PSYD11 HT 22 tenta 2

According to the concept of Gardner's multiple intelligences, the ability to understand and relate well to others is known as the _____ intelligence. A) intrapersonal B) logical C) naturalistic D) interpersonal

A. intrapersonal

Infants with resting ____________________ dominance are more likely to cry when their mothers leave the room. A) right hemisphere B) left hemisphere C) mutual hemisphere D) delayed hemisphere

A right hemisphere

At what age does a sense of self emerge? Nedladdat av saga rygert ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|16761082 A) 18 months B) 12 months C) 2 years D) 6 months

A) 18 months

According to Kochanska et al. (1995) at what age do infants first display feelings of guilt? A) 24 months B) 6 months C) 18 months D) 12 months

A) 24 months

Stranger anxiety typically emerges around _______________ and separation anxiety around_________________ A) 6-7 months; 12-16 months B) 12-16 months; 6-7 months C) 3-4 months; 8-12 months D) 8-12 months; 3-4 months

A) 6-7 months; 12-16 months

Which best describes the impact of attitude on behaviour? A) Attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are weak B) Attitudes have diminished influence on behaviour when we are aware of them and when they are strongly held C) General attitudes best predict specific classes of behaviour, specific best predict general behaviours D) Only situational factors that influence behaviour, attitudes are irrelevant

A) Attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are weak

Which of these emotional responses appears first among infants? A) Distress B) Disgust C) Anger D) Fear

A) Distress

Which of the following approaches to personality scale construction was used to develop the MMPI-2 test? A) Empirical B) Projective C) Rational-theoretical D) Behavioural assessment

A) Empirical

Which of the following scenarios describe Reactive Genotype-Environment (Reactive GE or Evocative influence)? A) Genotype-based characteristics influence responses from others B) Genotype-based characteristics influence aspects of parent-produced environment E 24 - 28 Nedladdat av saga rygert ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|16761082 C) Genotype-based characteristics influence aspects of brain development D) Genotype-based characteristics influence self-selection of compatible environments

A) Genotype-based characteristics influence responses from others

What is true for High-Need Achievers? A low in fear of failure B high in fear of failure C preference for tasks that involve very high risk of not succeeding D a desire for performance feedback

A. low fear in failure

3.Which of the following scenarios describe Active Genotype-Environment (Active GE)? A) Genotype-based characteristics influence self-selection of compatible environments B) Genotype-based characteristics influence responses evoked from others C) Genotype-based characteristics influence aspects of parent-produced environment D) Genotype-based characteristics influence aspects of immune system development

A) Genotype-based characteristics influence self-selection of compatible environments

Which of the following lists John Bowlby ́s phases of attachment behaviors in the proper order from earliest to latest? A) Indiscriminate, discriminate and specific B) Indiscriminate, specific and discriminate C) Discriminate, indiscriminate and specific D) Specific, indiscriminate and discriminate

A) Indiscriminate, discriminate and specific

In Erikson`s psychosocial theory, which experience is linked with late adulthood? A) Integrity versus despair B) Intimacy versus isolation C) Generativity versus stagnation D) Denial versus bargaining

A) Integrity versus despair

What is Kohlberg ́s conventional moral reasoning? A) It is based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties B) It is based on anticipated punishments or rewards C) It is based on well-thought-out general moral principles D) It is based on intuitive responses

A) It is based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties

What is Kohlberg's Conventional Moral Reasoning? A) It is based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties B) It is based on anticipated punishments or rewards C) It is based on well-thought of general moral principles D) It is based on intuitive response

A) It is based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties

Which of the following developmental sequences is in the correct order? A) Joy, sense of self, guilt B) Guilt, joy, sense of self C) Sense of self, joy, guilt D) Joy, guilt, sense of self

A) Joy, sense of self, guilt

According to Buss who studied mate selection preferences in men and women, men place greater value on a potential mate's ____________, whereas women place greater value on a potential mate's earning potential, status and ambitiousness. A) Physical attractiveness B) Administrative skills C) Communication and social skills D) Sociability and desire for children

A) Physical attractiveness

According to Kohlberg moral principles that have been internalized as part of one`s belief and value system occurs at the level of A) Post- conventional morality B) Conventional morality C) Universal ethical morality D) Pre-conventional morality

A) Post- conventional morality

In response to the moral dilemma in which a man must decide whether he should steel a medicine to save his dying wife, a child says that he should steel the medicine because it's his duty to save his wife. This child would be classified as being in Kohlberg ́s _________________ level of moral reasoning. A) Pre- conventional B) Social-contract C) Conventional D) Universal ethical

A) Pre- conventional

According to Piaget ́s stages of cognitive development, at about age 2, children enter a________________ stage, in which they represent the world symbolically through words and mental images but do not yet understand basic mental operations as rules. A) Pre-operational B) Sensorimotor C) Concrete operational D) Formal operational

A) Pre-operational

L. L. Thurstone believed that intelligence was made up of seven distinct abilities, which he called: A) Primary mental abilities B) IQ factors C) G factors D) Fluid intelligence abilities

A) Primary mental abilities

The fundamental attribution error is ________ when people have time to reflect on their judgements or are highly motivated to be careful. A) Reduced B) increased C) changed qualitatively D) stable

A) Reduced

Which of the following terms refers to extent to which the individual appreciates, values or likes him or herself? A) Self-esteem B) Emotional contagion Nedladdat av saga rygert ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|16761082 C) Superego D) Self-concordance

A) Self-esteem

One of the reasons that William Stern's original formula for calculating IQ was abandoned was that: A) The ratio worked well for children but not for older adults B) The ratio worked well for older adults but not for children C) It failed to take a person's social background into account D) It failed to take a person's mental age into account

A) The ratio worked well for children but not for older adults

What are Self-schemas? A) They refer to mental templates, derived from memory of past experience, that represent a person's beliefs about the self in a particular domain B) How our expectations affect our behavior toward a person, which can cause the person to behave in a way that confirms our expectations C) An individual's opinions D) A set of actions that are repeated when the self is in a particular domain

A) They refer to mental templates, derived from memory of past experience, that represent a person's beliefs about the self in a particular domain

What is the rooting reflex? A) Touch a baby`s cheek and it will turn its head toward the touch and open its mouth B) Infant will suck an object placed in his or her mouth C) Infant will always look towards movement D) Infant will always look towards light

A) Touch a baby`s cheek and it will turn its head toward the touch and open its mouth

Fran really would like to do well in this psychology course. She isn't so much motivated by wanting to get better grades and test scores than her classmates, nor is she afraid of doing poorly, but she is very much interested in learning and gaining some expertise for the material, even though some of the content is quite challenging for her. Fran appears to have a ________________ and her particular way of manifesting this suggests that she is motivated by ________________. A) high need for achievement; mastery goals B) strong fear of failure; mastery goals C) high need for achievement; competitive goals D) strong motive for success; competitive goals

A) high need for achievement; mastery goals

Which of the following did John Bowlby propose based on his study of juvenile thieves in 1944? A. Maternal deprivation led to maladjusted behaviours B. An authoritarian upbringing led to maladjusted behaviours C. Maladjusted behaviours could be corrected by an authoritarian response D. Maladjusted behaviours were a result of stranger anxiety

A. meternal deprivation led to maladjusted behaviors

Aaron and Mike are both runners and are each in the process of trying to choose one of three different runs that they can take: one easy run, one medium-difficult run, and one very difficult run. Assume that Aaron has a high need for achievement and that Mike has a low need for achievement. If we apply the results from research on need for achievement to this situation, we would expect Aaron to choose the ____________ run, whereas Mike would likely opt for the ____________ run. A) medium-difficult; easy or very difficult run B) medium-difficult or very difficult; easy or medium-difficult C) very difficult; easy or medium-difficult D) very difficult; medium-difficult

A) medium-difficult; easy or very difficult run

In the usual development of the male embryo, there is _________________ activity that allows the typical male pattern of genital, brain, and reproductive development to occur. A) sufficient androgen B) a lack of androgen C) sufficient estrogen D) a lack of estrogen

A) sufficient androgen

The area of the cortex that appears to be heavily involved in the process of emotion regulation is: A) the prefrontal cortex. B) the parietal lobe. C) the right hemisphere. D) the occipital lobe.

A) the prefrontal cortex.

In the case of problem-solving and intellectual ability, men, on average, tend to outperform women on: A) Certain spatial tasks and motor skills B) Mathematical reasoning and mathematical calculation C) Verbal fluency D) Ideational fluency and perceptual speed

A. Certain spatial tasks and motor skills

In their famous laboratory study, John Gottman and co-workers (1998) collected behavioural and physiological data from 130 newly wed couples as they discussed areas of marital conflict during the first six months of their marriage. Which of the following was a finding of this study A. Level of anger expressed by husbands and wives during interactions in the laboratory did not predict whether marriages would last or dissolve B. Level of anger expressed by husbands and wives during interactions in the laboratory did predict whether marriages would last or dissolve C. The level of anger expressed by participants was reduced D. The level of happiness expressed by participants was reduced

A. Level of anger expressed by husbands and wives during interactions in the laboratory did not predict whether marriages would last or dissolve

What shape relationship between marital satisfaction seen over a broad age range: A) U- shaped B) Inverted U shapes C) L-shaped D) Inverted L-shapes

A. U-shaped

Sally tends to be shy when she is in class, when she is with friends, and also when she is home with her family. This example best demonstrates the concept of behavioural _____________, which is thought to be one of the factors that shapes our notions of personality. A) Consistency B) Validity C) Internalization D) Individuality

A. consistency

According to the assumptions made in the Clark Hull's drive theory, between which of the following constructs is there a significant causal relation? A) Drives and homeostasis B) Drives and instincts C) Instincts and homeostasis D) Instincts and deficiency needs

A. drives and homeostasis

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) model of personality? A. Performance experience B. Encoding strategies C. Goals and values D. Self-regulatory processes

A. performance experience

Projective tests: A. Present ambiguous stimuli that require an interpretation B. Are based on the theorist's conception of the personality trait to be measured C. Involve the use of an explicit coding scheme that contains behavioural categories of interest D. Contain a set of specific questions administered to every participant

A. present ambigous

Higgins's _____ theory distinguishes among representations of what we currently are (the actual self), what we ideally hope to become (the ideal self) and what we think we ought to become (the ought self). A) self-discrepancy B) attachment C) expectancy D) transition state

A. self discrepancy

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that they appeared to develop more of an emotional bond with a 'surrogate mother' who _________, a finding that has strong implications regarding the nature of ____________. A. was made of soft terry cloth; attachment B. was made of soft terry cloth; conservation C. provided food; moral reasoning D. provided food; object permanence

A. soft terry cloth attachment

The broad abilities at the second stratum of Carroll's three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities include basic cognitive functions such as memory and learning, perceptual abilities, and speed of mental functioning. These functions are most similar to: A. Thurstone's primary mental abilities B. Spearman's g factor C. Cattell's crystallized and fluid intelligences D. Gardner's multiple intelligences

A. thurstones

Which of the following is a factor associated with the greater retention of cognitive abilities in older adults? A) Being involved in cognitively stimulating personal activities B) Marrying a spouse of similar intellectual ability C) Having an above-average income D) Having below-average education

A: Being involved in cognitively stimulating personal activities

Provide a definition for 'intelligence'. A) The ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment. B) The higher-order processes used to plan and regulate task performance C) The actual mental processes used to perform the task D) The perceptual process

A: The ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment.

Psychometrics is the: A) Study of the psychological aspect of the language B) Statistical study of psychological tests C) Study of mental abilities D) Study of divergent thinking

B Statistical study of psychological tests

The text describes the famous study by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith where American participants volunteered for an experiment which involved them lying to a fellow student by saying that a boring task was interesting. The participants offered _______ rated the task most positively. It can be argued that they reduced their cognitive dissonance about lying _______. A) $20; by convincing themselves that the task was indeed interesting B) $1; by convincing themselves that the task was indeed interesting C) $20; by keeping an open mind D) $1; because they had an external justification

B) $1; by convincing themselves that the task was indeed interesting

1.What is the exact term for the study of 'how heredity and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics'? A) Hereditary genetics B) Behavioural Genetics C) Molecular Genetics D) Chromosome Genetics

B) Behavioural Genetics

Which of the following is a current criticism of emotional intelligence? A) Emotional intelligence is misnamed because it is an important aspect of inductive thinking, which does not require emotional skill B) Emotional intelligence is not a traditional form of intelligence and should be called 'emotional competence'. C) Measurements of emotional intelligence are unreliable D) Measurements which ask a person to rate their own competency in emotional areas predict important outcomes better than more objective measures of emotional intelligence

B) Emotional intelligence is not a traditional form of intelligence and should be called 'emotional competence'.

Reaction range (related to intelligence) is an example of: A) Genetype-Environment correlation (GE) B) Genetype-Environment interaction (GxE) C) Heritability (h2) D) Shared environment (Ec)

B) Genetype-Environment interaction (GxE)

According to the text, two common observations that give rise to the concept of personality are: A) Individuality and organisation B) Individuality and consistency C) Organisation and structure D) Consistency and identity

B) Individuality and consistency

In a classic conservation experiment two short beakers and one tall beaker were placed in front of 4 year-old children. The two short beakers were identical and filled with apple juice. One of the short beakers was picked up by the experimenter who poured it into the tall beaker. The experimenter then asked the children which beaker had more apple juice. To this the children replied that the taller had more apple juice. This thinking of the 4 year-old children demonstrates A) Centration B) Irreversibility C) Egocentrism D) Conservation

B) Irreversibility

In Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the higher-order processes used to plan and regulate task performance are called: A) Fluid intelligence factors B) Metacomponents C) Mental competencies D) Crystallized intelligence factors

B) Metacomponents

The field of epigenetics deals with changes in gene expressions caused by environment factors. A process in which a gene is turned on is called: A) Methylation B) Mutation C) Heritability D) Acetylation

B) Mutation

Emmalina is about to form an opinion about a new student in her class, when her friend Adriana tells her to stop making snap judgements and that she should get to know the new student first before forming an opinion. Emmalina is reminded to consider the evidence carefully and made to feel accountable for her judgements. This is most likely to increase: A) Primacy effects B) Recency effects C) Self-serving effects D) Cognitive dissonance

B) Recency effects

Which of the following factors creates our mental sets? A) The ideal self B) Schemas C) Social facilitation D) The norm of reciprocity

B) Schemas

Researchers who are affiliated with the 'cognitive processes approach' to intelligence: A) Argue that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure B) Study the specific thought processes that underlie mental abilities C) Want to determine how many different kinds of mental abilities underlie test performance D) Are interested in studying the basic structure of the intellect

B) Study the specific thought processes that underlie mental abilities

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that: A) Conscious emotion is directly determined by the eliciting stimulus B) Subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal are independent responses to an emotion arousing situation C) Conscious emotion determines autonomic arousal D) Autonomic arousal determines conscious emotion

B) Subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal are independent responses to an emotion arousing situation

Correlations between IQs at age 9 and age 40 are in the range .70 to .80, indicating: A) Interjudge consistency B) Test-retest reliability C) Construct validity D) Content validity

B) Test-retest reliability

Which of the following initially gave rise to L. L. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities? A) Thurstone was impressed by the high correlations between mental tasks measured on IQ tests B) Thurstone thought that the correlations between mental tasks measured on IQ tests were lower than what would be expected C) Thurstone was surprised at the nearly perfect correlations between mental tasksmeasured on IQ tests D) Thurstone was surprised that there was almost no correlation between mental tasks measured on IQ tests

B) Thurstone thought that the correlations between mental tasks measured on IQ tests were lower than what would be expected

Which of the following behavioral genetic methods is applied when the researcher compare groups of monozygotic- and dizygotic twins reared together? A) Adoption method B) Twin method C) Family method D) Prevalence method

B) Twin method

The fact that two people can have very different emotions in response to the same event is most easily explained by the concept of: A) eliciting stimuli. B) cognitive appraisal. C) instrumental behavior. D) expressive behavior.

B) cognitive appraisal.

A study found that Korean college students scored higher than European American students on measures of holistic thinking and took information into consideration when forming causal attributions for the behavior of others. Findings such as these have led to some theorists to refer to the fundamental attribution error as the _______. A) behaviour attribution error B) correspondence bias C) non-fundamental attribution error D) self-perception bias

B) correspondence bias

Studies of families have suggested that a strong motive for success is fostered by parents who: A) encourage and reward achievement and punish failure. B) encourage and reward achievement and do not punish failure. C) ignore achievement and punish failure. D) ignore achievement and do not punish failure.

B) encourage and reward achievement and do not punish failure.

4. The fundamental attribution error refers to how people tend to __________ the importance of personal factors and ___________ the importance of situational factors when explaining other people's behaviors. A) overestimate; overestimate B) overestimate; underestimate C) underestimate; overestimate D) underestimate; underestimate

B) overestimate; underestimate

Identity achievement is to moratorium as A) no identity crisis is to experiencing an identity crisis B) resolving an identity crisis is to experiencing an identity crisis C) unconcerned about identity issues is to experiencing an identity crisis D) no identity crisis is to resolving an identity crisis

B) resolving an identity crisis is to experiencing an identity crisis

According to ______________, people are social because they have a basic need to relate their behaviors, feelings, and beliefs to other people in order to help them assess the level of their abilities and to determine whether their responses are normal. A) evolutionary theory B) the theory of social comparison C) humanistic psychology D) psychoanalytic theory

B) the theory of social comparison

The negative state relief model states that: A. Individuals are motivated to help others because of some perceived direct or indirect benefit to the individual B. High empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of others' suffering, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress C. Only empathy leads to true altruism D. We are altruistically motivated to help others feel better

B. High empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of others' suffering, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress

The tendency to give more importance to the initial information we have about a person is known as: A. The recency effect B. The primacy effect C. The self-fulfilling prophecy D. A stereotype

B. The primacy effect

Rosalie is a young child and she happens to know that fish swim. One day at the zoo Rosalie sees a penguin swimming in a pool. She turns to her mother and says: "Look, the black-and white fish is swimming!" The fact that Rosalie calls the penquin a fish best illustrates: A) The concept of conservation B) The process of assimilation C) Ego-centric thinking D) A failure to understand object-permanens

B. assimilation

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does blood flow increases to the arteries in and around the genital organs? A. Arousal B. Excitement C. Plateau D. Resolution

B. exitement

According to Charles Spearman, a person's ability to do well on a test of mathematical ability and their ability to do well on a test of verbal ability would: A. Come from separate, distinct types of intelligence B. Both come from a g factor C. Be uncorrelated with each other D. Both come from fluid intelligence

B. g factor

The specific genetic make-up of an individual is referred to: A) Heritability B) Genotype C) Phenotype D) Genotype-Environment correlation

B. genotype

Which of the following correctly lists the 'Big Five' personality traits? A) Outgoingness, conscientiousness, excitability, agreeableness, and nervousness B) Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism C) Openness, candidness, excitability, apprehensiveness, and nervousness D) Outgoingness, candidness, extraversion, affability, and neuroticism

B. ocean

Which of the following terms refers to an involuntary, inborn behaviour that happens in response to particular stimuli? A. A drive B. A reflex C. An external motivator D. Egocentrism

B. reflex

The psychologist Mary Ainsworth used ____________ to examine different types of infant attachment. A. wire cylinder monkeys B. the strange situation C. moral dilemmas D. the naughty teddy experiment

B. the strange situation

Which of the following statements is NOT an advantage of a longitudinal design? A. Affords the analysis of differences between individuals concerning the ways in which they develop B. It is time-saving and can be completed very quickly C. All participants in the sample are exposed to the same historical time scale D. All of the above

B. time saving

Even though a person may have the gene for blue eyes in her chromosomes, it is possible that she may actually have brown eyes because the gene for blue eyes is recessive. Instances like these most clearly demonstrate the distinction between: A) Chromosomes and genes B) Chromosomes and genotype C) Genotype and phenotype D) Genes and genotype

C) Genotype and phenotype

The best known approach to reducing prejudice is based on a principle called: A. The mere exposure effect B. In-group favouritism C. Equal status contact D. The social penetration effect

C . equal status contact

7. Which of the following was NOT affected by cultural gender equality in Eagly and Wood's re-analysis of Buss's data on human mate preferences across cultures: A) Men's preference for younger women B) Women's preference for older men C) Men's higher ratings of physical attractiveness than women's D) Mate preferences for 'a good cook/housekeeper' and 'good financial prospect'

C Men's higher ratings of physical attractiveness than women's

Which brain structure seems to turn on hunger? A. Pineal gland B. Ventromedial hypothalamus C. Lateral hypothalamus D. Paraventricular nucleus

C lateral hypothalamus

If the heritability coefficient for personality is .25, this means that: A) 25 percent of the variation in the personality of an individual is related to genetic factors B) 25 percent of the variation in the personality of an individual is related to cognitive factors C) 25 percent of the variation of personality in a group of people is related to genetic factors D) 25 percent of the variation of personality in a group of people is related to shared environment

C) 25 percent of the variation of personality in a group of people is related to genetic factors

2.What percentage of additive genes do full siblings (FS) share? A) 25 per cent B) 12,5 per cent C) 50 per cent D) 75 per cent

C) 50 per cent

I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to other people. I find it difficult to trust them completely or to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close. Which of the following best describes my attachment style? A) Autonomous B) Secure C) Avoidant D) Anxious-ambivalent

C) Avoidant

The data that J. B. Carroll used to develop his three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities: A) Were collected in 1993, using new tests to measure cognitive abilities B) Included measures of cognitive abilities that had never been used before C) Came from more than 460 studies conducted around the world between 1935 and 1980 D) Could not be factor-analysed

C) Came from more than 460 studies conducted around the world between 1935 and 1980

_________________ exists when a test successfully measures the psychological construct it is designed to measure, as indicated by relations between test scores and other behaviours that it should be related to. A) Inter-reliability validity B) Content validity C) Construct validity D) Criterion-related validity

C) Construct validity

All of the following were mentioned in the text as ways that pro-social behavior can be increased, EXCEPT: A) Learning about the bystander apathy effect B) Exposure to pro-social models C) Decreasing social comparisons D) Developing feelings of empathy and connectedness with others

C) Decreasing social comparisons

__________ are positive or negative affective states that are comprised of various cognitive, physiological, and behavioral responses. A) Drives B) Motives C) Emotions D) Stressors

C) Emotions

1.Which of the following perceived sources of behavior is NOT usually attributed to personality? A) Internal cause B) Organization and structure C) Environmental trigger D) Behavioural components of identity

C) Environmental trigger

3.________________ intelligence reflects the ability to perform mental operations such as abstract and logical reasoning, solving spatial problems A) Crystallized B) Egocentric C) Fluid D) Longitudinal

C) Fluid

Who argued that in a boring environment, one seeks stimulation, and in an over-stimulating environment, one seeks peace and quiet? A) Maslow (1986) B) Seligman and Maier (1967) C) Hebb (1955) D) Gray (1975)

C) Hebb (1955)

In Eysenck's theorizing: A) Introversion-extraversion reflects shifts in arousal and stability-instability reflects customary arousal B) Introversion-extraversion and stability-instability both reflect shifts in arousal C) Introversion-extraversion reflects customary arousal and stability-instability reflects shifts in arousal D) Introversion-extraversion and stability-instability both reflect customary arousal

C) Introversion-extraversion reflects customary arousal and stability-instability reflects shifts in arousal

Score collected on tests of mental skills (such as IQ) usually form a: A) Binomial distribution B) Poisson distribution C) Normal distribution D) Uniform distribution

C) Normal distribution

A famous study about prejudice conducted by Richard LaPiere in 1934, using a young Chinese couple as participants, demonstrated that: A) People in the United States were highly prejudiced against Asians at that time B) Normative social influence is largely responsible for prejudiced attitudes C) People's attitudes did not correlate well with their actual behaviors D) Much prejudicial behaviour appears to be motivated by stereotype threat

C) People's attitudes did not correlate well with their actual behaviors

Erikson is best known for his work with A) Moral reasoning B) Attachment C) Psychosocial development D) Temperament

C) Psychosocial development

_______ proposes that one way we might be able to understand ourselves is by 'stepping outside ourselves' and looking at our own behavior. A) Regulatory focus theory B) Social impact theory C) Self-perception theory D) Cognitive dissonance theory

C) Self-perception theory

Early intelligence researcher _____________ observed how intelligence appeared to run in certain families and contended that this factor must therefore be largely determined by genetic or biological factors. However, a major shortcoming of this conclusion was that he failed to take the impact of the environment into account. A) William Stern B) Alfred Binet C) Sir Francis Galton D) Lewis Terman

C) Sir Francis Galton

Under which psychological perspective falls the 'Cognitive-Affective Personality System'? A) The Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspective B) Psychodynamic perspective C) Social-cognitive perspective D) Biological perspective

C) Social-cognitive perspective

An athletic trainer gives five different tests of athleticism to a group of athletes: upper-body weight lifting, lower-body weight lifting, push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups. A factor analysis reveals that performance on these tests are all highly correlated with each other and cluster onto one factor. We can conclude that: A) The tests of athleticism have strong reliability B) The tests of athleticism have strong validity C) The six tests are measuring a single athletic ability, which we could call 'strength'. D) The six tests are measuring six different athletic abilities

C) The six tests are measuring a single athletic ability, which we could call 'strength'.

_____________ are best described as relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics that help establish people's individual identities and distinguish them from others. A) Defense mechanisms B) Types C) Traits D) Behaviour outcome expectancies

C) Traits

All of the following are components in Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, EXCEPT: A) Metacomponents B) Performance components C) Visual-spatial components D) Knowledge-acquisition components

C) Visual-spatial components

When confronted by potentially overwhelming urges, the ego may resort to what are called ________________ in order to reject or distort reality and thus effectively reduce the anxiety that accompanies these urges. A) free associations B) archetypes C) defense mechanisms D) subliminal psychodynamic activations

C) defense mechanisms

A baby begins crying and this evokes a negative physiological response in her mother. The mother interprets this signal as indicating that the baby is unhappy and she uses several care- taking behaviors to soothe her child. This example best demonstrates how: A) emotions can be triggered without any cognitive appraisal. B) positive emotions can serve an adaptive function. C) emotions can serve as a form of social communication. D) emotions are largely determined by how we appraise general arousal states.

C) emotions can serve as a form of social communication.

According to the expectancy × value theory of motivation, the worth that an individual places on a goal is often called the _________ value. A) deficiency B) growth C) incentive D) reinforcement

C) incentive

A(n) _____ occurs when people's erroneous expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviors, thereby confirming their original impression. A) self-serving bias B) self-discrepancy effect C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) out-group homogeneity bias

C) self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following brain areas was mentioned as playing an important role with regard to emotions? A) the pons B) the ascending reticular formation C) the amygdala D) the cerebellum

C) the amygdala

Monozygotic twins have a ____ percent chance of sharing the same gene with one another. A) 75 B) 50 C) 100 D) 25

C. 100

According to Freud, what causes anxiety? A. Anxiety results when the ego confronts impulses that threaten to get out of control B. Anxiety results when the superego confronts impulses that threaten to get out of control C. Anxiety results when the id takes control from the superego D. Anxiety results when the superego stops functioning

C. Anxiety results when the id takes control from the superego

According to Carl Rogers, the highest realization of human potential is: A. Self-congruence B. Self-consistency C. Self-actualisation D. Self-enhancement

C. self-actualisation

Which of the following conclusions regarding the results from obedience studies is most accurate? A. Contrary to popular beliefs, obedience is high across all situations B. Contrary to popular beliefs, most people are very apathetic and cruel C. Obedience behaviour appears to be more a product of situational factors than of personal characteristics D. Obedience behaviour appears to be more a product of personal characteristics than of situational factors

C. Obedience behaviour appears to be more a product of situational factors than of personal characteristics

If behavior is influenced by evolutionary factors, Buss predicted: A. The behavior will be displayed only in undeveloped countries B. The behavior will be displayed in all countries C. The behavior will not be displayed in all countries D. The behavior will be displayed only in Western countries

C. The behavior will not be displayed in all countries

Psychologists use the term ______________ specifically to refer to judgements people make about the causes of their own and other people's behaviors. A) attitudes B) stereotypes C) social norms D) attributions

C. attributions

According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled in their lives when they are able to satisfy the three fundamental needs of _____. A) hunger, thirst, and sex B) hunger, security, and love C) competence, autonomy, and relatedness D) hunger, esteem, and achieveme

C. competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Vocabulary and information tests are good measures of _____ intelligence. 'A. Fluid B. Metacognitive C. Crystallized D. Structured

C. crystalized

Who first demonstrated that newborn infants will imitate a range of emotional and non emotional facial expressions? A) Tizard B) Bowlby C) Mettzoff D) Lorenz

C. mettzoff

According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, people must first satisfy their need for __________ before they can turn their attention to their need for ___________. A) affiliation and love; food B) beauty and order; affiliation and love C) security and safety; affiliation and love D) spirituality; food

C. security and safety; affiliation and love

The study of environmental influences can be divided into two components. Which component is involved if siblings are treated similar by their parents? A. Genotype-Environment correlation B. Nonshared environment C. Shared environment D. Shared heredity

C. shared environment

In Self-determination theory, autonomy means: A. to achieve independence B. to form meaningful bonds with others C. to achieve greater freedom D. to act automatically without having to reflect

C. to achieve greater freedom

Today, the most popular individually administered intelligence tests are the: A. Stanford-Binet tests B. Stern's IQ tests C. Wechsler's tests D. Bartholomew's tests

C. wechlers

The ego functions primarily at the ___________ level of mind and operates according to the _____________. A) conscious; pleasure principle B) preconscious; pleasure principle C) preconscious; reality principle D) conscious; reality principle

D) conscious; reality principle

Research has demonstrated that college women ____________ how thin they should be to conform to men's preferences, and that men _____________ how bulky they should be to conform to women's preferences. A) underestimated; underestimated B) underestimated; overestimated C) overestimated; underestimated D) overestimated; overestimated

D overestimated; overstimulated

Genetics accounts for between ________ of the variation in body mass index scores. A) 20 to 40% B) 60 to 90% C) 5 to 25% D) 40 to 70%

D) 40 to 70%

Who amongst the following stressed that humans are inherently social beings who are motivated by social interest? A) Raymond Cattell B) Erik Erikson C) Carl Jung D) Alfred Adler

D) Alfred Adler

_____ involves affection and deep caring about the partner's well-being. A) Passionate love B) Consummate love C) Fatuous love D) Companionate love

D) Companionate love

Which of the following is a type of validity that a psychological test should aim for? A) Test-retest B) Internal consistency C) Interjudge D) Construct

D) Construct

The ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems is called: A) Fluid intelligence B) Psychometric intelligence C) Deductive intelligence D) Crystallized intelligence

D) Crystallized intelligence

Which of the following factors is NOT described in the text as one that increases the influence of a minority opinion? A) Remaining independent in the presence of majority pressure, but looking as though you are maintaining an open mind B) When the person with the minority opinion is attractive C) When the minority is committed to its point of view D) Expressing the need for the majority to move towards the minority as the only way of re-establishing social stability

D) Expressing the need for the majority to move towards the minority as the only way of re-establishing social stability

According to Piaget ́s stages of cognitive development, during adolescence, a child is in the_____________________. A) Post-conventional stage B) Pre-operational stage C) Concrete-operational stage D) Formal-operational stage

D) Formal-operational stage

A study examining the heritability of criminal behaviour finds that people whose biological and adoptive parents both had criminal records were the most likely to be criminals themselves. This example best illustrates: A) The influence of genetic factors on criminal behavior B) The influence of environmental factors on criminal behaviour C) How genotype and phenotype can interact to produce behaviour D) How the environment and genetic factors can interact to produce behavior

D) How the environment and genetic factors can interact to produce behavior

Which of the following statements is true regarding id? A) It has direct contact with reality B) It exists totally within the conscious mind. C) It starts developing by the age of 10 to 11. D) It is the innermost core of personality.

D) It is the innermost core of personality.

Which of the following is true of Freud's and Jung's observations? A) Jung emphasized the sexuality of the id B) Freud argued that motivational forces of personality were a more general form of libidinous energy C) Freud's ideas bear some similarities to those of contemporary evolutionary theorists who emphasize innate cognitive processes D) Jung expanded Freud's notion of the unconscious in unique directions

D) Jung expanded Freud's notion of the unconscious in unique directions

Which of the following tests is used to measure the Big Five personality types? A) 16PF B) Eysenck ́s Personality Inventory C) Life Orientation Test D) NEO Personality Inventory

D) NEO Personality Inventory

In his model of psychosocial development Erikson proposed that personality is A) Predetermined by innate temperaments B) Fixed by the time a child is 5 years old C) Fixed by the time a child reaches adolescence D) Not fixed and is free to vary across a lifetime

D) Not fixed and is free to vary across a lifetime

In contrast to when the test was first created, modern IQ tests provide a score that represents a: A) Ratio of a person's chronological age to his or her mental age B) Ratio of the person's mental age to his or her chronological age C) Person's mental age D) Person's performance relative to the scores of other people his or her own age

D) Person's performance relative to the scores of other people his or her own age

Which psychologist argued that cognitive development is discontinuous, progressing through qualitative distinct stages? A) William James B) Fantz C) Vygotsky D) Piaget

D) Piaget

Which of the following is type of reliability a psychological test should aim for? A) Construct B) Content C) Criterion-related D) Test-retest

D) Test-retest

If behavior is influenced by sociocultural factors, Eagly & Wood predicted: A) The behavior will be displayed in all societies regardless of cultural differences B) The behavior will vary across societies due to culture differences within Europe only C) The behavior will vary across societies with low socioeconomic status D) The behavior will vary across societies due to economical and educational differences

D) The behavior will vary across societies due to economical and educational differences

How might you measure an individual's personal construct system? A) With a free association test B) With a Voight-Kampff Test C) With a Thematic Apperception Test D) With a Role Construct Repertory Test

D) With a Role Construct Repertory Test

According to Haxby et al., we are highly skilled in recognizing fixed and changeable features of faces and have the ability to judge each other within __________. A) the first week of meeting someone B) two seconds C) several minutes D) a fraction of a second

D) a fraction of a second

The fact that children who are blind from birth express basic emotions facially in roughly the same way as sighted children do is consistent with the claim that: A) even the emotions of children are based largely on cognitive appraisals. B) basic human emotions are determined by sensory information sent directly to the amygdala. C) the emotional responses of children appear to largely be learned. D) at least for some emotions, humans may have innate fundamental emotion patterns.

D) at least for some emotions, humans may have innate fundamental emotion patterns.

The fact that people from Tahiti are often afraid of being alone, whereas Eskimos tend to feel sad and lonely when by themselves, best demonstrates: A) how some cognitive appraisals appear to be universal. B) the difference between emotion-focused coping and seeking social support. C) how different eliciting stimuli can cause different emotions. D) how some cognitive appraisals appear to be culturally determined

D) how some cognitive appraisals appear to be culturally determined

The ego operates according to the _____________. A) pleasure principle B) lust principle C) unreality principle D) reality principle

D) reality principle

Adolescence differs from puberty in that: A. Adolescence is biologically defined B. Adolescence refers to the maturation period during which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction C. The transition out of adolescence is related to finding an employment D. Adolescence is largely an invention of 18th-20th century western culture

D. Adolescence is largely an invention of 18th-20th century western culture

With regard to fluid and crystallized intelligence, research has concluded that: A. Both fluid and crystallized intelligence appear to decline with age B. Both fluid and crystallized intelligence increase or remain stable well into late adulthood C. Fluid intelligence improves or remains stable with age but crystallized intelligence appears to decline in late adulthood D. Crystallized intelligence improves and remains stable with age but fluid intelligence appears to decline in late adulthood

D. Crystallized intelligence improves and remains stable with age but fluid intelligence appears to decline in late adulthood

A motivation theorist who believes in the expectancy × value theory of motivation would most likely say that two people can respond differently to the same incentive because they: A) Have different drives B) Have different unconscious motives C) Have different deficiency needs D) Evaluate the worth of the incentive differently

D. Evaluate the worth of the incentive differently

The fact that human babies who are being massaged show faster neurological development illustrates: A) The difference between a critical period and a sensitive period B) Present yet another example of how Piaget underestimated the abilities of young children C) Provides an example that is consistent with Vygotsky`s zone of proximal development D) Indicates that human development can be significally affected by the environment

D. Indicates that human development can be significally affected by the environment

Which of the following brain structures seems to function as an early-warning system for threatening social stimuli? A. The cerebral cortex B. The thalamus C. The neocortex D. The amygdala

D. amygdala

The Behavioral Activation System is to the Behavioral Inhibition System as: A) Up is to down B) Achievement is to desire C) Goal is to success D) Approach is to avoidance

D. approach is to avoidance

Parents who exert control but do so with a cold, irresponsive or rejecting relationship are most likely to be using------------------parenting style: A) Authoritative B) Indulgent C) Neglecting D) Authoritarian

D. authoritarian

Alfred Binet made which of the following assumptions when developing his intelligence measure? A. The characteristics of successful people are largely determined by heredity. B. The characteristics of successful people are largely determined by the environment C. Mental abilities develop with age and the variable rate of this development is determined by the environment D. Mental abilities develop with age and the constant rate of this development is an internal characteristic of the person

D. constant rate

Personality was defined as 'a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behaviours, thoughts and feelings' by: A. B.F Skinner B. Sigmund Freud C. Albert Bandura 'D. Gordon Allport

D. gordon allport

The text makes an important distinction between ____________, which refers to a negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group, and ____________, which is concerned with actually treating people unfairly based on their group membership. A. groupthink; deindividuation B. groupthink; prejudice C. prejudice; deindividuation D. prejudice; discrimination

D. prejudice; discrimination

Usually----------------- are used to adress questions concerning the development of cognitive abilities. A) Observational methods B) Experimental methods C) Focus-group sessions D) Psychophysical measures

D. psychophysical measures

The _____ for a genetically influenced trait refers to the upper and lower limits of the possibilities that the genetic code allows. A) Threshold B) Evocative influence C) Allele range D) Reaction range

D. reaction range

Which theory suggests that men and women display different mating preferences not because nature impels them to do so, but because society guides them into different social roles? A. Parental investment theory B. Sexual strategies theory C. Blending theory D. Social structure theory

D. social structure theory

According to _________________, attitudes are relatively good predictors of future behaviour when people have positive attitudes toward their behaviours, when subjective norms support their attitudes, and when they believe that behaviours are under their personal control. A. the realistic conflict theory B. the self-perception theory C. the dissonance theory D. the theory of planned behaviour

D. the theory of planned behavior

At what age/stage of development is there an upsurge in dopamine activity A) Puberty B) Prenatal stage C) Birth to 9 month D) First two years

a puberty

Janet recently scored very high on a test of verbal ability. According to Spearman's g factor: A) Janet is also likely to score high on other tests of intelligence B) Janet is likely to score low on tests of creativity C) We cannot determine how Janet will score on other tests of intelligence D) Janet is likely to score low on tests of mathematical ability

a . Janet is also likely to score high on other tests of intelligence

An average score on an IQ test is: A) 100 B) 90 C) 110 D) 125

a 100

According to Harold Kelley (1973) model of attribution, there are three types of information that we use to determine the kind of attribution we make: consistency, distinctiveness, and: A) Consensus B) Normality C) Similarity D) Uniqueness

a. concensus

The Five Factor Model proposes that five higher-order factors capture the basic structure of personality. Which of these is not one of these factors: A. Defensiveness B. Conscientiousness C. Extraversion D. Agreeableness

a. defensiveness

Which of the following is described as a key factor in producing deindividuation? A. The lack of inhibiting social norms within the group B. Social compensation C. Group polarization D. Anonymity to insiders

a. lack of inhibiting social norms

Emphasis on the primacy of immediate experience is known as: A) Phenomenology B) Psychodynamics C) Neoanalytic theory D) Teleology

a. phenomenology

In Eysenck's extraversion-stability model, the two basic dimensions intersect at right angles meaning that they are: A) Statistically independent B) Factor analytically useful C) Meeting points for more specific traits D) Reflective of secondary traits

a. statistically indepandent

The fight-or-flight response is produced by: A. the sympathetic nervous system B. the parasympathetic nervous system C. the autonomic nervous system D. the central nervous system

a. sympathetic

Children in the pre-operational stage find it difficult to view the world from someone else's perspective. This difficulty is known as A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Object permanence D) Lack of conservation

b egoncentrism

A sperm or an egg cell contains____chromosomes. A. 13 B. 23 C. 46 D. 48

b. 23

Patrick and his father has Huntingtons disease. His mother is healthy. The Huntington gene must be: A. Recessive B. Dominant C. Additive D. Mutated

b. Dominant

Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called: A) Neuromodulators B) Alleles C) Neurons D) Antigens

b. alleles

Eysenck believed that the brains of extreme introverts are: A) Chronically under-aroused B) Chronically over-aroused C) Acutely under-aroused D) Acutely over-aroused

b. chronically over aroused

Violation of the Equal Environment Assumption, applied in twin studies, will __________ the heritability coefficient. A) Underestimate B) Overestimate C) Describe D) Not affect

b. overestimate

If a gene is _____________, then the particular characteristic that it controls will be displayed only if both parents distributes the gene to their offspring. A) Dominant B) Recessive C) Phenotypic D) Polygenic

b. recessive

In a recent study looking at brain activity, Schwartz et al. (2003) reported that the brains of adults who had been categorized as inhibited or uninhibited when they were 2 years old showed: A) Low amygdala reaction amongst the inhibited group to familiar faces but not to novel B) Low amygdala reaction amongst the uninhibited group to novel faces but not to familiar faces C) High amygdala reaction amongst the inhibited group to novel faces D) High amygdala reaction amongst the uninhibited group to familiar faces

c. High amygdala reaction amongst the inhibited group to novel faces

Factor analysis is a: A. Technique used to determine the validity of a psychological test B. Statistical technique used to determine the reliability of a psychological test C. Statistical technique that allows a researcher to reduce a large number of correlations to a smaller number of clusters or factors D. Technique used to standardize a psychological measure

c. Statistical technique that allows a researcher to reduce a large number of correlations to a smaller number of clusters or factors

Based upon the results of the Head Start, Abecedarian and High/Scope Perry programmes, you might expect an early childhood intervention programme to: A. Have no effect on later adult functioning B. Improve only the verbal skills during later adult functioning C. Substantially improve later adult functioning only if the intervention began in the pre-school years D. Substantially improve later adult functioning only if the intervention began during school years

c. Substantially improve later adult functioning only if the intervention began in the pre-school years

Which of the following summary scores of the Wechsler intelligence tests is calculated by adding up the scores on all of the separate subtests? A) Verbal B) Performance C) Full-scale D) Total

c. full scale

An inherited characteristic that produces a particular response when an organism is exposed to a particular stimulus and is common to all members of a species is called a(n): A) Motive B) Drive C) Instinct D) Incentive

c. instinct

Your body's rate of energy or calorie consumption is referred to as its: A) Homeostasis B) Fat cell ratio C) Metabolism D) Digestive efficiency

c. metabolism

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and other peptides are released by the small intestine into bloodstream to signal A. hunger B. thirst C. satiation D. sexual desire

c. satiation

Personality traits such as introversion and extraversion have both benefits and costs. The traits might be adaptive in certain environments and would therefore be maintained through natural selection. This phenomenon refers to: A) Blending theory B) Genotype-Environment interaction C) Strategic pluralism D) Genotype-Environment correlation

c. strategic pluralism

Which of the following defence mechanisms involves releasing a repressed impulse in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaviour? A. Rationalization B. Intellectualization C. Sublimation D. Reaction formation

c. sublimination

The symbol of heritability is: A) p B) G C) E D) h2

d h2

The ego functions primarily at the ___________ level of mind and operates according to the _____________. A) Conscious; pleasure principle B) Preconscious; pleasure principle C) Preconscious; reality principle D) Conscious; reality principle

d. Conscious; reality principle

The theorists who believed in _____ regarded themselves as humanists. They embraced a positive view that affirms the inherent dignity and goodness of the human spirit, as well as the individual's creative potential and inborn striving towards personal growth. A. the consistency theory 'B. entomology C. the equity theory D. phenomenology

d. Phenomnenology

Sex cells are different from all other cells in the human body because: A) They have no DNA B) They have no chromosomes C) They have twice the number of chromosomes as regular cells D) They have half the number of chromosomes as regular cells

d. They have half the number of chromosomes as regular cells

Androgen is to oestrogen as: A. Male is to female B. Organisational is to activational C. Activation is to inhibition D. Oestradiol is to testosterone

d. oestradiol is to testosterone

According to Vygotsky, the difference between what a child can do independently and what the child can do with assistance from adults or more advanced peers is known as the zone of _____. A. cognitive development B. formal operation C. discontinuity D. proximal development

d. proximal development

Regardless of the research methodology being used, researchers studying changes in intelligence over the life span usually find that: A. Both fluid and crystallized intelligence increase simaltaneously and at the same rate in late adulthood B. Both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline simaltaneously and at the same rate in middle adulthood C. Crystallized intelligence appears to decline somewhat earlier than fluid intelligence D. Fluid intelligence appears to decline somewhat earlier than crystallized intelligence

d.Fluid intelligence appears to decline somewhat earlier than crystallized intelligence

McKone et al., found that we are uniquely (neurologically) sensitive to faces and this suggests that we are able to form ______ impressions of others. a. first b. rational c. long lasting d. unconscious

unconscious