Public Health Exam #3
The first emission standards for automobiles were passed in 1965, to take effect with cars of what model year? A) 1966 B) 1967 C) 1968 D) 1969
1968
The first Earth Day, celebrated in the United States on April 22, __________________, marked the beginning of the modern environmental movement with coast-to-coast rallies and teach-ins.
1970
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act was established in _________.
1988
In response to increasing evidence that the U.S. health care system was dysfunctional, even the _______________________ endorsed President Obama's efforts to change the system.
American Medical Association
________, "the king of poisons," has been well known as a common means of homicide through the centuries.
Arsenic
The _____________ Act mandated that infants born with any signs of life be treated as suffering from an emergency medical condition.
Borne Alive Infant Protection
The percentage of children who are uninsured has declined to less than 10 percent because of _________________________.
Children's Health Insurance Program
President ____________ negotiated the Children's Health Insurance Program with Congress.
Clinton
__________ was banned in 1977 due to possible increase in breast cancer risk.
Diethylstilbestrol
Regulation of the fish industry, which falls mainly under the jurisdiction of the _________________, is especially difficult because most fish are caught in the wild by independent fishermen in relatively small boats
FDA
True or False? The Safe Drinking Water Act requires pretreatment of industrial wastes that are discharged into sewers.
False -- Clean Water Act
True or False? The "New Source Review" set standards for newly built power plants and gave strict requirements for changes to existing plants.
False -- did not
True or False? Until recently, the public health approach has been to focus on economic factors in seeking risk reduction.
False -- ignore
True or False? The evidence suggests that, for many medical conditions, there is only one appropriate response or treatment.
False -- more than one
True or False? As medical care is increasingly being provided by managed care organizations and as methods are developed to evaluate the quality of care provided by the organizations, accreditation of managed care organizations is not nearly as widespread.
False-- becoming more
True or False? Until the early 1970s, the federal government was responsible for the quality of the waterways and the purity of the drinking water.
False-- individual states
True or False? The rise of preventive medicine contributed to an increasing interest in the measurement of the quality and efficiency, or cost-effectiveness, of medical care.
False-- managed care
True or False? There is well-documented evidence that patients were harmed by the overall cost control measures associated with managed care.
False-- no evidence
True or False? A number of studies, including the study of six cities, suggest that the largest particles are the most dangerous because they can invade the body's natural defenses and penetrate deeply into the lungs, becoming a chronic source of irritation.
False-- smallest
The discovery of PCBs led to a ban on commercial fishing on the _________ River because the chemicals were so concentrated in the flesh of fish.
Hudson
The __________ was asked to investigate and recommend a strategy that would lead to improvements in quality of care.
Institute of Medicine
In the ____________________, the population expands rapidly past the carrying capacity and then crashes.
J pattern
In ________, the Bush administration announced rules that require vehicles using diesel fuel to meet stricter standards on emissions.
May 2004
In ________, nearly 70 percent of the children had their tonsils removed by the time they were 15 years old.
Morrisville, Vermont
_______ are used to produce soft and flexible materials such as vinyl flooring, shower curtains, and some water bottles.
Phthalates
In a ________, patients are required to seek care from participating providers who have agreed to provide services at lower rates.
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
__________ care includes family practice, general internal medicine, pediatrics, and obstetrics/gynecology.
Primary
The 1986 reauthorization of the ___________________ specified 83 contaminants to be regulated by the EPA and set deadlines for action.
Safe Drinking Water Act
__________ provides identification and cleanup of hazardous waste sites
Superfund
. True or False? Even if the U.S. borders are sealed, human population growth threatens to change the environment of the entire globe, posing health threats that no one could escape.
True
True or False? All foods that have been irradiated are required to be labeled as such
True
True or False? All organisms tend to produce more offspring than would be needed to maintain a stable population
True
True or False? Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest cities were designed with consideration for the health of their inhabitants.
True
True or False? Congress has not reauthorized the corporate taxes to support cleanup under Superfund, but the program continues, paid for by polluters and taxpayers.
True
True or False? Each year, the Medicare program pays out more money than it collects in premiums.
True
True or False? For the period 2002 to 2011, fruits and vegetables cause more cases of illness than beef, poultry, and seafood combined.
True
True or False? It has been shown that the major portion of PCBs in the Great Lake comes from air pollution.
True
True or False? It is clear that the variability in the use of different treatments reflects the degree of uncertainty facing physicians regarding their relative efficacy
True
True or False? Legal disposal of hazardous wastes is expensive and no one knows how much illegal "midnight dumping" may actually go on today.
True
True or False? Neurotoxins may be even more insidious than carcinogens because the damage they do may mimic common aspects of aging.
True
True or False? Opposition to contraception by Roman Catholic and Muslim authorities, as well as the incendiary politics of abortion in the United States, obstructed rational attempts at limiting population growth.
True
True or False? Since only the most serious cases of foodborne diseases are reported, the extent of the problem is unclear.
True
True or False? The health status of the American population is poor in international comparison, which is evidence that all the spending on medical care cannot compensate for failures in the public health system.
True
True or False? The medical system is called upon to deal with the consequences of failures in public health.
True
True or False? The most contentious legal cases have concerned the system's insistence on providing expensive, intrusive, and unwanted treatment to patients whose conditions are judged medically hopeless
True
True or False? Until the 1970s, little attention was paid to what was done with the garbage after it was taken away from residential neighborhoods.
True
True or False? While Americans support most measures to ensure cleaner air, they consistently resist efforts to move them out of their private automobiles.
True
The __________ announced that it has been a year since a case of polio was detected in Africa.
World Health Organization (WHO)
The Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island has been closed since March of 2001 except for it use to dispose of debris from the ______________________
World Trade Center
. Discharges from industrial sources are the second major category of point-source pollution and were strictly regulated by which piece of legislation? A) Clean Water Act B) Safe Drinking Water Act C) Clean Air Act D) Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
a. Clean Water Act
In which state does the law allow health care institutions to withdraw life support when further treatment is judged futile, even against the wishes of the patient as expressed in an advance directive? A) California B) Oregon C) Washington D) Arizona
a. california
Predictions about the Earth's carrying capacity have typically centered on which of the following? A) Food B) Water C) Usable land D) Epidemic disease
a. food
Because they grow in shallow coastal waters, which are likely to be polluted, which shellfish may carry cholera-related bacteria, hepatitis A virus, and the common Norwalk virus? A) Oysters B) Mussels C) Blue crab D) Scallops
a. oysters
The leading cause of water pollution in the United States is _________.
agricultural activities
Americans dispose of how much municipal solid waste each year? A) 100 million tons B) 250 million tons C) 375 million tons D) 500 million tons
b. 250 million tons
Four years after its "near-death experience," what agency had regained all the funding it lost and its budget has held roughly steady at over twice the original level through 2015? A) U.S. Preventive Task Force B) Agency for Health Care Policy and Research C) Center for Patient Safety D) Consumers Union
b. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requires what type of wastes to be accounted for "from cradle to grave" and there are criminal penalties for those who violate the laws? A) Municipal wastes B) Hazardous wastes C) Industrial wastes D) Agricultural wastes
b. Hazardous wastes
. Which of the following interferes with testosterone synthesis in males, causing low sperm count and abnormalities in the development of male sex organs? A) Bisphenol A B) Phthalates C) Dioxins D) Furans
b. Phthalates
In a preliminary meeting in July 2015, what new field of science was discussed to develop ways to limit the risks and encourage communities, industries, and governments to make progress with or without a treaty? A) Complexity science B) Adaptation science C) Population biology D) Adjustment science
b. adaptation science
Which of the following is especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease, who are more likely to suffer heart attacks when exposed to higher concentrations of the pollutant? A) Sulfur dioxide B) Carbon monoxide C) Nitrogen oxides D) Ozone
b. carbon monoxide
What virus is frequently transmitted by food handlers who are careless about hygiene? A) HIV virus B) Hepatitis A virus C) Influenza virus D) Human papillomavirus
b. hepatitis A virus
Which of the following, released by microbial activity in the intestines of cattle and in paddy fields where rice is grown, also contributes to the greenhouse effect? A) Carbon dioxide B) Methane C) Argon D) Nitrogen
b. methane
. In the mid-1890s, the discovery of which of the following aroused great public excitement and led to extensive human exposures before the danger was recognized? A) Gamma rays B) X-rays C) Natural radioactive materials D) Radon gas
b. x-rays
The general approach to water treatment is directed primarily against__________________ disease, the most common and historically devastating type of waterborne disease.
bacterial
Each year between 1991 and 2010, the CDC and the EPA recorded an average of how many outbreaks associated with contaminated drinking water? A) 7 B) 11 C) 16 D) 19
c. 16
Businesses with how many employees that do not provide medical coverage are required to pay an assessment of $2,000 per employee? A) 10+ B) 25+ C) 50+ D) 100+
c. 50+
Which of the following has documented extensive evidence that the delivery of medical care in inequitable and that ethnic and racial minorities may receive poorer quality care than white Americans? A) Outcomes research B) Epidemiologic surveillance C) Health services research D) Biomedical research
c. Health services research
Because of budgetary constraints, how often can the FDA inspect food-processing facilities under its jurisdiction? A) Every 2 years B) Every 5 years C) Every 10 years D) Every 20 years
c. every 10 years
To confirm that they provide high-quality care, health care institutions may seek accreditation by which private organization? A) American Medical Association B) Department of Health and Human Services C) Joint Commission D) National Institutes of Health
c. joint commission
Which organization maintains a computerized network of 58 organ recovery centers in 11 geographic regions of the nation? A) UNICEF B) UNFAO C) UNOS D) CDC
c. unos
The Clean Air Act and its amendments require monitoring and regulation of six common air pollutants called_______________________.
criteria air pollutants
What percentage of Medicaid beneficiaries are children, their parents, and pregnant women? A) 50% B) 65% C) 75% D) 85%
d. 85%
A Supreme Court decision allowed states to opt out of the Medicaid expansion under the ACA. In states that do not participate, who is left without health care coverage? A) Married adults B) Children C) Elderly adults D) Childless adults
d. childless adults
If coliform bacteria is present in the water supply, what step in the water treatment process has failed? A) Sedimentation B) Coagulation C) Filtration D) Disinfection
d. disinfection
In a study conducted by Dartmouth researchers, what type of data was used to compare two cohorts of men who live in areas with different practice patterns for screening and treatment? A) Epidemiologic data B) Census data C) Medicaid data D) Medicare data
d. medicare data
Which of the following is the most visible form of air pollution? A) Ozone B) Lead C) Sulfur dioxide D) Particulate matter
d. particulate matter
. A scandal surrounding medication containing what radioactive material led to the strengthening of the Food and Drug Administration's power to regulate patent medicines as well as set specific limitations on radioactive materials? A) Uranium B) Palladium C) Polonium D) Radium
d. radium
Which of the following is the biggest drawback of using sanitary landfills as a method of waste disposal? A) Emits noxious odors B) Toxic chemicals seep into groundwater C) Attract disease-carrying vermin D) Take up a lot of space
d. take up a lot of space
The United Nations issued the___________, which reaffirmed the importance of sexual and reproductive health and rights of all people as a critical foundation for sustainable development
framework of action
Iodine in table salt helps prevent a condition called __________.
goiter
Global warming is due to the ____________________, where the energy of sunlight is absorbed by carbon dioxide in the air and turned into heat rather than radiating back into outer space
greenhouse effect
Fifty-three percent of municipal solid wastes as well as wastes from other sources are disposed of in ___________.
landfills
Over the past three decades, evidence has accumulated that even low levels of _______________ can slow a child's development and cause learning and behavior problems.
lead
States began to move ___________________ recipients into managed care plans in the hope of providing them with higher-quality care and more continuity of care, as well as controlling costs.
medicaid
____________________ solid wastes include durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.
municipal
When an area does not meet the air quality standard for one of the criteria pollutants, the EPA may designate it a _____________________ and may impose measures designed to force the area to achieve the standard.
nonattainment area
Controlled clinical trials are one form of ______________________ research, but there are practical, financial, and ethical barriers that prevent conducting controlled trials aimed at answering many important questions about medical care.
outcomes
Uncooked fish used in Japanese dishes such as sashimi and South American ceviche may carry __________________ that are harmful to humans.
parasites
Immunizations against infectious diseases, monitoring of pregnancies, and the provision of "well-baby care" to ensure that children develop normally are all considered to be_____________ care
preventive
_____________________ analysis called attention to the lack of scientific evidence on which doctors and patients base decisions about how various medical conditions should be treated.
small-area
