PsyPschy4

A ________ is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock. a. zeitgeber b. pacemaker c. pacing stimulus d. synchronizer e. chronopulse

a zeitgeber

During the ________ state of the slow-wave sleep record, the neurons of the cortex are ________. a. up; hyperpolarized b. down; silent c. up; silent d. down; depolarized e. delta; overexcited

b. down ; silent

A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to a. produce insomnia. b. reduce the amplitude of delta activity in the frontal lobes. c. increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep. d. increase the need for REM sleep. e. increase the amount of time spent dreaming.

c. increase amount of time spent that nigh in slow wave sleep

A single cycle of non-REM and REM sleep lasts about a. 10 minutes. b. 30-40 minutes. c. 90 minutes. d. 360 minutes. e. 8 hours.

c. 90 min

Somnambulism is synonymous with a. sleep attack. b. dreaming while awake. c. sleepwalking. d. cataplexy. e. night terrors.

c.sleep walking

A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be a. releasing urine during sleep. b. dreaming while awake. c. sleepwalking.

night terror?

21. A person who does not feel rested after sleeping 15 hours a night a. is probably sleeping at his or her desk during the day. b. probably does not need more sleep. c. has pseudoinsomnia. d. is underestimating the amount of sleep time he or she needs. e. is likely to develop a serious form of insomnia.

b probably does not need more sleep

50. The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus a. are suppressed by sleeping pills. b. decrease during sleep and increase at awakening. c. are unrelated to behavioral arousal. d. in turn alter EEG cortical arousal. e. are highest during REM sleep.

b decrease during sleep and increase at awakening

________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis. a. Apnea b. Hypnagogic hallucination c. Cataplexy d. Night terror e. Somnambulism

b hypnagogic

A characteristic of REM sleep includes a. synchronized EEG activity. b. muscle paralysis. c. low rate of firing of ACh neurons in the dorsal pons. d. suppressed genital blood flow. e. night terrors.

b muscle paralysis

Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________. a. eating; drinking b. normal waking; sleep c. sexual behavior; feeding d. reinforcement; punishment e. slow-wave sleep; REM sleep

b normal walkin sleep

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as a. iatrogenic. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. situational insomnia. e. cataplexy.

b sleep apnea

A hormone a. comes only from special glands in the body such as the testes b. travels some distance greater than a synapse to effect a target organ c. is any substance that promotes genital development d. all of the above e. a & c

b travels some distance greater than a synapse

Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during ________ sleep. a. stage 1 of slow-wave b. high-frequency c. stage 4 of slow-wave d. paradoxical e. REM

c. stage 4 slow wave sleep

It may be inappropriate to use a sleeping medication to treat insomnia because a. medication withdrawal symptoms can result in more insomnia. b. tolerance to sleeping medication leads to withdrawal symptoms. c. the use of a sleeping medication may cause daytime grogginess. d. insomniacs underestimate the amount of time they actually sleep. e. alcohol renders sleeping pills ineffective.

c. the use of a sleeping medication may cause daytime groginess

The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________. a. non-REM sleep; narcolepsy b. the day hours; hypertension c. REM sleep; impotence d. slow-wave sleep; cardiac failure e. the day hours; cocaine abuse

c.REM sleep , impotence

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles? a. Sleep cycles are random across the night. b. Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep. c. As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle. d. Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours. e. Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes.

c.as the night goes on the relative length of REM increases each successive cycle

Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from a. anorexia nervosa. b. somnabulimia. c. sleep-related eating disorder. d. hyperbulimia. e. REM sleep behavior disorder.

c.sleep related disorder

Sex differences in Rough and Tumble play are an example of a. the influence of the environment on behavior b. organizational effects of a hormone c. differences in hormone actions between animals and humans d. activational effects of hormones e. cultural stereotyping

...

The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that a. newborn infants spend 70% of their sleep time in slow-wave sleep. b. active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep. c. REM sleep increases in college students during exam time. d. the elderly spend 85% of their sleep time in REM. e. infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.

...

Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n) a. adenosine antagonist. b. GABA agonist. c. GABA antagonist. d. adenosine agonist. e. norepinephrine antagonist.

a adenosine

Circadian rhythms are a. endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day. b. not found in plants. c. learned patterns of daily activity. d. annual changes in behavior (such as migration). e. monthly cycles of reproductive activity.

a endogenous cycles of activity over course of a day

The "ticking" of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve a. feedback loops of intracellular protein production. b. the rhythmic opening of sodium channels in the membrane. c. interactions between two adjacent clock cells. d. the rhythmic opening of calcium channels in the membrane. e. the buildup of sodium in the clock cell over time.

a feedback loops of intracellular protein production

If findings from the prairie vole can be applied to human pair bonding, you would expect that a monogamous couple may show ________ than do promiscuous couples. a. greater brain levels of vasopressin (males) and oxytocin (females) b. loss of cells in the spinal cord c. lower brain levels of vasopressin (males) and oxytocin (females) d. increased release of prolactin during pair formation e. A and B are correct.

a greater brain levels of vasopressin(males) and oxytocin (females)

Wakefulness is promoted by a(n) a. histamine antagonist. b. norepinephrine antagonist. c. acetylcholine antagonist. d. histamine agonist. e. glycine agonist.

a histamine antagonist

Which of the following are examples of sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats? a. mating b. courting c. parenting c. most aggressive behaviors e. all of the above are correct.

a mating

Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ________ secreted by cells within the ________. a. melatonin; pineal gland b. dopamine; hypothalamus c. melanopsin; preoptic hypothalamus d. oxytocin; pituitary e. melatonin; retina

a melatonin; pineal gland

7.You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is a. in stage 4 of slow-wave sleep. b. dreaming. c. in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep. d. making the transition from wakefulness to sleep. e. awake.

a. in stage 4 of slow wave sleep

Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep? a. nightmares b. lyrical dreams c. elevated sexual arousal (i.e., lust) d. a deficit in the capacity to plan e. narrative and story-like dreams

a. nightmares

A key aspect of slow-wave sleep is the presence of ________ Hz oscillations comprised of a down state followed by an up state. a.1.0 b.2.0 c.7 d.12 e.30

a.1.0

4.The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves. a. beta b. alpha c. theta d. sleep spindles e. delta

a.beta

The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of a. norepinephrine. b. serotonin. c. acetylcholine. d. dopamine. e. GABA.

a.norephineohrine

During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the a. visual association cortex. b. prefrontal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. amygdala. e. temporal cortex.

a.visual association cortex

The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is a. proven by studies of the dolphin sleep cycle. b. unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times. c. unlikely because REM and slow-wave sleep appear to involve independent mechanisms. d. proven by the observation that naps reduce sleep time the following night. e. unlikely given that blood chemistry does not change within the brain.

b unlikely given that the cerebral hemisphere of a dolphin sleep at different times

1.Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving a. the inability to fall asleep. b. an attack of sleep during the day. c. anxiety and fear during sleep. d. rapid movements of the eyes. e. uncontrollable brain seizures.

b. an attack of sleep during the day.

Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will a. mimic the effects of REM deprivation. b. increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes. c. reduce stage 4 sleep. d. impair subsequent learning of complex materials. e. facilitate protein synthesis.

b. increase glucose metabolism in frontal lobes

Human narcolepsy a. can be treated using sleep-inducing drugs. b. involves an absence of orexin from CSF in most narcoleptics. c. involves the intrusion of slow-wave sleep components into the awake state. d. is a psychological disorder. e. is treated using lithium salts.

b. involves an absence of orexin form CSF in most narcos

Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ________, whereas stages 3-4 are referred to as ________. a. REM sleep; non-REM sleep b. non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep c. slow-wave sleep; non-REM sleep d. paradoxical sleep; REM sleep e. arythmic sleep; paradoxical sleep

b. non-REM sleep;slow wave sleep

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a. blocked airways. b. obesity and diabetes. c. psychosis. d. mood disorder. e. bipolar disorder.

b. obesity and diabeties

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in a. intrusion of slow-wave sleep during the awake period. b. symptoms of narcolepsy. c. undereating and weight loss. d. prolonged sleeping. e. overeating.

b. symptoms of narcolepsy

5.The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because a. this pattern is seen in children but not adults. b. this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep. c. this wave form waxes and wanes during the day. d. it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol. e. drugs can elicit this brain wave pattern.

b. this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep

The key feature of narcolepsy is a. nightmares while awake. b. sleep attacks. c. nocturnal enuresis. d. hypnagogic hallucinations. e. feeling refreshed after an episode of sleep attack.

b.sleep attacks

Lordosis is the a. the masculine pattern of domination in animals b. the female receptive posture in animals c. a disease involving the testes d. the submissive posture of the non-dominant male

bfemale receptive posture in animals

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________. a. adenosine; wakefulness b. GABA; REM sleep c. adenosine; slow-wave sleep d. a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep e. GABA; slow-wave sleep

c adenosine slow wave sleep

Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei tissue from rats is a. constant throughout a 24-hour period. b. higher at night and lower during the day. c. greatest during winter months. d. lowest during the winter months. e. higher during the day and lower at night.

c greatest during winter months

The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that a. mania commonly occurs with narcolepsy. b. narcoleptics show no problems in staying asleep. c. narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state. d. slow-wave sleep intrudes into the awake state in narcoleptics. e. narcoleptics show problems in eye-tracking similar to those noted in alcoholism.

c narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state

A study of the sex difference in performance on the water level task of Piaget found that ] a. sex differences occur only during ovulation b. sex differences occur during the luteal, but not the follicular phase. c. sex differences occur when estrogen levels fall at ovulation and menses d. sex differences are present at all stages of the menstrual cycle

c sex difference occurs when estrogen levels fall at ovulation and menses

The primary difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is a. steroid hormones are amino acids strings instead of carbon rings b. steroids are released from the pituitary gland c. steroids bind to intracellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors d. peptide hormones are released from the adrenal cortex and kidney e. there are no differences.

c steriods bind intracellular receptors peptide hormones to membrane receptors

Which is true of GnRH neurons? a. They arise from mesodermal tissue b. They are essential for the sense of smell 6 c. They secrete a pulse of GnRH synchronously about once an hour during development. d. All of the above e. A&C

c they secrete a pulse of GnRH synchronously about once an hour during development

2.The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by a. visible changes in respiration. b. changes in motor movements involving speech.. c. changes in the electrical activity of the brain. d. changes in consciousness. e. the quality and quantity of dreams.

c. changes in the electrical activity of the brain.

An example of an activational effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be a. growth of axillary hair in females. b. differentiation of the Wolffian system into the fimbriae, Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. c. growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle. d. alteration of the vocal cords to create a "deep" voice. e. maturation of the ovaries in a female.

c. growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle

Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects. a. decreased slow-wave sleep b. decreased REM sleep c. no change in sleep patterns d. a significant reduction in total sleep time e. signs of REM-sleep behavior disorder

c. no change in sleep patterns

37. Sleep deprivation in humans results in a. psychosis. b. impaired physical exercise. c. perceptual distortions. d. secretion of stress hormones. e. depression.

c. perceptual distortions

Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep? a. alternating delta and beta EEG activities b. the presence of delta wave EEG activity c. rapid eye movements d. alpha wave brain activity e. tossing and turning in bed

c. rapid eye movement

The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to a. clear brain waste products produced by REM sleep. b.promote dreaming c.rest the brain d. promote brain development. e.facilitate learning

c. rest brain

Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in a. impaired ability to perform physical labor. b.psychosis c.some perceptual distortions d. subsequent rebound recovery of lost slow-wave sleep. e. a mild form of bipolar disorder.

c. some perceptual distortions

Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep. a. hypothalamus b. raphe nuclei c. cerebral cortex d. amygdala e. ventral pons

ccerebral cortex

a. GnRH b. LH c. FSH d. ACTH e. CRF f. TSH g. GRF ___ Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol ___ Stimulates estrogen and testosterone ___ Stimulates pituitary release of ACTH ___ Stimulates LH and FSH release ___ Stimulates thyroxine release ___ Stimulates growth hormone ___ Stimulates sperm and egg development

d b e a f g c ACTH- adrenal cortex LH- estrogen CRF- pituitary GnRH-LH & FSH TSH- thyroxine GRF- growth hormone FSH- sperm and egg

Damage to the rat ________ would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to a. vlPOA b. nucleus accumbens c. thalamus d. SCN e. hippocampus

d SCN

The mood change and cognitive dysfunctions associated with jet lag and shift work can be reduced by a. administration of amphetamine. b. topical application of nicotine. c. ingestion of alcohol and barbiturates. d. consumption of melatonin. e. B and C are correct.

d consumption of melatonin

Acromegaly is due to excessive release of a. testosterone b. TSH c. prolactin d. growth hormone e. FSH

d growth hormone

Which of the following is true of melanopsin? a. Melanopsin is found within rods but not cones. b.Melanospin is found within cones but not rods c. Melanopsin activity is suppressed by light. d. Melanospin is found within ganglion cells e. Melanopsin in rods is a cue that resets SCN clock cells.

d is found within ganglion cells

The primary function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to a. redirect blood flow to the genitals. b. facilitate memory. c. inhibit motor movements during dreaming. d. rest the brain. e. promote beta activity in the forebrain.

d rest the brain

The adulthood psychological adjustment achieved by Bruce-Brenda-David, the male twin whose penis was ablated during a botched circumcision procedure at age 7 months, suggests that a. regular injections of testosterone can shift sexual identity. b. nature's impulse is to create a female. c. genetic type is less important than are social factors. d. sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child. e. C and D are correct.

d sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child

A person who is hypothyroid will often show signs of a. manic activity b. depression c. psychosis d. sleeplessness e. psychosis

d sleeplessness

Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep? a. dreaming in color b. muscle paralysis c. genital changes associated with arousal d. various forms of slow-wave brain activity e. rapid eye movements

d various forms of slow wave brain activity

A key symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is a. attacks of catalepsy. b. a depressed mood upon awakening. c. the occurrence of motor movements during slow-wave sleep. d. a lack of paralysis during REM sleep. e. the loss of dreams during REM sleep.

d. a lack of paralysis during REM sleep

Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep? a. Cortical blood flow is reduced during REM sleep as blood is shunted to the genitals. b. Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary visual cortex. c. Cerebral blood flow is very low during color dreaming. d. Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex. e. Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary auditory cortex.

d. cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex

3.The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep. a. myelogram b. electroencephalogram c. physiograph d. electromyogram e. retinogram

d.electromyogram

Match the following glands with the hormone they produce a. thyroid b. pancreas c. adrenal d. testis e. ovary ___ estrogen ___ thyroxine ___ testosterone ___ cortisol ___ insulin

e a d c b ovary -estrogen thyroid-thyroxine testis -testostirone adrenal-cortisol pancreas-insulin

The sry gene a. initiates the formation of the mullerian ductal system b. is responsible for causing the undifferentiated gonad to become a testis c. induces the formation of mature sperm d. is found on the Y chromosome e. all of the above

e all of the above

The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by a. the Sry gene. b. the X chromosome. c testosterone. d. the Y chromosome. e. no factor is required.

e no factor is required

6.The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of a. 1-3 Hz. b. 12-14 Hz. c. 13-30 Hz. d. less than 3.5 Hz. e. 3.5-7.5 Hz.

e. 3.5 - 7.5

The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy. a. anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. mania d. panic attack e. depression

e. depression

Which of the following terms belong together? a. awake state; EEG synchrony b. REM sleep; slow-wave EEG pattern c. slow-wave sleep; marked genital arousal d. REM sleep; lack of genital activity e. slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus

e. slow wave sleep moderate muscle tonus

A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is a. abuse of amphetamines. b. staying awake for long periods of time. c. the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. d. damage to neurons that initiate REM sleep. e. strong emotions or physical exertion.

e. strong emotions or physical exertion

Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory. a. slow-wave; nondeclarative b. REM; sensory c. REM; declarative d. slow-wave; sensory e. REM; nondeclarative

eREM nondeclarative

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from a. REM without atonia. b. somnambulism. c. a sleep attack. d. situational insomnia. e. an episode of cataplexy.

eepisode of cataplexy