples Leads to a more satisfying interaction Complementarity enhanced when When not at work When in a high status (e.g. boss) role

Fechner

German psychophycisist that coined the name psychophysics and provided a set of procedures to relate the intensity of a physical stimulus to the magnitude of sensory experience

Collectivism

Give priority to values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity

Token economy

Giving the individual a prize for specific behaviours (example: rewarding child with a token for good behaviour... three tokens will win the child a piece of candy)

Conditions of Worth

Growth can be hindered by these excessive messages that you are valued to the extend to which you meet expectations

Seven Basic Emotions

Happiness Sadness Anger Fear Disgust Surprise Contempt NOT LEARNED

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness and arousal. (Depression= too little)

Indulgent

Highly involved, place few demands or controls on adolescents behavior. Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent and display less self-control

Multicultural in Models of Cultural Adaptation

Holding cultural identity and accepting that many can coexist in a setting

Cortisol

Hormone that is associated with increased fat storyge around waste which comes from the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting from the release of the adrenal gland

Racial salience

How much is race a part of your self-concept in the moment?

The Limits to Growth

Humanity must enact policies to control economic growth, population increase, pollution, and use of resources to avoid environmental collapse. Logic of growth flawed - a logic that dominates public policy

Lexical hypothesis

Hypothesis that if a concept is useful in describing a human's personality, the culture will likely have a word for it

Empathy

Important contributor to moral development which involves reacting to another person's emotional feeling with a similar emotional feeling

Social System Morality

In Kohlberg's Conventional level, stage four. Respectful of laws and rules because they exist

Mutual interpersonal exceptions, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

In Kohlberg's Conventional level, stage three. How people view you

Social Contract and Individual Rights

In Kohlberg's Postconventional level, stage five. Looking for ways to make it more fair

Universal Ethnic Principle

In Kohlberg's Postconventional level, stage six. Doing what is morally right

Heteronomous Morality

In Kohlberg's Preconventional level, stage one. Moral thought motivated by fear of punishment Penalty related

Individualism, purpose and exchange

In Kohlberg's Preconventional level, stage two. About self interest and reward

Castration Anxiety

In the oedipus complex, fear that father will take revenge by castrating him

Development of personal narrative- elementary school

Incorporate culture norms into stories

Dopamine

Increases the activity of neurotransmitters from this substance in some brain regions may be related to risk-taking during adolescence

Myelination

Increases through adolescence and enables inductive reasoning

Cross-sectional

Individuals of different ages are compared at a single point in time.

Sullivan's developmental model

Infant: needs met through parents Juvenile: needs met through same-sex friends Can give more realistic expectations Malevolent transformation Early adolescence: express motivations through sexual behavior Late adolescence: motivations beyond lust Adulthood: Capacity for genuine love. Mature set of interpersonal relationship

Total Institution

Institutions in which individuals are completely isolated from the rest of society for an extended period of time.

Teritary Prevention

Interventions aimed at reducing established problems and improving functioning. Examples include: create friendship groups for bullied kid encourage parents to use school conseling resources for bullying or victimization training kids not to be bystanders

Secondary Prevention

Interventions that increase the likelihood of early identification of a problem. Examples include: Train older peer monitors to watch out for bullying early identification of potential bullies or victims for social-skills training

Primary Prevention

Interventions that target at-risk groups before problems occur. Examples include: Publicizing school-wide policies spread messages to community reinforce prosocial behavior

Identify two conflict stages in Eriksons theory that relate to the early and middle adulthood stages

Intimacy vs Isolation Generatively vs Stagnation

Case Study

Involves collecting a large amount of in-depth data on a special single individual

Tertiary Sector

Involves services rather than goods (high income countries)

Naturalistic Observation

Involves unobtrusively collecting data in natural setting

Rite of Passage

Is a ceremony or ritual that represents the transition into adulthood

Synapse

Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrites or cell body of receiving neuron

Lucid Dreams

Knowing you are dreaming while in a dream. Can influence your dream.

Limbic System

LOCATION: below te cerebral hemispheres FUNCTIONS: contains the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. associated with emotions and drives.

Temporal Lobes

LOCATION: cerebral cortex. Lying roughly above the ears. FUNCTION: includes auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

Occipital Lobes

LOCATION: cerebral cortex. lying at the back of the head. FUNCTION: includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

Parietal Lobes

LOCATION: cerebral cortex. lying at the top of the head and toward the rear FUNCTION: receives sensory input for touch and body position.

Sensory Cortex

LOCATION: front of the parietal lobes FUNCTION: registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

Hypothalamus

LOCATION: lying below the thalamus FUNCTION: direst several maintenance activities (eat, drink, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Glial Cells

LOCATION: nervous system FUNCTION: support, nourish, and protect neurons

Frontal Lobes

LOCATION: portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead. FUNCTION: involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.

Cerebral Cortex

LOCATION: the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres FUNCTION: body's ultimate control and information processing center.

Thalamus

LOCATION: top of the brainstem FUNCTION:brains sensory switchboard. directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Sapir-Whorf Thesis

Language has imbedded within it ways of seeing and perceiving the world. People perceive the world throught the cultural lens of the world.

Subsystems

Large structure (spousal, parental, siblings, extended)

Fowler's Universalizing faith

Late adulthood (1) oneness with all beings transend doctrine and (2) comforts conflicting ideas

Synchronicity

Leads to "hunches" or intuitive guesses that are guided by the collective unconscious.

Underdeveloped persona

Leads to anxiety and resistance from others

Overdeveloped persona

Leads to images of arrogance

Anticipatory Socialization

Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.

Equivalence

Libido withdrawn from one aspect of personality reappears somewhere else (e.g. Freud's symptom substitution).

Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligence

Linguistic, logicomathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, and naturalistic

Demographic Transition Critiques

Linked to Modernization Theory Optimism that poor countries will solve problems as they industrialize Dependency Theory - Population isn't the problem; distribution is.

Brofenbrenner's Exosystems

Links between Microsystems and setting that the adolescent isn't involved in

Demographic Transition Theory

Links population patterns to a society's level of technological development.

Phallic stage

Major conflict: Oedipus complex/Electra complex (can I have who I want?)

Anal stage

Major conflict: Toilet training (can I do what I want?)

Genital stage

Major conflict: development of altruistic love (can I love who I want?)

Latent stage

Major conflict: none

Oral stage

Major conflict: weaning (can I have what I want?)

Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. (Seizures= too much)

Dependent Variable

Manipulated by the independent variable to observe it's effects- stays the same in an experiement

Independent Variable

Manipulated in an experiment to observe their effect on the dependent variable

Self-Persuasion

Many studies have shown that when people are induced to behave differently, their attitudes or beliefs will often times change accordingly.

Commitment

Marcia's Theory posits that identity status is determined by whether or not a person has experienced an identity crisis, and whether or not the person has registered toward this idea..

Similarity hypothesis

Matching needs for intimacy vs. independency

False Consciousness

Material & Institutional processes to capitalist society mislead the proletariat. *Karl Marx

The Logic of Growth

Material comfort, progress, science, economic growth. Argues that more powerful technology has improved lives and new discoveries will continue to do so in the future.

Dismissing AAI style

Memory lapses of childhood, minimize importance of family and personal impact on relationships. Defensive story. -(Avoid. high, anx. low)

Men vs. Women on infidelity

Men: more distressed by sexual infidelity Women: more distressed by emotional infidelity

Fowler's Conjunctive faith

Middle adulthood (1) is open to paradox and opposing views (2) stremming one's own limitations

Ecological Modernization

Minimize waste and pollution through increasingly efficient resource use which can increase profits. - technological innovation and transformation to improve environmental outcomes -market based environmental instruments such as eco-efficiency techniques

Stage 2

Minority is (socially disadvantaged), occupying a low position in the system of stratification. *Cycle of Prejudice

Modernization Theory

Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations. 1. Historical Perspective - Development of industrial technology has raised the standard of living. 2. Importance of Culture - Traditions created barriers.

Functions of Emotion

Motivate us, sustain goal-directed behaviors, provide feedback, regulate social interactions, affect cognitive functions, arousal affects performance.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Multiple personality disorder an unexpected partial or complete disruption of the normal integration of a person's conscious or psychological functioning that cannot be easily explained by that person.

FFM differences between gender

N- Higher in women A- Higher in women O-about the same E- about the same C-about the same Age 11-18: Self esteem lower in women

Childhood FFM

N- Negative Affectivity/Emotionality E- Surgency O- Orienting Sensitivity A- low Negative Affectivity and high Affiliation C- Effortful Control

Absolute Continuity Trait Changes

N: decreases with age E: no strong effect O: increases in adolescence, decreases in adulthood A: increases in old age C: increases with age

Costa& McCrae

NEO-PI; has five major dimensions, asseses 30 major traits; five factor model

John Henyrism

Named after a character in a folk tale who was said to work himself to death due to the maladaptive use of active coping strategies in response to chronic, uncontrollable stressors

Drive-reduction Theory

Needs and incentives combine to drive us

Rejecting

Neglecting; undemanding and unresponsive

Action Potential

Neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down the axon

Relative Continuity Trait Changes

Neuroticism- tends to decline Extraversion- tends to decline Openness- tends to decline Agreeableness- tends to remain the same Conscientiousness- tends to fluctuate

terminal branch of the axon

Neurotransmitters are released from this and into the synaptic gap

Horizontal social mobility

No change in social mobility in relation to parents. Ex: "My mom was poor and now, I'm still poor!"

Identity Defusion

No to crisis and no to commitment

Identity Foreclosure

No to crisis and yes to commitment

Folkways

Norms for routine or casual interaction.

Attachment avoidance

Not dysregulated by separation (20% of people).

Adler's fundamental drive

Not for love and sex, but power and superiority

Economic class

Not well defined categories, but a continuum ranging high to low. *Max Weber

Gender Intensification Hypothesis

Notion that differences between boys and girls become more pronounced in adolescence due to social pressure

Parental generativity

Nurturing, disciplining, little league coach Object: Child

"Brown Eye's Blue Eye's"

On the day that children were assigned to wear collars designated them as lower-status, they preformed worse on the reading test and the other children treated them unjustly

Stereotype threat

One Preforming worse on a task because of a stereotype that is placed upon one

Idealization

Only seeing the good in others

Class System

Open system, allows mobility Ex: "The American or mostly industrial stratification."

Economic Determinism

Other systems define inequality in economics. *Karl Marx

Self-Reinforcement

Our own system of rewards and punishments from our behavior, beyond what others might see

Disengagement

Overly rigid, overly guarded boundaries foster detachment

3 Modes of being in the world- Eigenwelt

Own world: the relationship with one's self, inner experiences, and subjective reactions to the world.

Bourgeoisie

Owners of the means of production. *Karl Marx

Types of Schizophrenia

PARANOID: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, with themes of persecution DISORGANIZED: disorganized speech or behavior flat or inappropriate behavior CATATONIC: immobility, extreme negativism, parrotlike speech or movements UNDIFFERENTIATED:many and varied symptoms RESIDUAL: withdrawal, after hallucination and delusions have disappeared.

Aversion therapy

Pairing unwanted activity with unpleasant behaviour (Example: showing person a scary picture of the effects of smoking... deters them from smoking in the future)

Primary Sector

Part of the economy that draws material from natural environment. (Low income places)

Acculturation in Models of Cultural Adaptation

Participating in majority culture while remaining old cultural identity

Global Stratification

Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole.

Environmental Racism

Patterns that make environmental hazards greatest for poor people, especially minorities. -Factories near poor neighborhoods -Poor drawn to factory work -Low Incomes led to affordable housing in undesirable neighborhoods -Less political clout for resident who are poor

Post Formal

Proposed as a fifth stage of cognitive development which is characterized by (1) reflection, (2) a sense that knowledge is provisional, (3) realism, and (4) recognition that cognition is open to emotion

Society

People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.

Self-Efficacy

People's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance.

Culture Shock

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.

Gender

Personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being male & female.

Psychoanalytical Perspective

Personality develops in childhood through psychosexual stages

Five factor theory on culture

Personality maturation largely determined by genetics, which is why we see cross-cultural consistency

Social-investment theory

Personality maturation occurs because you are put into different life roles.

Somatization

Physical expressions of symptoms

Segregation

Physical separation of categories of people.

Global South

Poor nations are predominantly located in the Southern Hemisphere.

David-Moore Thesis

Positions at top require investments of time, money, years in education therefore they should have higher rewards to encourage the best people to go after those positions. Ex: "The rich and powerful and prestigious are at the top because they are most talented and the best trained and they make greatest contribution to society's preservation."

Postmodernity

Postmodern epoch was distinguished from the modern age by its self-realization that more and more science and technology does not produce more and more freedom and reason; that is, increased power over nature has not led to utopia, as modern people once assumed it would.

Ivan Pavlov

Practiced classical conditioning using dogs

Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning

Pre conventional Conventional Postconventional

Infancy- Rhythmicity (A?)

Predictability in a child's biological functions, such as waking, becoming tired, hunger, and bowel movements

Malthusian Critiques

Prediction Flawed Birth rate began to drop during Industrialization Underestimates Human Ingenuity Ignored the role of social inequality in world abundance and famine.

Scapegoat Theory

Prejudice results from frustrations among people who are themselves disadvantaged - a "safer" way to express frustration over disadvantages

Preoccupied AAI style

Preoccupied (enmeshed) with parents. Incoherent & defensive story. Experience continuing preoccupation with their own parents. -(Avoid. low, anx. high)

Social Status

Prestige

Assimilation

Process by which minorities adopt patterns of the dominant category, often to enjoy similar standings.

Environment Deficit

Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short affluence.

Class Consciousness

Proletariat recognition of real position in the class structure - understand the exploited nature of labor. *Karl Marx

Egoism

Prolonged Sense of not belonging. Overdeveloped individuality leading to a weakening of the moral bonds we share with a group. (No Sense of Community) *Emile Durkheim

Social Construction of Reality

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.

R-Conflict Theory

Proposes that prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people to oppress others. Minorities encourage "race consciousness" to win greater power & privileges.

Anna Freud

Psychoanalytic theorist who proposed that adolescent problems stem from attachment to love objects

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Suppression

Putting off reaction to negative event until you have time to deal with it

Institutional Discrimination

Racial prejudice or discrimination embedded in the routine functioning of societal institutions

Personal Discrimination

Racial prejudice/discrimination expressed by individuals/small groups of people

Sociology Emerges

Rapid Change from Industrial Revolution & Capitalism Growth of Cities/Urbanization Political Changes - less reliance on traditional authority

Malthusian Theory

Rapid population growth would lead to social chaos. Geometric progression of population (2,4,6,8) Arithmetic progression of food population (2,3,4,5) Geometric = Doubling ~ Arithmetic = Limiting

Sociology Benefits

Re-evaluates common sense Sees opportunities and constraints in our lives Active Participants in Society Helps us live in a diverse world

Late FOT

Reasoning is tempered by experience; balanced; characterized by accommodation- make changes to what they already know- more realism

Sperry

Received nobel prize for research on split brain; talks about separate consciousness in split brain people, or the idea that each hemisphere has separate impulses and experiences; severely handicapped

Manifest Function

Recognized and intended function of a social structure. *Robert K. Merton

Androgen Levels

Related to aggressive behaviors and acting out

Leptin

Related to levels of onset of puberty in girls which is secreted by adipose tissue and is a marker of body fat percentage

Brofenbrenner's Mesosystem

Relations/Connections between Microsystems.

Piaget's Preoperational

Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning Developmental Phenomena (3) Pretend Play, Egocentrism, and Language Development

Experiment

Research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.

Participant Observation

Research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.

Identification

Resolution of oedipus complex is achieved through this; modeling of father in hopes of vicariously obtaining mother

Authoritative parent

Responsive and demanding =secure attachment

Permissive parent

Responsive and undemanding

Moral Character

Rest's view which involves having strength to carry out interactions

Global North

Rich nations are predominantly located in the Northern Hemisphere.

Prejudice

Rigid & unfair generalizations about an entire category of people. *Attitudes

Liberal Feminism

Rooted in classic liberal thinking that individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursure their own interest regardless of sex and gender.

Norms

Rules and expectation by which society guides the behaviors of its members.

Reality Principle:

Says that behaviour must take external world into account to satisfy needs

Secondary Process:

Says that ego delays gratification until it can match Id's primary process with perception of real object in external world.

Primary Principle

Says that one seeks immediate drive reduction from needs arising within

Primary Process

Says that one starts fantasizing about needs met through imagined objects

Industry vs. Inferiority

School age- feeling accomplished among peers or inferior among peers

Character Education

School programming that influences moral maturity by having a direct approach that emphasizes clear moral code

Service Learning

School programming that influences moral maturity by having an active approach that encourages students to take part in assisting others

Hidden Curriculum

School programming that influences moral maturity by having indirect moral education

Values Clarification

School programming that influences moral maturity by students being encouraged to define their own values and respect those of others

Secondary Sector

Sector of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured good. (refining petroleum into gas/metal into tools or cars) (middle-income places)

Sociological Perspective

Seeing the general in the particular, how society shapes our individual choices. *Peter Berger

Vicarious reinforcement

Sees other being rewarded, so reason that their behaviors is good to do

Vicarious punishment

Sees other punished, so their behaviors should not be copied.

Dejure Segregation

Segregation by law/public policy

Alternation in Models of Cultural Adaptation

Selectivity emphasizing different cultural identities in different situations

Self as an agent

Self as a set of goals, motivations and plans

Imaginary Audience

Sense that everyone is attuned to you as you are

Piaget four stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

Brofenbrenner's Microsystem

Setting in which adolescent are directly with others

Stereotype

Simplified descriptions applied to everyone in a category.

Thomas Theorem

Situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

Extraversion vs introversion

Sociability and positive emotions

Stage 3

Social disadvantage is then interpreted as a result of earlier prejudice and discrimination, but as evidence that the minority is innately inferior, the cycle repeats. *Cycle of Prejudice

In-group

Social group to which you belong

Out-group

Social group to which you don't belong

Ascribed Status

Social position that a person receives involuntarily.

Caste System

Social stratification based on ascription, or birth. (Closed) Ex:"Popular stratification amongst agrarian societies."

Meritocracy

Social stratification based on birth and individual achievement. Ex: "A stratification that has never existed before."

Degradation Ceremony

Socialization agents assail and devalue the subjects.

Matriarchial

Sociall organized in a way that females dominates.

Patriarchial

Socially organized in a way that males dominates.

Structure of Poverty

Society is primarily responsible for poverty. Ex: "Poor people are poor because of society."

Cisgender

Someone who is not transgender.

Ontogenetic

Something that occurs because of natural maturation; is innately driven

Stages of Demographic Transition

Stage 1 - Preindustrial Agrarian Societies (High birth rate, High death rate) Stage 2 - Industrialization (Death rate falls, birth rate remains high) Stage 3 - Mature Industrial Economy (Birth rate drops, death rate drops) Stage 4 - Post-Industrial Economy (Low-birth rate, steady death rate)

Gender Theory

Structural Functionalism: Gender is a social structure that performs a function in a society.

Minuchin's Structural Approach to families

Structure is comprised by unhealthy boundaries

Bobo doll experiment

Study in which children viewed how an adult interacted with a doll and then, when placed in the room with the doll afterward, acted in a similar fashion.

Research Methods

Survey, Case Study, Naturalistic Observation, Correlation, Experiment

Attachment theory and death

Task of grieving is to reorganize internal representation of the deceased to incorporate reality of the death.

cognitive therapies

Teach new, constructive ways of thinking.

Technical generativity

Teaching skills to successors, philosophy, mentoring, teaching Object: the apprentice, the skill

R&R Culture

Term or concept used to describe a culture in which rape and sexual violence are common and in which prevalent attitudes, norms, practices, and media normalize, excuse, tolerate, and even condone.

Systems Thinking

That everything exists as part of a larger system.

Parapraxis

The Freudian slip which according to Freud was not a mistake, but rather an instance where ego lost control of id

Glass Cieling

The Unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper levels of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications of achievements.

Power

The ability to influence the behavior of others.

Social interaction

The basic building block of society according to symbolic interactionist. Ex:"When we meet someone, and they speak to us.... reciprocal relationships between interactions."

Binet

The beginning of modern intelligence testing is realted to this theorist, who created a test designed to identify schoolchildren who would need special assistance

Social Darwinism

The belief in the survival of the fittest.

Racism

The belief that one racial category is innately superior/inferior to another.

Sexism

The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other.

Urbanization

The concentration of population into cities.

Social Function

The consequences of any social patterns for the operation of society as a whole.

Status consistency

The degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. Ex: "Weber's socio-economic status is a measure."

Agricultural Revolution

The development of agriculture allowed for the development of an economy as agricultural technology led to increasingly specialized work, permanent settlement, and trade allowed for place-based production and distribution.

Exploitation

The difference between what a worker earns and the profit that it produces the owner. *Karl Marx

Base

The economic foundations of a society.

Attachment

The emotional bonds we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver

Hypothalamus

The first step in gonadarche which involves the influence of motivated behavior and controls the endocrine system

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Non-material Culture

The intangible aspects of culture.

Lateralization

The left and right brains work together, but also have specific functions.

Custom Complex

The normative practice of one's culture and the cultural beliefs that underlie these practices

Social Capital

The number of religious institutions and school programs in a particular area

Sleep Paralysis

The person starts to wake up before paralysis wears off, yet still remains in a dreaming state. Hypnopompic hallucinations occur.

Culture of Poverty

The poor are primarily responsible for their poorness. Ex: "Poor are poor because of their own problems."

Authority

The power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive.

Primary socialization

The process by which children learn cultural norms of the society into which they are born.

Cultural Transmission

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.

Transition

The process by which one's gender expression to match their gender identity.

Phantom Limbs

The sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached to te body. Sensations include pain, movement, warmth, cold, itching, squeezing and burning.

Politics

The social institution that distributes power, and sets social agenda.

Economics

The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Superstructure

The social, political, and legal, relations which are said to be built upon the base by social conflict theorist.

Archetypes

The specific themes or symbols that help to organize our perception and experience.

Demography

The study of human population. - Helps us understand the effects that population has on our social and ecological existence.

Positivist Sociology

The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior. *Sociological Research

Interpretive Sociology

The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world. *Sociological Research

Critical Sociology

The study of society that focuses on the need for social change. *Sociological Research

Ecology

The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

Sociology

The systematic study of society

Material Culture

The tangible, physical artifacts of a culture.

Second Shift

The tensions experienced within AMerican families between the demands of work and the demands of childcare and housework, particularly by women. *Arlie Hochschild

GDP

The total value of all goods and services produced within the nation's border each year. Capitalist markets out-produce socialist ones.

Wealth

The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts. Ex: "How much make are making, invested into, and how much debt are you in?"

Gender Stratification

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege that society confers on people on the basis of gender.

Essentialism

The use of biological, physiological and, increasingly, genetic, causes as explanations for human social behavior (biology is destiny). It seeks to close off the possibility of changeable human behavior.

Constructivism

The view that reality is socially constructed or that meaning is "constructed" through social, legal, scientific, and other practices. In this case, differences in male and female behavior were due to cultural training.

Real Culture

The way culture really is.

Social Structure

The way in which occuring patterns in society are organized.

White Privilege

The way in which white people accrue structural advantages in society. Differs from overt racism or prejudice because white peoples' social, cultural, and economic experiences are the norm and ignore the differences in experience between white/non-white persons.

Ideal Culture

The way we would like culture to be or say culture should be.

Reciprocal determinism

Theory that states that a person's behaviour both influences and is influenced by the environment and personal factors.

Self-actualizing theory

Theory that states that people have an inherent drive toward being competent, good, capable, self-adjusted, increased autonomy, etc.

Piaget's Contrete Operational

Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and preforming arithmetical operations Developmental Phenomena (2) Conservation, Mathematical transformation

Ockham's Razor

This principle states that when explaining a phenomenon, one should make as few assumptions as possible (Use the simplest solution possible)

Piaget

This psychologist proposed that human cognitive development occurs in four age-related stages, with formal operational stage occurring during the adolescent years.

Brofenbrenner's Chronosystem

Timing and patterning of events over the life course-NOT a part of the whole- set aside from the big picture

Function of defenses

To keep painful material repressed from awareness

Displacement

Transfer emotion (anger, frustration) to a safer, more acceptable, or more controllable object

Equilibration

Transition from one stage of cognitive development to the next

Objectification

Treating women like objects

Sternberg

Triarchic theory: created a three part theory of intelligence (1) analytical thinking (2) creative intelligence (3) practical intelligence

Boundary Ambiguity

Uncertainty regarding the roles of different member of the family

Enmeshment

Unclear, loose boundaries foster inappropriate dependence

Early FOT

Unconstrained thoughts with unlimited possibilities; idealistic; characterized by assimilation; characterized by concrete thinking

Goals of Science

Uncover lawful relationships among events Describes, explains, predicts and applies Good explanations are reliable and useful Determines the conditions under which an event is more or less likely to occur.

Discrimination

Unequal treatment of various categories of people. *Actions

Neglectful

Uninvolved, few limits. Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent and display less self-control

Power elite Model

United States does not have a true democracy because of the fact that power is concentrated among the rich. 3 groups control the agenda - Super Rich High Ranking Military Government

Collective unconscious

Universal themes or symbols inherited from ancestral emotional life.

Latent Function

Unrecognized and unintended function of a social structure. *Robert K. Merton

Authoritarian parent

Unresponsive and demanding =avoidance attachment

Neglectful parent

Unresponsive and undemanding

Intergenerational social mobility

Upward/Downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents. Ex: "My mom was poor and now, I'm rich!"

Suburbs

Urbanish areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.

Development of personal narrative- adolescence

Use stories to link different events in their life to a coherent self-biography

Existing sources

Using data collected by other sources.

Scientific Method

Using observations to create a testable hypothesis that will create theories.

Secure AAI style

Value attachment relationships, describe them in a balanced way and as influential. Story is coherent and non-defensive. -(Avoid. low, anx. low)

_______schedules are harder to learn but take longer to extinguish.

Variable schedules (VR, VI)...

Culture

Ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.

Fetal stage

Week nine, becomes a fetus and starts growing significantly

Angle

What is your "interpersonal style"

Equilibrium

When one extreme is conscious, the unconscious compensates by emphasizing the other extreme. Over time, the opposite is likely to emerge.

Detouring

When parents cant resolve problems between them, they direct their focus of concern away from themselves and onto their child

Emotional Competence

When someone recognizes and understands emotion is linked to behavioral problems and behavioral disturbances.

Individualism

When your personal goals come before the group goals; having a sense of self

Lutcinizing Hormone

Which is released by the pituitary gland regulates E2 secretion & ovum development of follicles (F) and sperm (M)

Mores

Widely observed and have great moral significance.

3 Modes of being in the world- Mitwelt

With world: the meaning one makes out of relationships.

Remembering Location of items

Women tend to score higher than men in this specific task, while men tend to outperform women on tests of spatial ability

Reproductive Control

Women's right to control reproduction. Ability to control reproduction gives women greater choices about how to live.

Mature Personality

Worked through issues of depressive position and can now let go of the phantasy of a perfect other.

Proletariats

Workers under the means of productions. *Karl Marx

3 Modes of being in the world- Umwelt

World around: laws of nature, instincts.

strength

WxUxNxC = worthy, unity, numerous, commitment

Identity Moratorium

Yes to crisis and no to commitment

Schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Sleep Deprivation

a lack of sleep

Dyslexia

a learning disability that typically involves a deficit in phonological processing despite normal intelligence, a good motivation to learn to read, and ample early exposure to environments that normally foster reading

Intelligence quotient

a measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age

Specific intelligence

a measure of specific skills in narrow domains

Correlation

a measure of the extent t which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other. CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION.

Kohler

a member of the Gestalt psychology group

Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between severe depression to overexcited mania

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

Reticular Formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Identity crisis

a period during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives

Major Depressive Disorder

a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Biological Preparedness

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Personality Disorders

a psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

Bipolar disorder

a psychological disorder with swings in mood back and forth with periods of near normal mood in between

Baddeley

a psychologist that provided evidence for four components of working memory (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer)

Experiment

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

Emotion

a response of the whole organism involving physical arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

McNaughton Rule

a rule articulated to limit claims of insanity that states a criminal must not "know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not what he was doing was wrong"

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible

Hemispherectomy

a surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere is removed.

Survey

a technique for getting self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group. Usually questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Hypothesis

a testable prediction

Scientific Theory

a theory that explains scientific observations

central triat

a trait that affects many behaviours

secondary trait

a trait that does not really affect behaviour

cardinal trait

a trait that is over-riding and completely defines the person

Analogical reasoning

a way of comparing things that on the surface seem quite different in order to see deeper-level similarities between them

Heritability

a way of describing the extent to which within a particular population, the variations in that trait are due to genetic differences rather than environmental ones

Standard deviation

a way of measuring how much the values tend to vary from the mean

Biopsychosocial model

a way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorders are caused by biological, psychological, and social factors

solidarity theory: causes

ability of groups to mobilize resources for collective benefit; change in balance of power

Emotion regulation

ability to controla and productively use ones emotions

Creative abilities

ability to invent, discover, and combine information in novel ways

Kinesthetic (body)

ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical activities

Naturalistic

ability to recognize identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things

Lingustic

ability to speak and write well

Spatial

ability to thing and reason about objects in three dimentions

Interpersonal

ability to understand and interact effectively with others and the ability to have insight into the self

Practical abilities

ability to use and act on information

Logicomathematical

ability to use logic and math skills to solve problems

first nations

aboriginal people in Canada who are neither inuit or metis

Chomsky

argued that children are born with mental structures that facilitate the comprehension and production of language

Confluence theory

argues that as families get larger, their average overall intellectual climate drops

Alerting

arousing the attentional system through a cue that both indicates that a target stimulus is about to occur and that gives some information about the target

Lesion study

as a result of strokes, falls, automobile accidents, gunshots, or tumors

Working memory index

assesses performance on tasks that draw on working memory

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing differences between preexisting differences between them.

Albert Bandura

associated with the concept of modeling

Property attribution

assumes that the kinds of guesses a child makes about what properties apply to living things can reveal the underlying conceptual system that the child is using to think about living things

Occipital lobe

at the very back of the skull, which processed visual info

Dismissing/avoidant attachment

attachment considered unimportant; due to rejection by caregiver

Binet

attempted to devise an objective test of intellectual abilty

usurpation

attempts of excluded to win greater share of resources

Self personification

attributes of self learned through ____________________ from important others.

Echoic

auditory sensory memory

Elevation

average level of all items (Z score)

Mowrer

avoidance learning, combination of classical and operant conditioning at work; learned response that prevents a bad event

schooling: selection

awarding badges of ability; occupational allocation

Metamemory

awareness of our own memory process, abilities, and limitations

Corpus Callosum

axon fivers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

Repression

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness

Medulla

base of the brain stem. controls heartbeat and breathing.

deviance level

based on severity of public response, perceived harmfulness, degree of public agreement

Explain how stereotype threat is used to interpret suboptimal performance on IQ tests

because minority groups are expected to score lower- like black people then they go in with that mindset and perform worse than expected like on the ACT

Informational Conformity

because we think people have accurate info and we want knowledge

Secondary reinforcers

become associated with primary reinforcers (Ex. money can buy food)

Sir Francis Galton

began the nature vs nurture debate

Spermarche

beginning of sperm development in testicles

Fixed Ratio

behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses

Variable Ratio

behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable number of responses

Fixed interval

behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passes

Variable interval

behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average,but an unpredicable amount of time has passed

Tend and befriend

behavioral reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection form threats

identity

being an activist may become part of self-image

Ideology

beliefs, values, and opinions about how members of that race should act

Sternburg

believed in multiple intelligence and classified his areas into 3 concepts. Analytical, Creative, and Practical. Analytical is your typical school-based intelligence while Creative is given a novel concept to come up with novel ideas and Practical is how well you compare a task (aka street smarts)

Gardner

believed in multiple intelligence but differed from Thrustone in the categories which Thurstone tested on. Included other intelligence related areas outside of school-based. Such as musical, body kinesthetic, and intrapersonal

social motives

belonging understanding controlling enhancing self trusting

universal

benefit everyone equally (pensions); waste to those who don't need it

Explicit rehearsal of past events

between 3 and 5 children become more inclined to spontaneously recount past experiences either to others or themselves

Development of narrative skills

between 3 and 5 children's narrative skills greatly improve

Atypical Antipsychotic

blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Exhaustion

body runs out of energy reserves and immunity

Blended/complex

both parents bring children in from previous relationships into the family

Report talk

boys use this communication more which includes giving information

Cadaver study

brain can be studied but the disadvantage is the brain is no longer active

fMRI

brain scan tat uses a magnetic field to create images of brain activity in each brain area

Hypothalamus

brain structure that contains a number of small areas that perform a variety of functions. Through its many interactions with other parts of the brain, the hypothalamus helps regulate body temp, hunger, thirst, and sex drive and responds to the satisfaction of these needs by creating feeling of pleasure

Neuroplasticity

brains ability to change ints structure and functions in response to experience or damage. Allows us to learn and remember new thing and adjust to new experiences

Brain Plasticity

brains ability to change, especially during childhood. Reorganizes after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

Dendrites

branching extensions of neuron that receive message, conduct impulses toward soma

creation of detail work

break down constituent elements and assign workers to specific tasks

technical division of labor

breakdown of occupational tasks into finer and finer components

deviance

breaking a norm; socially defined; changes over time in diff. places

Local strategies

breaking down the problem into small, distinct components

microsleep

brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person.

Rooting Reflex

brush on the cheek turn babies head

Socioecological perspective

bullying arises from both individual characteristics, such as anger and beliefs support of violence, and environmental characteristics, such as role models and school climate

labor markets

buyers/sellers - potential employers/potential workers

Conventional morality

by early adolescents, the child begins to care about how situational outcomes impact other s and wants to please and be accepted.

Alfred Binet

came up with first test to test children's readiness for school

Dual representation

can both be physical objects in their own right and also symbols for other objects

Landmarks

can provide one source of spatial information by serving as consistent, reference points

Intelligence

capacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior- potential of what you could do, not what you already know; involves the ability to solve problems and reason effectively

forces driving h.rights

capitalism (indus. rev.) - property/free wage labor, child labor reg., basic education, worker's rights, welfare state

Scaffolding

caregivers can support the child to achieve higher cognitive levels by providing support and guidance

Three types of decriptive research designs

case study, survey, naturalistic observation

Blink reflex

causes the baby to close her eyelids in a protective motion when you tap on its head

Withdrawal refrlex

causes the baby to move his legs up towards his head if you prick him on the bottom of his feet with a sharp object

Moro reflex

causes the baby to open her arms then accross chest when she is startled like she is falling, and also extends her head and legs

Soma

cell body; contains nucleus

Conformity

change in beleifs or behavior that occurs as a result of the presence of the other people around us

Postconventional reasoning

characterized as greater internalization than preconventional

Moral Behavior

characterized as... (1) reinforcement and punishment (2) observational learning (3) Aspects of the social situation (4) Self-regulatory process- delay of gratification (5) moral feeling (6) personality characteristics

why divide labor

cheaper unskilled labor; reduced dependence on skilled labor; introduce machinery; gain more control

two types of schooling

common or different; one best system or tailor made education

alternatives: community policing

community interaction and support can help control crime

Quasi-experimental research design

compares two groups that already exist in the population (families to have family dinner and those who do not)

Analytical abilities

comparing, computing, analyzing, and evaluating

Personification

complex template of self or other, which may or may not reflect the real person

Sleep Debt Symptoms

concentration, memory, reaction time, creativity, muscle strength and endurance, immune system, mood, appetite, etc.

Developmental Psych

concerns the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predisposition (nature) and environmental influences (nurture)

Dysthymia

condition with mild but chronic depressive symptoms for at least two years

Zimbardo

conducted Stanford prison experiment

Holistic strategies

considering many aspects of a problem at once

Blended families

consist of the parents and all children from their current relationship as well as children from prior relationships

L.L. Thurstone theory

consisted of 7 cluster of primary mental abilty

Amygdala

consists of tow almond-shaped clusters and us responsible for regulating our perceptions of and reactions to aggression and fear

Hippocamous

consists of two horns that curve back from the amygdala. The hippocampus is important in storing info in long term memory

General intelligence

construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common

health: technology

contagious diseases once leading cause of death now eradicated by vaccines

soma

contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cell alive

social rules

context sensitive; street language vs suit language

Overlearning

continuing to practice and study even we think we have mastered the material; Ebbinghaus

Lewis M Terman

created american version of the Binet IQ test

Kelley

created covariation model that suggested that people attribute a behavior to a casual factor if that factor was present whenever the behavior occurred but was absent whenever it did not occur

Weiner

created stable/ unstable, internal/external attribution model

Wechsler

created the WAIS-IV which was a verbal and nonverbal part added to the IQ test

Steele

created the stereotype threat

welfare criticism

creates a poverty trap; social stigma of welfare;

crime rates: problems

crimes not reported; police discretion; grassroots efforts

status Offense

criminal acts that are illegal because of the age of the perpetrator at the time of the act

Index Offense

criminal acts that are illegal regardless of the perpetrator's age

liberal theories

criminals not just bad; social environ. determine if person will commit crime

racism: socially constructed

cross cultural variation: race is defined differently in different places

strain theory

cultural goals don't meet opportunities for success; creates strain; diff. reaction (crime)

health affected by

cultural patterns; changing standards; technology; social inequality

alternatives: roots cause

deal with the root causes of crime

Thanatos

death instincts

measures to decrease social inequality

decrease tax burden on poor; subsidize housing; decrease tax benefits for wealthy; increase min wage

schooling: legitimation

define official knowledge; define knowledgeable people

defining deviance

defined by the powerful, rich; can serve to protect privileges, tradition

capitalism

defining feature of the society are those with capital (money); creates divide bet owners and workers; divide creates exploitation

mcjobs thesis

deindustrialization - shift from goods to service employment; increase in high/low pay jobs (polarization)

Authoratitive

demanding but are also responsive to the needs and opinions of the child

Authoritarian

demanding but not responsive

forces II

democratic rev; civil society campaigns - slavery,rights of women,rise of social movements; rise of individualism

forces driving h.rights II

democratic revolutions; american/french revolution

Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief

denial anger bargaining depression acceptance

Modern sexism

denial of continued discrimination, antagonism towards women's demands, lack of support for policy changes designed to help women

Antianxiety

depresses central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevation the levels of GABA

absolute poverty

deprivation of resources that are life-threatening; 1/5 of the world

relative poverty

deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more

Thematic coherence

deriving an integrative theme about the self from those episodes.

Sibling differentiation

describes children's process of seeking out activities that resonate with their abilities and also reduce their competition with older siblings

Human Perspective

describes personality in terms of a person's tendency to act positively and feel satisfied with himself

Synesthesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")

Development of personal narrative- 3 years

developed ability to recall memories without parents

Rogers

developed client-centered therapy, self concept

Festinger

developed cognitive dissonance

David Wechsler

developed most widely used intelligence test for adults

Ellis

developed rational-emotive therapy (RET), which is a comprehensive system of personality change based on the transformation of irrational beliefs

Ainsworth

developed strange situation test

Asch

developed the line test; people are more likely to conform when there is a group

Bem

developed the self-perception theory

broken windows theory

developmental sequence between disorder and crime

sub-cultural theory

deviance as an adaptation to social cond.; reflection of cult. goals (conformity w/in gangs, types vary by neighborhood, normative structure)

McClelland

devised a way to measure the strength of his participants' fantasies by developing the TAT (thematic apperception test)

inequality

differences bet people that are consequential for the lives they lead; rights they have; opportunities they enjoy

Localization of Function

different brain regions control different aspects of psychological functioning

Pathoplasticity

different interpersonal styles within a disorder (or group) that are associated with distinct outcomes.

social division of labor

differentiation between occupation

Cognitive dissonace

discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in way that we see as inappropiate

statistical discrimination

discrimination based on statistical characteristics of a group

institutional discrimination

discrimination that is embedded in the rules and normal operations of an institution

consequences

discrimination which led to inequality in: income, justice, health, education

consequences of bw theory

disengagement with community; vulnerability to criminal invasion

Predjudice

disliking people because of their appearance or group membership

process of urban decay

disorder, citizen fear, withdrawal, increased predatory behavior; increased crime; spiral of decline

Somatoform Disorders

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

Unconditional positive regard

display affection, respect, and acceptance of their emotions no matter what (even when telling them no).

Harlow

disproved the cupboard theory with comfort contact theory

Antisocial personality disorder

disregard of the rights of others and the tendency to violate those rights without being concerned of doing so

deterrence

dissuade someone from future wrongdoing; neg - assumes criminals use rational cost-benefit wieghing

historical shift: four reasons

economic/but still farm based; technical/reading imp but not complex math; child adaptation skills; nation building

institutional alignment: support

edu sys - active learning; judicial sys - entrench h.rights; media - disseminate knowledge

Emergent constraints

effects emerge--and come to shape thought and behavior--as a result of specific experiences

least stratified

egalitarian communities - equal access to resources and decision making power

Thalamus

egg shaped structure sitting just above the brain stem that applies still more filtering to the sensory info coming from the spinal cord and through reticular formation, and it relays some of these remaining signals to the higher brain levels

women's right & social change

electoral - election of sympathetic leaders; legal - won right to vote; cultural - depiction in media; social mov - push

routes to social change (4)

electoral; legal; cultural; social movements

Action Potential (neuron)

electrical signa traveling down the axon

EEG

electroencephalogram. amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity across the brain's surface.

Cannon-bard

emotion and arousal occur at the same time

Schacter-Singer

emotion is based on two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive label

Fight or flight

emotional and behavioral reaction to stress that increase the readiness for action

Psychometric approach

emphasis on cognitive skills closely linked to success in school and focuses on developing quantitative measures of intelligence through such means as intelligence tests

Discontinuity View

emphasizes change and growth, and suggests that new relationships are structurally different from previous relationships, and thus require development of different skills

Continuity view

emphasizes early parent-child relationships in laying foundation for character or later relationships; early attachment is predicting later relationship characteristics

Cueing hypothesis

emphasizes how the ability to cue, or trigger, memories changes with age in ways that may make very early memories inaccessible

Ecological systems approach

emphasizes that contextual factors, including culture and social class, among others, are crucial to understanding the child's development within the family

Acetylcholine (ACh)

enables muscle action, learning and memory. (Alzheimers disease= deterioration of ACh)

Old-fashion sexism

endorsement of traditional gender role, differential treatment of males and females, belief in sterotypes

origins of racial categories

english societies 16-19th century; early distinctions (religious diff; civilized vs. non)

human right

entitlement; individually held; shared equally regardless of sex, race, ethnicity; entrenched in legislation

traditional quarantine

environment is clean, have to keep sick people out

remedy 1: inverted quarantine (szasz)

environment is sick, protect ourselves from it

necessary condition for contact theory

equal status; increased cooperation/interdependence; informal contact; must disconfirm stereotypes;

family relations as property

erotic property-marriage = sexual access; generational property-planned marriage;household prop.-sustenance

Wilhelm Wundt

established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig.

Externalizing problems

expressed by acting out in antisocial ways, such as bullying, underage drinking, and disruptive behavior in the classroom

Axon

extension of a neuron; messages sent out to other neurons, muscles, glands

Proximity

extent to which people are physically near us

mrs griffiths

family awarded $3.5m as compensation for lost housewife

bases of inequality

family of origin, mental ability, skin color, disability

family contradictions

family values essential - housework unrecognized; require dual earners - men resist domestic work

1st Industrial Revolution

farm to factory; machine replacing man; 1760-1840

Automaticity

fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention

Stepmother

father has custody, father remarries

Secondary sex characterisics

features that distinguish two sexes from each other but are not involved in repoduction

breakdown theory: causes

feeling marginalized; relative deprivation (underpayment); crowd behavior (joining the crowd); vision of future

Penis envy

feeling of inferiority and jealously towards boys

Zygotic stage

fertilized egg

Permissive

few demands and gives little punishment

Neglected

few positive, few negative ratings

Rejected

few positive, many negative ratings

welfare

financial or other assistance to individual by state; individual welfare/corporate;

vertical mosaic (john porter)

first ethnic group to take control of a previously unoccupied or conquered territory is the charter group

Tulving

first proposed the distinction between semantic and episodic memory

Wundt

first psychology lab (1879), psychophysics: the study of psychological responses to physical stimuli, threshold: point at which human reaction to stimulus changes

Alarm

first reaction body releases stress hormone including cortisol

James-Lange

first we react to arousal and then we experience emotion

Centration

focus excessively on one dimension of a transformation while ignoring other relevant dimensions

Cerebellum and amygdala

focus on implicit and emotional memories repectivly

tech change and housework

food/less production; clothing/less production; health/less home remedies; transpo/more going to places; energy/easier but more work

forces of h.rights

forces of exclusion - boundary hardening; forces of inclusion - boundary softening

Operators

formal mental tools

What stage of Piagets theory applies to adolescents

formal operational

formal school curriculum

formalized program of school based instruction

Terminal Branches of Axon (neuron)

forms junctions with other cells.

Watson

founded the school of psychology; argued that introspection was not an acceptable means of studying behavior because it is too subjective

capitalist exploitation II

fragmented work; workers subordinated to machinery; workers exchanged like property

labor market feature

free wage labor; labor bought and sold like commodity; not tied to owner

Prevalence

frequency of a given condition in a population at a given time

Menarch

frist menstrual period for girls

history of modern schooling

from informal, voluntary to formal and compulsory

fMRI

functional MRI. reveals blood flow, and can show brain function.

Ross

fundamental attribution error

Cannon

gastric activity in the stomach is the sole base for hunger

consequences

gender differences manufacture a system of inequality

Social Cognitive Theory

gender roles are acquired through process of learning examples include: observational and operant conditioning

Gender Schema Theory

gender roles are built in formation of schemas of masculinity and femininity

Nuclear families

generally consist of the mother and father as heads of the household, along with their children

regularity in nature

genetic scripts; ie migration of salmon

Resistance

glucose levels increase to sustain energy, blood pressure goes up

Temporal coherence

goal directed and following a logical pattern (beginning, middle, end)

Hypnogram

graph of different sleep patterns

robbers cave experiment (sherif)

group of boys divided into two groups; created group identity; naturally 'othered' other group

social movement

group of people who try to change or resist change in society

Social loafing

group process loss when people don't work as hard in groups as they do alone

exclusionary

group secures privileged position for self through restriction; ie trade union

realistic conflict theory II

groups in competition see others in negative terms, strengthens ingroup idea of superiority

institutionalized practices

guidelines typify conduct; habitualized activity; must be reciprocated/shared

Ontological guilt: Umwelt

guilt because of alienation from the world (ipods)

Ontological guilt: Eigenwelt

guilt because you forfeit potential to achieve (false) security

Ontological guilt: Mitwelt

guilt because you never fully understand and meet others needs

hippocampus

handles explicit memory

society reproduction

happens through socialization and regulation of laws; people who break norms are punished

movement success

hard to measure; less recognition in the media; can be acceptance or new advantages

charter groups

have ability to decide what groups may enter and reserve high ranks for themselves

rehabilitation

heal offender to avoid future misdemeanor; offender must recognize wrong doing

summary

health socially constructed; inequalities exist bet and w/in countries; social policy affects population health

Unconditional Postitive Regard

healthy personalities are developed; unfailing messages that you are valued and loved as a person

Parathyroids

help regulate level of calcium in the blood

Adrenal glands

help trigger the fight or flight response

Maslow

hierarchy of needs, 1) safety 2) attachment 3) esteem 4) self- actualization

Fearful-avoidant

high avoidance, high anxiety

Dismissing avoidant

high avoidance, low anxiety

social movement: irrational?

high cost/low benefit; individual effort does not increase success rate

Authoritative parents

high in both warmth and control; more balanced and less rigid, set guidelines for their children's behavior, but they are also flexible and will listen to children's concerns and needs; children of these parents fare best and have self-control

Permissive parents

high in warmth and low in control; make few demands of their children and rarely attempt to monitor their behavior; children of these parents tend to seem more immature than their peers and have trouble controlling their impulses or setting limits on themselves

racism

highly organized race based group privilege held together by idea of group supremacy

Rosenhan

him and seven others pretended to have hallucinations so that they could gain access to a mental hospital

Commonalities of Psychotherapies

hope, meaningful perspective, empathetic trusting, and caring relationship

Class-inclusion reactions

how different classes in a hierarchy relate to each other and how broad superordinate categories can encompass narrower, subordinate, categories

Racial regard

how do I view my own race (private)? How do others view my race (public)?

Racial centrality

how much is race a part of your self-concept overall?

health: cultural patterns

human body is not biological entity, also social fact; must conform to cultural ideas

inalienable rights

human rights that are fundamental; cannot be surrendered to the sovereign

social institutions: paradox

humans create institutional rules but experience it as something external

Rogers

humans have a tendency toward psychological growth and health

Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment

hypertuned to attachment experiences, overuse of attachment- seeking behaviors; due to unavailability of caregiver

broken windows theory II

if minor deviance is left unchecked, residents will think that environment is unsafe and will act accordingly

growth in service sector

industrialized agriculture; off-shoring; services are profitable

environmental racism

inequality in the experience of environmental degradation

Bowlby

infants and adults are biologically predisposed to form attachments

Insecure attachment

infants either avoid, show resistance, or show ambivalence towards caregivers

Secure Attachment

infants use caregivers as base from which to explore enviornment

Personality Disorder

inflexible patterns of thinking feeling or relating to others that cause problems in personal social and work situations

Personality disorder

inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause a problem in personal social and work situations

Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. (Schizophrenia= too much dopamine) (Parkinsons= too little dopamine)

Social

influences on disorder due to social and cultural factors such as socioeconomic status, homelessness, abuse, and discrimination

Biological

influences on disorder that come from the funcioning of the individuals body

Psychological

influences that come from the individual such as patterns of negative thinking and stress response

Referential details

information about the color or size of an object or animal

Top-Down Processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Orienting information

information that provides context

Actualizing tendency

inherent push towards positive growth (Carl Rogers); "ideal self" is similar to "real self"

conversation rules as constraining

inhibit choices; deemphasize creativity; require monitoring (ostracized if ignored)

Temperament

innate personality characteristics of the infatns. Distincive pattern of attention, arousal, and reactivity to new or novle situations

Primary reinforcers

innately reinforcing (air, water, food, etc)

regularity in society

institutionalized scripts; ie ordering at starbucks

Practical intelligence

intelligence that cannot be learned from books or formal learning

PET scan

invasive imaging technique that provides color coded images of the brain activity by tracking the brains use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug that has been injected into a persons bloodstream

white privilege

invisible package of unearned assets exclusive to white people

Classification

involve sorting objects according to consistent criteria, such as color, shape, or size

Psychological control

involved attempting to regulate a child's behavior by manipulating his feelings

Behavioral control

involved attempting to regulate a child's behavior by setting guidelines that follow the norms and values of the family or society

Association Areas

involved in higher mental functions such as learning, speaking, remembering, and thinking.

Serotonin

involved in many functions inculding mood, appetite, sleep, and aggression

dopamine

involved in movement, motivation, and emotion -produces feeling of pleasure when released by the brain's reward system and is also involved in learning

Compensation

involved noting that a change in one dimension compensates for a change in another dimension

`Reticular fromation

job is to filter out some of the stimulus that are coming into the brain from the spinal cord and to relay the remainder of the signals to tother areas of the brain

Source monitoring

keeping track of where the new information comes from

Self concept

knowledge represetation or shcema that contains physical characterstics, abilities, values, goals, roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals

radical theories

labeling theory; reinforce deviant acts by labeling as deviant; identity formation

Chronic pain

lasting over 3 months

Fowler's Individual-reflective faith

late adolescence; (1) they weigh choices of religion and (2) take responsibility for their faith

Fowler's Mythical- literal faith

late childhood; (1) sees things as more concrete and (2) take religious stories literally

Myelin sheath

layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that both acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal

Alzheimers

leads to loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical funcioning

Spacing effect

learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time that it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time; Ebbinghaus

Accomodation

learning new info and thus changing the way you think of things

Define latent learning and explain how Tolman studied latent learning in lab experiments

learning that is not reinforced an not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. (he put rats in a maze, then added food for motivation)

Operant conditioning

learning that occurs on the bases of consequences of behavior

alternatives: decriminalization

legalize "victimless" crimes

consequence of gender inequality

less economic power for women; dependence on marriage

tech change and jobs

less jobs in agriculture; industrialized farming

Craik

levels of processing theory: the more deeply information was thought about, the more likely it is to be committed to memory

rules as constraining

limit possible; regulative movement

professionalize occupation

limit who can be "x"; stress unique skills; extend length of training; develop jargon; emphasize high intellectual standards; control access

McNaughton Rule

limits claims of insanity; specifies that a criminal must not "know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong"

Follicle-stimulating hormone

linked to the development of follicles (F) and sperm (M)

Causal coherence

linking multiple life episodes into a meaningful sequence that provides a causal explanation.

Skinner

looked at Watson's research and over time created radical behaviorism, mental events do not cause behavior rather they are examples of behavior caused by environmental stimuli

Gregory

looked at the Muller-lyer illusion and stated that people perceived the standard arrow as the exterior of the bugling bulging out toward them and the open arrow as farther away

Preoccupied

low avoidance, high anxiety

Secure

low avoidance, low anxiety

Authoritarian parents

low in warmth and high in control and typically order their children around, expecting compliance with no questioning or discussion; children of these parents tend to be more dependent and lack social competence when dealing with peers

"Three stratum theory"

made by Carroll; hierarchal array of abilities with g as a single factor at the apex, the third stratum; next is a second stratum of roughly 7-10 broad abilities, followed by a first stratum of roughly 70 abilities

Eysenck

made the personality circle; extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging. a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of the soft tissue. show brain's anatomy

GABA

major inhibitory neurotransmitter. (Seizures, tremors, insomnia= too little)

rules as enabling

make possible; constitutive moment

patriarchy

male dominant society

social institutions

malleable social construction; based on shared/repeated/reciprocated

emergence of middle class

managerial positions have high pay, great power, but are not 'working class'

Popular

many positive, few negative ratings

Controversial

many positive, many negative ratings

Pituitary Gland

master endocrine gland

Pituitary Gland

master gland; it's hormone direct other glands to release hormone

remedy 2: social movement

may local movements and lawsuits

Trait perspective limitation/failure

may not adequately predict behavior

social programs

meant to reduce inequality between the rich and poor

Survey

measure administered through either a face to face, telephone

Verbal comprehension index

measures both comprehension of language-based materials and the ability to solve problems

Processing speed index

measures how quickly a child seems to process information in tasks ranging from time spent searching for a target shape among a much larger set of shapes to tasks identifying all instances od a target image in a very cluttered field of diverse objects

Autobiographical memory

memories of one's own specific experience as a participant in an event

Explicit memory

memory for information that is consciously recalled and can often be stated verbally

Echoic memory

memory for sounds that can last up to a few seconds

Iconic memory

memory for visual information thought to last half a second before it decays

Eidetic

memory seems to last longer, in which people can report details of an image over long periods of time

Declarative memory

memory that can be described as "knowing that" memory; as in knowing that an event has occurred or that a particular fact is true

Long-term memory

memory that has a vast capacity and can last a lifetime

Procedural memory

memory that involves "knowing how" to perform certain actions

Implicit memory

memory that may influence behavior but is usually outside of conscious awareness

Emotional Differences

men and women experience similar intensities of emotions but women are more free with the expression of emotions

Moral dilemma

mental conflict involving choice where each potential course of action breaches moral and cultural standards

Major Depression

mental disorder characterized by an all encompassing low mood accompanied by low self esteem and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activites

nature is not natural

nature is social construction; we change nature; eco tourism

Prejudice

negative attitude toward people who belong to a certain social group (cognitive, emotional and behavioral)

prejudice

negative attitude towards someone based solely on their membership to a group

Discrimination

negative behaviors toward others based on predjudice

double-blind procedure

neither the experimenter or the participant knows whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo to reduce chances of placebo effect.

Feature Detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Neuropathic pain

nerve damage

Autistic Disorder

neurological disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication across different life settings and by restricted and repetitive behavior interests or activities and in which symptoms being in childhood

Neural Networks

neurons cluster in working groups. Neurons that fire together, wire together.

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

motor neurons

neurons that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord the communicate internally and intervene between sensory and motor outputs.

evolution of human rights

new actors in conception of humanity - eligible for human rights; slaves, women, homeless, foreigners, etc.

cycles of poverty

no address no job; children can't go to school (no supplies); less social contact

3 pillars of compliance

normative - socialized values; cognitive - schemas of actions; regulative - formalized laws

collective/group rights

not aggregated rights of a group; specific rights for a group of people

housework

not real work; no backing through gov policy; attitude; research - no domestic labor

human rights issues

not western concept; what is 'human'; social constructs or natural rights?; who benefits

Variables that increase conformity

number in majority, unanimity, status and authority

Pruning

number of synaptic connections increase from infancy to adolescence, then get pruned in adolescences

Naturalistic Observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Functional fixedness

occurs when peoples schemas prevent them from using an object in anew and nontraditional ways

Grasp reflex

occurs when you brush the palm of the infants hand and the hand closes as if trying to grasp the objects

Babinsky Reflex

occurs when you stroke the bottom of the infants foot from the heel to toe and toes splay out, except for the big tow, which moves up as the foot turns inward

Brain stem

oldest and innermost region of the brain. It controls the most basic functions of life, including breathing, attention, and motor responses

sexual orientation

once considered a crime, then sickness, now legally protected

Ebbinghaus

one of the first experimental psychologists

Cross-generational coalitions

one parent enlists the support of the child against the other parent

Psychological disorder

ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emption, and behavior that causes significant distress, impair a person normal function, and is considered deviant in that persons culture and society

Conditional positive regard

only display affection, respect, and acceptance of emotions when they do what you want them to.

Narcotic alagesics

opium, morphine, and heroin for pain reducers

Consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

gender inequality : occupation

paid less; disproportionately concentrated; unpaid reproductive work

Gate control theory of pain

pain is determined by the operation of two types of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. One set of smaller nerve fibers carries pain from the boy to the brain whereas a second set of larger fibers is designed to stop or start the flow of pain

Power assertion

parental discipline style that influences moral maturity by assuming control of resources

Induction

parental discipline style that influences moral maturity by using reason and explanation of consequences of the child's action

Love withdrawl

parental discipline style that influences moral maturity by withholding attention or love

Neglectful/uninvolved parents

parents who seem to ignore and not care about their children

Visual Cortex

part of the occipital lobe that is responsible for processing visual info

values

participating in a social movement feels like advancing one's idealogy

Axon (neuron)

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Mindfulness

paying attention without judgment to what is happening right now movement by moment

Self-Attribution Theory

people tend to attribute successful forecasting to themselves and unsuccessful forecasting to environmental factors

Observational learning

people watch other people doing things then do the same actions

PET

positron emission tomography. a visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive glucose goes while in the brain.

3rd Industrial Revolution

post-industrial/knowledge society

why no equality? (2)

power of vested interests - corporate exploitation; consequence of diff- fear of diff (othering),

social const or reality (berger/luckmann)

ppl classify experience, then act based on classification; becomes natural and classification is forgotten

rigidity of vertical mosaic (2)

prejudice and discrimination by charter groups; retention of cultural practices incompatible with modern success

contact hypothesis (allport)

prejudice can be reduced by contact between antagonistic groups; not enough

realistic conflict theory (bobo)

prejudice stems from competition among social groups over valued resources or opportunities

Postiive punsihment

present or add an unpleasant stimulus

sectors of economy

primary - agriculture, fishing; secondary - manufacturing; tertiary - financial, transportation

Internalizing problems

problems that are largely within the individual, such as depression and loss of self-esteem

TMS

procedure in which magnetic pulses are applied to the brain of living persons with the goal of temporarily and safely deactivating a small brain region

tactics

procedure or set of activities engaged in to achieve a goal

Sensation

process by which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

racialization

process of structuring relations among groups of people around physical characteristics

Retrieval

procss of reactivating infor that has been stored in memory

Dementia

progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors

marx: two classes

proletariat - owners; bourgeoisie - workers

Borderline personality disorder

prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behavior, fear of abandonment, and impulsivity

Bandura

proponent of social-learning approach to understanding personality; his approach combines principles of learning with an emphasis on human interactions in social settings.

Hall

proponent of the storm-and-stress conception of adolescence; wrote at length about adolescence in the modern era

Meichenbaum

proposed a three process that allows for stress inoculation

Attracting

proximity, attractiveness, and similarity

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistant anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Anxiety

psychological disturbances marked by irrational fears of everyday objects and situations

Grouping

put things in group and memorize it; Ebbinghaus

authoritarian personality (adorno)

questions predisposition to be prejudiced

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

Whole language approach

rather than having children memorize letters and then isolated words, this approach favors teaching them to comprehend and produce small stories in a variety of formats

Ellis

rational emotive theory

Extended families

reach across generations and sometimes incorporate aunts, uncles, and cousins

Secondary emotions

reactions to primary emotions + cognitive appraisal (thalamus, frontal lobe, amygdala) include emotions such as depressed, distress, calmnesss

Self awarness

realization that he or she is distinct individual, whose mind, body and actions are separate from those of other people

Dendrites (neuron)

receives messages from other cells

Sublimination

rechaneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities

Binge Eating Disorder

recurrent binge-eating with out compensatory behaviors, feelings of lose of self control

Negative punishment

reduce or remove a pleasant stimlus

Negative reinforncement

reduce or remove an unpleasant stimulus

Extincion

reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Flynn effect

referring to the observation that scores on intelligence test worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades

Misinformation effect

refers to error in memory that occur when new information influences existing memories

Explicit memory

refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously and intentionally remembered

Classical Conditioning

refers to learning that occurs when neutral stimulis (a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (food) that naturally produces a specific behavior

Source monitoring

refers to the ability to accurately identify the source of a memory

Explanation application

refers to the ability to answer questions about how a thing works or why it is the way it is by referring to relationships and dynamic patterns

Crystalized intelligence

refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives

Sensory memory

refers to the breif storage of sensory info

Phonological awareness

refers to the child's understanding of the sound unit's and structures of spoken words

Implicit memory

refers to the influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those infludence

Semantic memory

refers to the knowledge of facts about the world, without necessarily remembering how or when the information was learned

Episodic memory

refers to the memories of specific events that have been experienced at a particular time and place

Long-term potentiation

refers to the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as a result of frequent stimulation

Bullying

refers to unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children and adolescence; repeated, or has the potential to be repeated over time; involves areal or perceived power imbalance

Authoritarion

reflective and punitive. Firm limits with little room for discussion. Adolescent offspring show high levels of anxiety, unlikely to initiate activity and poorer social skills

Wernicke's area

region of the brain that allows fluent speech production and comprehension; damage produces fluent but meaningless speech and affects language comprehension

Pancreas

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

remedy 3: government action

regulation of environmental impact; incentives for consumers and businesses

Positive reinforcement

reinforce behaviour by adding a stimulus (example: when lever is pressed the rat is given food)

Negative reinforcement

reinforce behaviour by removing a stimulus (example: when lever is pressed the shock is turned off)

Behavior Modification

reinforce desired behaviors and withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors. Requires a plan, patience, and creativity

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcement every time

Ratio schedules

reinforcement is based on the number of behaviours required

Interval schedules

reinforcement is based on the passage of time

enrophins

release din response to behaviors such as vigorous exercise, orgasm, and eating spicy foods

Long term memory

reltively permanent storage

Sucking reflex

saves the mother from having to teach her infant how to take in nutrients from tits

Jensen

says 80% ethnic group differences are inherited

Platoon school

school in which every room was used to maximum efficiency and children moved from classroom to classroom to pick up different intellectual skills such as reading or mathematics

Endocrine system

secretes chemical messengers called hormones that influence our emotions and behavior

Ovary

secretes female sex hormones

Testis

secretes male sex hormones

Phantom Sensation

seeing, hearing, tasting and smelling things that aren't there. May be due to loss of that sensation

Defacto Segregation

segregation that exists by practice and custom in a "color-blind institution".

Eros

self-preservation and sexual instincts

marx class categories

separation of ownership/control (managerial class); socialization of ownership; prominence of small businesses

Antidepressant

serotonin reuptake inhibitors stabilizes levels of seratonin by inhibiting reuptake

Sterotyping

set of traits attributed to members of a particular group (cognitive)

bound-setting

setting norm/education re-enforcement; logic that unpunished wrongdoing leads to demoralization

Arousal

sex hormones play a role in our arousal -Testosterone: main hormone responsible for arousal -Oxytocin: called the love hormone, promotes closeness and bonding

Primary sex characteristics

sex oran concerned with reporduction

Displacement

shifts impulses toward a more acceptable/less threatening object

purpose of experiment

show deviance as result of social environment; deviance is situational

Stepping reflex

shows as a walking motion when the infant is supported in an upright position and the bottom of his feet touch the ground

chattel slavery

slaves become commodified as objects; loss of recognition as human; social death

External characteristics of wellness

social occupational environmental familial

solidarity theories

social change as the result of resource mobilization and political opportunity

ethnicity

social distinction based on cultural characteristics

race

social distinction based on physical/biological characteristics

conversation rules as enabling

social efficiency process; reduce choices; structure to interaction

social closure

social groups maximize advantages by limiting access to privileges and life chances

ways to other

social interaction promotes ingroup; ingroup promotes loyalty; deviance highlight borders; conflict with out group solidifies ingroup

Bandura

social learning theory , behavior and environment; self efficacy/ reciprocal determinism (ex: not an athlete, live by pol, go swimming, be social with others, pool=enjoyable)

why participate?

social networks; values; identity

achieved status

social status that is achieved through work, purchase, paperwork

master status

social status used as primary identifying characteristic; can be achieved or ascribed

passing on institutionalized practices

socialization; children experience institutionalization through set of rules

purpose of schooling

socialization; selection; legitimation

Building block or the nervous system

soma, axon, dendrite

Optimum Levels of Arousal

some motivated behaviors increase arousal. Sensation-Seeking

Average

some positive, some negative ratings

How to phobias develop?

someone has something tragic happen to them then it turns into a conditioned stimulus that creates a fear response

status and power (weber)

status allows people to exercise power ; impose will on others

ascribed status

status can be ascribed; socially recognized characteristics; imposed, but assumed

Primary reninforce

stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism(food, water)

Pons

structure in the brain stem that helps control the movement to the body, playing a particularly important role in balance and walking (important for sleeping, waking, dreaming, and arousal)

Latane and Darley

students doing questionnaire: alone- gets up and tells someone there is smoke; group- nobody says anything or gets up

Idiographic approach

studying the case histories of highly creative individuals to see whether they seem to cluster into different types

Production deficit

such a failure to spontaneously use strategies to improve memory

Panic Disorder

sudden and recurrent panic attacks that reach a peak within minutes

Acute pain

sudden onset of short duration

Erikson's Theory of religious development

suggest that adolescence may struggle with their personal ideas about religious orientation and spiritual purpose

Core domains

suggesting that these are basic universal cognitive components shared by all infants throughout the world and which then become elaborated on and combined in more powerful ways over the course of development

Evolutionary Theory

suggests males and females develop characteristics that improve the likelihood of passing on their genes

Piaget's Theory of religious development

suggests that adolescence gain the cognitive capacity to consider nontangible issues

Natural change hypothesis

suggests that some brain structures involved in memory, including hippocampus and certain frontal lobe regions must mature before they can set up and maintain permanent memory stores, particularly those that support episodic memories

Attentional schema

suited for particular forms of important information; cognitive structures that are learned through experience in response to a particular set of stimuli in specific task and that form a framework for organizing information and responses to that information

Wolpe

systematic desensitization (relax their muscles then imagine visually their feared situation)

social movement: component

tactics; strength; success

Overjustification Effect

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

Recency effect

the end of the curve shows that recall improves for the last few items on the list

Electromagnetic Spectrum

the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves

independent variable

the experimental factor that is manipulated

correlation

the extent to which one variable is associated with another

Generalization

the extent to which relationships about conceptual variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of people, manipulated or measured variables

Selective Attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Neurogenisis

the forming of new neurons

Prefrontal cortex

the front-most region of the frontal lobes

Homeostasis

the goal of a system "our bodies" that tries to maintain a constant or optimal level of funcioning

Serial position curve

the graph that describes this pattern recall by plotting how often each list item is successfully recalled against its "serial position"--that is it's order in the series

experimental group

the group that receives the treatment

control group

the group the does not receive the treatment

Primacy effect

the higher recall rate for items early in the series, shown at the front of the curve

Brain contralateralization

the idea that the left and the right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions

Infantile amnesia

the inability later in life to recall any memories of experiences prior to about 2 1/2 years of age

Spontaneous recovery

the increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinciton

Utilization deficit

the initial lack of benefit from a new strategy; tends to occur only in children younger than age 7

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Socialization

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.

GABA

the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Memory format change hypothesis

the memory format or code changes so that memories formed very early in life become inaccessible to older children

Resource theory

the more children in the family, the less attention parents can devote to each child

Brain Stem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.

figure ground

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.

Cerebral cortex

the outer barklike layer of our brain that allows us to successfully use language, acquire complex skills, create tools, and love in social groups

Autonomic Nervous System

the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands

Mere Exposure

the phenomenon by which the greater the exposure we have to a given stimulus, the more we like it

Perceptual Organization

the process by which stimuli are organized into meaningful units

Explanation expansion

the process of elaborating a simple explanation into a more complex one in response to further queries

Retrieval

the process of finding a memory in storage and bringing it to mind for use, usually in a conscious matter

Shaping

the process of guiding an organisms behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to final desired behavior

Assimilation

the process of interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema

Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Storage

the process of preserving information in memory over time

Encoding

the process of turning information into a mentally useful representational format

Working memory

the processed that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and sore info in the short term memory (grouping)

Garcia

the psychologist who first documented taste aversion learning in the laboratory

Fixed schedules

the requirements for reinforcement are always the same

Variable schedules

the requirements for reinforcement change randomly

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Insight

the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem

Cycle of abuse

the tendency for abuse to reoccur in ensuing generations of the same family line

Constancy

the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation

Hardiness

the tendency to be less affected by life's stressor can be characterized as an individual difference measure that has a relationship to both optimism and self-efficancy

Animism

the tendency to imbue inanimate things with psychological motivations, such as desires and beliefs

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

the three phases that occur in response to long tern stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

psychotherapy

the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means

dependent variable

the variable that may change in response to the manipulations.

Stereotype threat

the very fear of confirming a negative stereotype lead to a reduced performance on a task or test

Parenting styles

the ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate

Trait theory

theory that the essence of human nature is in individual differences

Functional Autonomy

theory that traits develop independent of childhood origins

Logotherapy

therapeutic approach that helps people find meaning in their lives

Client-Centered Therapy

therapist tries to recognize, accept, and clarify client's feelings and facilitate the client's search for self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Charles Spearman

there is other intelligence which influence other specific intelligences

Essentialism

they assume that living things have inner essences that are responsible for their surface properties

Salience

they attract our attention-easily seen or noticed

Social Comparison

they begin to evaluate themselves against their obervations of other children around ages 6-7

Incremental theory of intelligence

they believe that intelligence can be changed, particularly through efforts to learn and excel

Entity

they believe that their intelligence is determined by factors present at birth, particularly relate to their genetic inheritance

Cognitive maps

they mentally represent the spatial layout of their environment to infer distance, direction, and ways of navigating

Assimialtion

they use already developed schemas to understand new info

Single unit microelectrode

thin microelectrode is surgically inserted in or near an individual neuron, is used primarly with animals

hidden curriculum

things pupils learn through the experience of attending school

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

Convergent thinking

thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem

Nociceptive pain

tissue damage

punishment

to inflict a penalty on someone for committing a transgression; authorized imposition of deprivations

Rescorla

took domination over Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

Defense Mechanism

tools help to protect the self from anxiety

Most widely researched trait is...

trait is... extraversion

axon

transmits info away form the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands

Causal attribution

trying to determine the causes of people behavior with the goal of learning about their personalities

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system that are linked to emotion.

DID

two or more distinct and individual personalities exist in the same person, and there is an extreme memory disruption regarding personal information about the other personalities; multi personality disorder

Bad mother

type of mother related to anxiety

Good mother

type of mother related to security and satisfaction

ontological anxiety

uncertainty about the nature of being and the meaning of life

Latent content

unconscious wishes

Development of personal narrative- 5 years

understand basics of story (beginning, middle, end)

health: social inequality

unequal access to care; lack of knowledge; high stress/poor support

panic disorder

unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Unresolved/ disorganized attachment

unusually high level of fear and disorientation; due to trama

Hypnotic relief

use of guided relaxation and intense concentration to relieve pain

Diagnosis

use the DSM-IV-TR

Brelands

used operant conditioning techniques to train thousands of animals; believed that the experiments and instinctual drift makes it so that not all aspects of learning are under control of the experimenter

primary relationship

used to have a trading relationship with the europeans; eroded into view the first nations were second rank

Experimental research design

used to provide more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among variables in the hypothesis in addition to their correlations

Perceptual reasoning index

uses pictures and other visual materials and largely avoids using language

Secure attachment style

usually explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger

schooling: socialization

values and virtues; capacities and competencies

Confounding variables

variables other than the IV on which the participant sin one experimental condition differ from those in other conditions

conception of deviance

varies by time, society, sub-culture; often defined by powerful groups

color-coded vertical mosaic

vertical mosaic exists in visible minorities; class division and gender division

persistence of institutions

vested interests; embeddedness; social efficiencies; shared nature

Iconic

visual sensory movement

Authoritative

warm and nurturant, firm limits but with greater conversation about those limits. Adolescent offspring tend to be self-reliant and socially responsible. Includes a lot of Induction.

Thorndike

watched american cats trying to escape from a puzzle; learning was an association between stimuli in the situation and a response that an animal learned to make= Law-of-effect

tip of the tongue phenomenon

we are certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot come up with it

Groupthink

when a group made up of members who may be competent and thus quite capable of making excellent decisions nevertheless ends up as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures, make poor decisions

GAD

when a person has been excessively worrying about money, health, work, family life for 6 months or more and the anxiety causes stress or dysfuncion

Reliability

when a person is assessed at different times on the test, the person will sore approximately the same every time with more than a 95 percent accuracy rate

feminization

when an occupation becomes dominated/associated with women; occupation loses prestige

poverty line: canada

when one spends 55% of pretax income on food,clothing, shelter

Comorbity

when people suffer from two disorders at the same time

Condensation

when symbols are overdetermined

Split Brain

when the corpus callosum is cut, person does not know what the right brain is doing vs. the left brain.

placebo effect

when the participant acts as if the drug or treatment is working because they think it should.

Mood Disorder

when the person mood negatively influences his or her physical perceptual social and cognitve processes

self perception

when we use our own behavior as a guide to help s determine our thoughts and feelings

Child Effects

whenever the child's traits or behavior causes the parents to act in a certain way in response

Goals

which are desired end states that we strive to attain

Heurisitcs

which are info-processing strategies that were useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied

Drives

which are internal states that are activated when thephysiological characteristic sof the boy are out balance

Algorithms

which are recipe-style info processing stratagies that guarantee a correct answer at all times

Parietal lobe

which extends from the middle to the back of the skull an is responsible form processing info about touch

Secure/autonomous attachment

which is characterized by the ability to form healthy relationships

Zone of proximal development

which is the next level of skill or understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive development

Confirmation bias

which is the tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them

right

who gives it? - law, divine right, natural right

Avoidant attachment style

will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs of returns

Hubel& Weisel

won a nobel prize for their pioneering studies of receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex; discovered that cells at different levels of the visual system responded most strongly to different patterns of stimulation

James

wrote Principles of Psychology, created the functionalism view and the view to try to understand the way consciousness aids in people adapting to their environment

Sullivan worked with what kind of patients?

young schizophrenic males

Embryonic stage

zygote attaches to the wall of the uternus lasts for 6 weeks