Public policy test 3

Two significant problems impact the relationship between the physical world and the contemporary economy. What are they?

1. Two significant problems impact relationship between physical world and economy: (1) Insatiable demand for energy. (2) To preserve the

Is the U.S. considered a leader or laggard in the field of education? What proportion of employment and total government spending is assigned to the education function?

1. US is a leader in the field of education. 36 percent of employment and 15 percent of public spending to eduction.

What issues are part of the so-called "culture war" in the U.S.? A culture war tends to divide citizens sharply on the basis of ... .

1.Abortion, school prayer, stem cell research, cloning, the right to die, equal treatment of same sex partners are part of culture war. A culture war divides citizens sharply on the basis of religious, social and cultural conceptions of right and wrong.

What level of governments has been principally responsible for law enforcement? What level of government has been responsible for national defense?

1.Law enforcement is primarily state and local function. The federal govermnet is more involved. It's responsbile fo rnational defense.

Is the U.S. been considered a leader or laggard in social welfare programs in the past? Is this gap starting to narrow? Why? What proportion of federal expenditures and what proportion of all government spending is for these social programs?

1.The US has freequently been described as a welfare state laggard. The gap has narrowed because US expenditures for social programs has increased. They account for one-third of federal spending and 40 percent of total public spending

What energy source is currently plentiful, but cannot be a long-term replacement for oil? What is the estimated timetable for proven reserves of this resource? What alternative might be imported as a substitute for this resource? But, what problems are created with this imported alternative?

10. Natural gas is plentiful but can't be long-term replacement for oil. The timetable is 35 to 60 years. The alternative could be importing liquid form. The problem is political and transportation danger.

What was the name of the Act that was the focal point of education policies by Bush II? What was the essence of the Bush II initiative, and what were the two principal criticisms of this initiative/Act?

10. No Child Left Behind was focal point of Bush II. The essence was schools that didn't improve test scores would let students move. The criticisms (1)Teachers had to "teach to the test and (2) it mandated change but provided no funding.

What was the retirement or retirement earnings test in the Social Security program? (There is no longer test of this sort unless persons draw benefits prior to age 65.) Make two good arguments for reducing/eliminating this retirement test. But, what is an argument for keeping this test?

10. The retirement test in the was penalty imposed on SS recepients who wished to keep working while drawing benefits. Arguments to eliminate: It's insurance, a right to draw it. Humane reason, that people can and want to work into later years. An argument to keep it: it could impact those entering job market.

What level of government is primarily in control of abortion policies? Cite three strategies or policies used by state governments to control or limit abortions. Which attempted strategy or strategies has/have been disallowed by the courts? Which strategy or policy instrument(s) has/have been more successful that the regulatory instruments?

10.Abortion law is state level. Three strategies to control: (1) require parental consent, (2) waiting period and (3) detailed reporting requirements for hospitals. Courts have disallowed parental consent.

Following a "bottom-up" review of defense forces in 1994, what was decided as a new strategic doctrine? How many regional conflicts should we be able to cope with simultaneously? But, what basic assumption in defense thinking was perhaps altered by Quadrennial Review of 2006?

10.After review in 1994, was based on policy of several smaller conflicts. We could cope with 2 simultaneous regional conflicts.In the Quadrennial Review of 2006, it emphasized long wars rather than short-term wars.

What is the nation's most abundant energy source? What is the timetable for its reserves? But, there are two basic environmental problems associated with this resource. What are they?

11. The nations most abundant energy source is coal. The timetable is 200 years. The environmental problems are (1) Does not burn cleanly. (2) Extraction destroys land.

When created what was the standard retirement age for Social Security? It has been increased now to age ... . What is the incentive for retiring at this standard age? What is the main justification for raising the standard age? Now, make two arguments for lowering the retirement age or leaving it at the standard age as set in 1935.

11. The standard retirement age was 65, now increased to 67. The incentive for retiring then is maximum benefits. The justification for raising was total program costs reduced. For lowering age, it means people can enjoy quality of life, modernize work force and give young people jobs. Leaving it as standard of 65, fewer people will get benefits for shorter time.

What has been the mainstay of funding for public schools in most states of the nation? What are the two significant problems with heavy reliance on this funding source? What is the usual result of this pattern of school funding?

11.Property tax has been the mainstay of funding for public schools. Problems (1) tax rates have not kept pace with inflation and (2) tax base available in some districts different from others. So low poverty areas not as well funded.

What is the Hyde Amendment? the FACE initiative?

11.The Hyde Amendment prohibits federal funds for abortions. The FACE initiative attempts to protect women from harasssment when they go to clinic and to protect the providers.

Since World War II what was the most important military alliance for the U.S.? Why are some now questioning this alliance after the 1980s? What recent military actions suggest that NATO is perhaps a hollow shell without the U.S.?

11.The most important military alliance since WWII has been NATO. Some now question this after collapse of Soviet Union. Attempts to maintain peace in Yugoslavia without US suggested NATO was hollow shell.

Coal can be used to generate heat/electricity, but is very limited or not available for ... . And, 30 percent of energy use in the U.S. is for this latter purpose.

12. Coal is limited or not available for transportation.

How are divorced females treated in terms of Social Security benefits at retirement? Why is there a so-called "marriage penalty" in Social Security benefits? Some have advocated a "homemaker's credit." What is this idea? Is this idea likely to come to fruition?

12. Divorced females with less than 10 yrs. marriage are ineligible. There is a "marriage penalty" in that replacement rate is lower for two-earner couples. The Homemakers credit is togive consideration for value of work inside the household. It is NOT likely of coming to fruition.

What government jobs are now being scrutinized as a result of the abortion issue? What did Bush I do that groups have pressured Bush II to avoid?

12. Judicial appointees are being scrutinized as part of the abortion issue. Bush I had a "stealth" pro abortion rights justice appointed.

Historically, has the national government been more involved in elementary-secondary or higher education? What is the major form of indirect subsidy for higher education by the national government? What is the largest and oldest of these types of programs? What two programs of this genre were created during the 1960s/1970s? How does the national government leverage the use of private money for higher education? But, what problem developed with the loan program and what was the response of the Obama Administration?

12.National govt more involved in HIGHER education. The major form of indirect subsidy is aid to individual students. The largest and oldest is GI Bill. Two programs in the 1960s/70s were College Work Study and Basic Educational Opportunity Grant (Pell Grant). The govt leverages use of private money by guaranteeing student loans. The problem developed with defaulting and fraud. Obama passed Federal Direct Loan Plan, with Fed govt taking over.

The greater reliance upon technology of warfare makes defense a constant activity. Why? Another feature of the increased technology of modern warfare is ... .

12.The reliance upon technology is there is no longer time to raise an army and then go to war. Another feature of technology of modern warfare is great cost.

How is the gay rights movement different from the politics of the abortion issue? Essentially, it is about identity and equality. What is meant by this generalization?

13. Gay rights impacts all gays while abortion issue only a fraction of women. It is about identity and equality -- the right to equal treatment on the same legal and financial benefits that are extended to heterosexual couples.

What phrase controls the allocations of disability benefits for injured or sick workers who have contributed to the Social Security system? Are the standards for disability via Social Security more or less stringent that for private insurance? Do most applicants qualify? How did Congress tighten the standards in 1980? What does the test essentially require workers to do regarding employment? Why might this stringency be a bad idea? Do disability programs under Veteran's Administration and worker's comp programs operate with the same stringency?

13. The "substantial gainful emploment" test controls allocation of benefits for injured and sick. The Social Security standards are MORE stringent than private. Less than 50 percent of applicants qualify. Congress lightened it in 1980 via Social Security Amendment. The test requires workers to leave the workforce almost entirely. It's a bad idea because with partial disability could contribute to work force. Workers comp and Veterans Adminstration operate with LESS stringency.

Coal also presents transportation issues. What are these?

13. Transporrtation issues are lack of adequate rail and river carries.

How has the Supreme Court in the Grove City case limited somewhat the capacity of the national government to impact the operation of colleges and universities?

13.Grove City case kept fed govt from taking away ALL money to schools discriminating.

Public opinion about defense has an ambiguous quality to it. How so? How is the American public ambiguous about defense in the realm of nuclear weapons? But, on what issue is there virtual unanimity of opinion?

13.There are few commited advocates of unilateral disarmament after 9/11, but there are concerns on cost. Though Americans wanted strong defense, they opposed arms race. There is unanimity that US should never be the first to use nuclear weapons.

A decade after the Cold War ended, what has happened to the number of nuclear weapons of the U.S. and Russia? How were many of the missiles changed? Which element of the U.S. strategic weapons delivery system has been considered "most dear"?

14. A decade after Cold War ended, each country downsized number of weapons. Missles were changed from multiple to single warheads. The element that is "most dear" is submarine weapons.

What proportion of energy in the U.S. is nuclear? What proportion of electricity is based on nuclear energy? Why do we not have more nuclear in the U.S.? What events chilled public and investor interest in nuclear?

14. Less than 20 percent of electricity from nuclear. We don't ahve more because of disasters elsewhere at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl.

Social Security has a major impact on the American economy. What is the most commonly cited effect? What is the second major effect?

14. The major impact on American economy is reduction of individual investments and less capital for investment. The second effect is reduced labor market by older employees

What health-related issue has served to mobilize gays for political action? What has been a consequence of gay interest in this issue?

14.AIDS has mobillized gays for political action. A consequence has raised more immediate policy issues.

What actions did the national government undertake during the 1930s/40s/50s to impact education at the elementary-secondary level? What contemporary act/policy, adopted by Congress in 1965, is the basic federal policy impacting elementary-secondary schools?

14.The national givt in 1930s-50s initiated hot lunch program, gave federal funds to schools with large tax-exempt base and authorized funding for science, math and foreign language. The Elementary and SEcondary Educaiton Act of 1965 secured more funds.

Are U.S. non-strategic (conventional) forces the largest on the globe? How do we attempt to "level the field"?

15. U.S. forces are NOT the largest. We level the field with superior technology and attack aircraft.

On what gay issue did President Clinton seek compromise? Was he successful? What happened to his compromise in 2011?

15.Clinton sought compromise with gays in military. It was repealed and more openly homosexual recruits were accepted.

What two basic barriers did President Johnson have to overcome in order to expand federal aid to education at the elementary-secondary levels?

15.LBJ had to overcome belief education should be controlled locally and funding for religious schools based on separation church and state.

What is the disposal or "half life" problem with the use of nuclear power? What controversial decision did Bush II ultimately make about this issue? What seems to be the near-term future for construction of nuclear power plants in the U.S.?

15.The half-life means time required for half the nuclear activity can be centuries. Bush II settled on Yucca Mountain, Nevada for disposal. The near-term future is unclear.

There are several reasons for the financial difficulties of the Social Security programs. What is the most obvious problem? What important "ratio" has been declining? Another factor that contributes to financial problems for Social Security is the COLA. What is the COLA? What impact on many elderly would occur if the COLA was eliminated or substantially reduced?

15.The most obvious problem for difficulties is increasing number of aging Americans. The ratio of active workers to beneficiaries is declining. COLA is cost of living adjustment, which could put many elderly below the poverty line.

For what purposes/activities was most of the initial ESEA money spent? What was the "basic intention" of the ESEA program. To enable students from ... .

16. Most initial ESEA money went to public schools. The basic intention was to enable students from poor fammilies to perform better in school and to learn to compete more effectively in the workplace.

Gay rights are sometimes debated in the context of the electoral process. How so? What seems to impact the outcome of these referenda?

16. The outcomes have been highly variable, winning in unlikely places and losing in likely places. The precise wording on the ballot often impcted the outcome.

The payroll tax that funds much of Social Security is considered regressive. How so? What form of income/earnings are not subject to Social Security withholding? Withholding for Social Security is 7.65 percent of the worker's gross wages; this amount is then matched by the employer. But, who actually pays for Social Security? Why does author reach this conclusion?

16. The payroll tax is regressive because it exacts a higher percentage of tax from low-paid workers. Earnings from dividends and interest are not subject to withholding. Employees really pay for Social Security, because employers will offer lower salaries, fewer jobs to cover their responsibility.

What are some other, currently non-significant, energy sources in the U.S.? What are basic limitations on the use/implementation of following sources: shale oil, fusion, and solar power?

16.Other non-significant energy sources are hydroelectric, wood, solar, wind, geothermal. The limitaitons on use of shale: needs more water and damage environment; fusion, needs more technology. Solar power, requires cell breakthroughs and some don't have as much sunlight.

What capability may give us superiority on the high seas? Is it the number of vessels or some other factor?

16.Superior detection devices and satellite tracking give us superiority on the high seas.

Legal unions or marriage among gays is a fiercely debated issue. How did Congress respond to this debate in 1996? What is the name and basic requirements of this law? What did President Bush II and the GOP Congress consider in 2006? Were they successful?

17. In 1966, Congress passed Defense of Marriage Act, stating that for a federal program marrriage was defined as between two people of the opposite sex and no state would be required to recognize same-sex marriages from other states. In 2006, Bush and Congress pushed for amendment to constitution that would define marriage in heterosexual terms but it failed to pass the House.

A military dependent on technology must have new, sophisticated weapons. But, that presents a prediction problem. What is this?

17. The prediction problem on new weapons is to predict what kind of weapons will be needed in the future.

How might we convert the agricultural productivity of the nation into an energy resource? What are a couple of advantages with this energy source?

17.Biomass can be used to fuel cars. Some advantages are cleaner, cheaper, renewable, and supports agriculture.

What tension(s) developed about the formula for allocating these funds? Did they simply allocated money based on the number of poor children at a school? What was the basic effect of the 1967 amendment/alteration of the 1965 act?

17.High income states were benefited more than low-income states. The 1967 amendment equalized the funding.

What are three incremental changes that could be made to make Social Security more financially sound? What would be a more significant or dramatic change for financing the system?

17.Three changes could be made: (1) Remove Medicare from payroll tax. (2) Change COLA. (3) Make it comprehensive to include govt' workers. More dramatic would be the VAT (value added tax), levied on businesses.

Regarding the First Amendment, it forbids ... and also ensures ... . Are these provisions compatible? Why/why not?

18. The first Amendent forbids THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL RELIGION and also ensures THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION. Many contemporary citizens do not see those as compatable because prohbit free exercise of religion.

What is the most radical proposal for Social Security? Even if it could be accomplished politically, what are two major problems associated with fully privatizing? Describe Senator Moynihan's more moderate proposal of this genre?

18. The most radical plan is to privatize it. Two major problems (1) Transitiion. (2) Burden on individual participant. Moynihan suggested a 2 percent solution, reducing the tax by 2 percent and enabling them to invest in private retirement accounts

What are the two options that could be followed in trying to get competition among private sector suppliers of weapons? Which option is generally followed? Cite two reasons why the defense department does not require development of full-scale, operational models.

18. Two options to get competition among private sector. (1) Develop full-scale operations and test against one another. (2) Settle on one or a limited number early in the process and work with them to develop. The former is the standard procedure. The defense department does not require full-scale because (1) manufacturer may not chose to compete and (2) failures would be amortized

What are the two general tactics for addressing the energy problem?

18.The two tactics are (1) energy conservation and (2) energy production.

Why was there probably an implementation failure regarding ESEA? What happened to the use of the money in schools of different socio-economic environments?

18.Those administering funds didn't assure success. The money was spread equally and used for "frills" at some high-economic levels.

"Cost plus" and "sole source" are major problems in the procurement process. Define each of these problems?

19. Cost plus guarantees a manufacturer a profit, so bid low and let costs escalate. Sole source is firms can charge exorbitant cost for parts and tools.

What act did the Congress pass in 1975 that had major impact on school services? Who was to initially benefit from policy? But the act was extended to cover other students as well. Who?

19. IN 1975, congress passed Education for All Handicapped Children Act, initially for children with learnind disabiliies. Expanded to cover educationally gifted kids and for bilingual education.

What is a means-tested welfare program? What is the public impression of those on these programs? More thoughtful or intellectual criticisms of these means-tested programs blame them for a host of social ills. Ills, such as ... .

19.A means-tested welfare program is showing they qualify. The public impression is these are handouts. Programs are blamed for a host of social ills, such as social disintegration, family breakups, rising rates of urban crime.

How would you describe President Carter's general strategy about energy policy?

19.Carter's strategy was conservation.

The Supreme Court consistently rules against government organized or sanctioned prayer based on the Establishment Clause. But, how has the Court permitted some school subsidies for religious activities?

19.The court has permitted religious groups formed by students to use schoolgroups and for even more general use of school buildings for religious functions.

What major program shifted from a welfare to more of a workfare orientation during the 1990s? But, what program remains at the center of the current debate about social welfare?

2 The Aid to Familes with Dependent Children shifted to Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. Social Security program remains at the center of the current debate.

What are the two general U.S. goals for energy policy?

2. The two goals for energy policy:(1) achieve energy independence for the US and (2) to reduce the level of energy consumption, especially fossil fuel

Do surveys indicate that public safety and control of crime are considered major problems by the general public? Which is likely to dominate public opinion most of the time - local crime or external threats from other nations?

2. surveys indicate safety is a major concern. External threats had declined in concern until 9/11 and now both are concerns.

Issues in a culture war may be more difficult to manage than other issues. Why? What makes them less susceptible to bargain and compromise? What recent decision by President Bush II illustrates this feature of issues in the culture war? Was there political consensus for his compromise position?

2.Issues in a culture war are more difficult tomanage because they are nonbargainable. They are less susceptible becuase they are conceived as fundamental questions of right and wrong and (2) they can't solved by money. The Bush II decision on embryonic stem cells in 2001. There was no consensus for his compromise.

At what levels of government does one find primary control of education? But, what has happened in recent decades?

2.State and locall have primary control. Federal govt has become more involved recently.

What has generally been the Reagan/Bush orientation to energy policy?

20. Reagan/Bush orientation was to increase production.

Historically, since 1930s, what was the largest of these means-tested programs? Was this program a major expenditure of the national government? How many Americans received a benefit from this program? What caused this program to increase enrollees in the 1960s and 1970s? In general, who was supposed to be the beneficiaries in the 1930s, but who became the beneficiaries by the 1980s?

20. The largest means-tested program since the 1930s has been AFCD (Aid to Familes with Dependent Children -- welfare). It is a minor expenditure? 14 million benefited. Changing family patterns led to increase. The beneficiaries were intended to be widows or wives of disabled and was more single moms.

The U.S. armed forces have different services - Army, Navy, etc. Why does this division sometimes present procurement problems?

20.Could be a weapon doesn't suit each service's needs.

What is the evidence regarding the impact of these monies? But, has it relieved apprehensions of American about the quality of U.S. schools? In what subjects do apprehensions about American competitiveness remain?

20.IT has raised the reading level but apprehensions have NOT been relieved. Science, math and engineering.

Does public opinion agree with the Court's longstanding prohibition against prayer organized or sanctioned by government at public schools? Then, what is one reason for why the ban may have remained for almost 50 years now?

20.The majority of US in favor of permitting prayer in school. But the elites are sensitive to the issues of the minority rights involved in school prayer.

Are benefits from the AFDC standardized nationally or do they vary from state to state? Is the variation slight or substantial? How do states attempt to regulate behavior through the allocation of these benefits?

21. AFDC standards vary from state to state. SOme states attempt to regulate behavior by those whose children didn't attend school, to teenage moms not living at home.

How does contemporary public opinion about energy and its saliency compare with the 1970s? In general, are Americans probably more for conservation in the abstract than in reality?

21. Contemporary opinion is there is less a "crisis" than in 1970s. Anericans are for conversation in the ABSTRACT.

In what way has it been argued that NCLB may have actually prompted states to undermine or weaken educational standards? So, how did the Obama Administration respond to these criticisms of NCLB? And, in what way did the Administration expand the idea?

21. No Child Left Behind prompted stats to weaken standards to ensure needed percentage will pass. Obama responded by improving assessments and accountability. It broadened goals to readiness for employment.

But, the textbook claims that there is "fifth branch" in reality. What is this fifth branch? How does the presence of this branch create difficulties in weapons procurement?

21.The "fifth branch" is the military-industrial complex -- the Department of Defense and contractors -- makes independent evaluation of weapons systems more difficult. because of cllose ties.

The Court has permitted government support for parochial/church-controlled schools. How so? What was the essence of the Court's rationale for these decisions?

21.The court permitted support for parochial schools through purchase of textbooks, transportation, saying they benefitted the studnets, not the church.

For many decades the U.S. relied, in part, on the B52s for strategic deterrence. Not so, after 1991. What developments replaced it?

22. After 1991, the US stopped relying on B52s and was replaced by B1 and B2 bombers and MX missile.

In 2002 what did the Supreme Court decide was its basic policy regarding vouchers given to parents if the parents then used the vouchers for a parochial education of their child? Is the pressure for public support for parochial schools only coming from Catholics, as in a prior era, or have Protestant groups joined them in their efforts?

22. The Court has permitted vouchers supporting religious schools by justifying the vouchers are for individuals making their choice to attend religious schools and who have equal rights to funds. The pressure comes not only from Catholics but from Protestant sects.

The popular image of the AFDC program was often exaggerated and, at best, partially correct. What were some of the incorrect stereotypes or generalizations about the AFDC and its recipients that were not supported by the facts?

22. The incorrect generalizations was that it cost federal government a lot of money, that it was predominantly black beneficiaries and that it was unwed mothers, rather than simply divorce and separation.

What was President Obama's centerpiece in the area of energy and environmental policy? What phrase summarized this initiative?

22.Obama's centerpiece was cap-and-trade to allow limited permits to industrusties.

What has probably happened to the level of public confidence and respect for schools and teachers? What is the typical argument against the assertion that schools have failed?

22.The levell of public confidence for schools and teachers has dropped. the typical argument against assertion schools have failed is that too much is demanded of them.

As a result of the Vietnam, what major development occurred in 1975 about military manpower? What is the "most obvious" problem that the military now encounters as it attempts to acquire an adequate number of adequately skilled personnel? In general, what has probably happened t the quality of recruits? How is this recruitment impacted by the health of the U.S. economy?

23. In 1975, the draft was phased out and replaced by all volunteer army. The most obvious problem is military must compete with civiilian employees for young people. The quality of recruits has been lowers. The better the economy, the less attractive is the military as an option.

What aspect of AFDC funding appeared to make the least sense? How did the allocation system impact the family structure?

23. The aspect of AFDCfunding making least sense is recipient could only work up to 100 hours. The allocations meant women with able-bodied man in house couldnt benefit.

What has been the part of the "culture war" that became a curriculum battle at the schoolhouse? Has this fight been played out only in the courts, or also at another level and institution? What have a limited number of court decisions said about the science of intelligent design as part of a public school curriculum? Do the creationists enjoy the support of a majority of Americans?

23. The teaching of evolution has been part of the culture war on curriculum. The fight has played out and on local and state elected school boards. A number of court decisions have said intelligent design was establishing religion in public educaiton. The creationists do not hold majorities in their communities but get a majority of votes.

Why should one be careful in using SAT data since the 1960s to conclude that the schools are doing a poorer job? What might, in part, explain lower scores from the late 1960s until 1980s?

23.One can't use SAT for conclusion is kids not college-bound are taking it.

What was the traditional model for state and local governments in the energy field? How have the neoliberals altered this view?

23.The traditional model has been to create virtual monopolies in utilities. The neoliberals have led to deregulation.

What two steps has the military undertaken to reduce its need for young male soldiers?

24. The military has taken steps to reduce need of young male soldiers by (1) placing women in some jobs formerly filled by males and (2) using civilian employees.

In what way is there perhaps a cultural division about what constitutes a "quality education?"

24. there is a cultural division on "quality education" in that some want broader education, creativity vs. problem solving.

What happened in 1996 to fundamentally alter AFDC? What is name of act that brought about these reforms? What word has been used to describe general orientation of the new policy?

24.In 1996, reform placed greater emphasis on work and limited time individual could receive assistantce. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportuntie Reconcilliation Act of 1996. "Workfare" has been used to describe it

What do parents do in an effort to escape or minimize the secular orientation of the public school curriculum?

24.Many parents decide to home-school their children or band together to form charter schools.

What book sometimes is credited with launching the environmental movement in the U.S.?

24.The Silent Spring by Rachel Carson launched the environmental movement.

How did this reform bill restrict eligibility for benefits in terms of time? What was the basic rationale for these restrictions? In 2002, what did President Bush II decide about benefits for immigrants under this new welfare reform program? What other activities got more vigorous enforcement?

25.Benefits are limited to two consecutive years, and five years in lifetime because people on program never left it. In 2002, Bush decided to permit immigrants to have food stamps. Child support got more vigorous enforcement.

Compensation and retention. Are these problems for the all-volunteer military? But, isn't military pay competitive if one considers the allowances and benefits? Also, does the all-volunteer force save money or add to the cost of defense? Why is retention a difficulty for the armed forces?

25.Compensation and retention are concerns with all volunteer army. Military pay is NOT competitive, even considering benefits. Volunteer army ads to cost of defense as salaries are higher. Retention is difficulty because training received in military can demand greater pay in private sector.

What tendency or critical part of the internal operating culture of Congress perhaps interferes with using ESEA money for effective educational outcomes?

25.Congress use of "pork barrel" programs limites ESEA effectiveness.

Most scientific research about the environment published during the 1980s contends there is a "greenhouse" effect. What is this effect and what could be its consequences? Other scientists emphasize destruction of the ozone layer. What are they arguing?

25.The greenhouse effect is the warming trend in the Earth's atmosphere. by putting carbon dioxide into atmosphere from fossil fuels. Could cause flooding as polar ice caps melt. The destruction of the ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach earth.

Increasingly, are environmental problems connected to a single nation?

26. Problems are global.

Under the new TANF program, how did the role of the states change? What were the implications for state funding of the program? How were the states pressured to facilitate work for beneficiaries? The acronym for the new welfare reform program was/is TANF. What do these letters stand for?

26. States got more latitude and some went to work with private firms to implement plans. The states were pressured to facilitate work because they'd lose part of their block grant. TANF stands for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families.

But, what policies and practices subsidize the pay?

26.College tuition and retirement option subsidize the pay.

In recent years what was the Obama Administration's initiative for innovation in public education? In general, how was this program implemented? Was it oriented to incremental adjustments or experimentation with new ideas?

26.Obama iniative: Race to The Top Challenge Fund, implemented to states that develop programs to improve quality, especially in terms of goals of administration It attempts to find ways to make MAJOR adjustments.

Some areas have tried school reform by decentralizing school operations. What were the various approaches to this idea - individual school autonomy, school choice, and "magnets?" What are these options?

27.Decentrialization -- (1) autonomy is more parental leadership for specific school (2) choice is ability to go to school perceived as better and (3) magnets are used to promote quality and achieve integration.

What agency generally enforces national environmental policies in the U.S.? When do Americans seem to become less sensitive to and more critical of environmental policies?

27.The Environmentall Protection Agency enforces policy in the US. Americans because less sensitive and more critical when economy struggles.

The all-volunteer army poses philosophical questions. Among these is the racial composition of the military and the potential development of an isolated "warrior caste" in society. What are these two problems?

27.The all volunteer army is increasingly members of minority and can be seen as imposing excessive burden on that group. The recruitment pattern makes military a group apart from rest of society.

What was the important intended consequence of the 1996 reform? Was this goal achieved? Why was the timing of this reform considered fortunate? But, what was the problem with the jobs available for the unskilled laborer?

27.The most important consequence was to reduce the number of people receiving benefits and it was "largely achieved." The timing was important because there was high employment and rapid economic growth. The problem is fewer jobs created for unskilled labor.

What were the other problems faced by women with small children, if these women attempted a transition from welfare to work?

28. Child care is expensive for women transitioning to work force.

When did females become officially part of the U.S. military? How are females being more integrated into the armed forces? What public relations problem has the military faced as it included more females?

28. Females became part of the miliary officials in 1942. They're being integrated more into forces everywhere except frontline combat positions. The PR problem was the "fraternization" case and sexual harrassment.

Do most Americans see themselves as environmentalists? Are American becoming more or less environmental in their overall perspectives?

28.Over 2/3s of Americans see themselves as environmentalists. They are becoming more concern with economic growth than enviromment.

One very controversial reform option is a school voucher. What is this? Who does the voucher really empower? What major city provided the early experiment with this reform?

28.The school voucher system gives parents money for education with better control. It empowers parents. Milwaukee experimented early.

Most other industrialized countries use a family allowance program, not a means-tested workfare program. What is this idea? What is a benefit of this endeavor?

29. A family allowance plan means families all get check from govt based on number of children. The benefit is stigma is removed.

What did scholars, Chubb and Moe, conclude was the single biggest problem with contemporary public schools? And, what did they advocate as the solution?

29.Chubb and Moe conclude biggest problem was organizational -- too bureaucratic. The solution would be create competiton and offer choice to parents and students.

Explain the policy: "don't ask, don't tell." Did the compromise settle the issue? Why/why not?

29.Don't ask don't tell is recruiters were not to ask about sexual orientation and recruits not tell. It satsifed neither side. Gays thought president reneged on promise and opponents feared it would undermine discipline.

Who are the various stakeholders, and what are the major interest groups in the environmental debate?

29.The stakeholders and interest groups in the debate are -- industry, local govts, state and federal govts, environmental interest groups.

The largest social welfare programs are social insurance programs. What are these social insurance programs? Other programs are means-tested. What is meant by the term, means-tested? Why do politicians find it difficult to cut spending for these social insurance programs?

3. Social insurance programs are Social Security, unemployment insurance and workmen's comp. Means tested means available to individuals willing to demonstrate earnings are below a certain level. Politicans find them difficult to cut because too many people -- and their aging parents -- depend on them.

Both energy and the environment are linked increasingly to ... . How so? And, in what nations is increased energy demand making imported, oil-based energy more and more expensive?

3.Both energy and the environment are linked increasingly to the economy. Uncertainties on energy supplies and political instability. In China and India the demand for oil has increased.

Can issues in a culture be managed with money as they are with non-culture war issues? Are these issues subject to a pragmatic discussion about the economic consequences of policy options?

3.Culture wars cannot be managed with money. They are subject to pragmatic discussion about whether it'd work and would society be better off.

When did states start to play a major role in public education? Major federal efforts in U.S. history were the Northwest Ordinance Act and the Morrill Act. What did these acts do? Is the federal government a major source of funding for education in the U.S.? What percentage leads you to this conclusion?

3.States played a major role early. The Northwest Ordinact Act divided land into townships and set aside one 16th section for free common education. The Morrill act granted land and funds to establish an A&M college in each state. The federal govt is NOT a major source of funding, with its 2.8 percent of federal spending.

Have defense and public safety received renewed attention since 9-11-2001? What is the obvious similarity of the two policy areas?

3.They have both received renewed attention. The obvious similiary is the use of force in teh name of the public.

A related proposal that has received much attention in the U.S. was the idea of a "negative" income tax. What is this idea? What President favored this idea? What coalition of forces defeated his proposal? A closely related idea has been adopted and placed in the income tax laws. What is the name of this program? To whom does it apply and what is the benefit? How many Americans benefit from this means-tested program?

30. A negative income tax those below a certain minimum would receive rebate, providing guaranteed income. Nixon favored the idea but defeated by liberals who thought it too meager and conservatives who didn't like concept.The earned income tax credit provides for low income families with at least one child. Some 16 million have benefited.

Critics of vouchers argue that it could have some serious negative consequences. What are some of those projected negative consequences? Might vouchers also undermine accountability in the use of public funds or the quality of school offerings? How so?

30. Negative consequences of vouchers would increase stratification, undermine integration, and subsdize middle class, not lower class that needs it most.

The U.S. has a need to project its influence around the globe using conventional forces. What is the name of the force that accomplishes this objective? What is POMCUS?

30. The Rapid Deployment Force. POMCUS is Prepositioning of Material Configured in Unit Sets, with supplies in various regions.

Other than EPA, what other federal agencies/departments play a role in environmental matters?

30.Others that play a role" Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Forest Service/Department of Agriculture, department of Defense.

In reality, is a large majority of the TANF beneficiaries women with a child out-of-wedlock? What is an equally large problem? Since the reforms of the last two decades, are states doing a better job regarding this problem? What are states starting to do to implement this new, more stringent enforcement?

31. A large majority of TANF beneficiaries are NOT women with child out of wedlock. Equally large are those in need because of divorce and separation, and child support. The states ARE doing a better job, confiscating property, garnishing wages and taking away drivers licenses.

What is the idea of a charter school? Who tends to oppose the concept? Why are they often opposed?

31.A charter school organized by parents but subsidized by govt. Unions and school boards against them becasue they drain resources and may not be any better.

Fundamentally, making environmental policy is a series of tradeoffs among environmental values and two other considerations. What are these other two considerations?

31.Environmental polic is tradeoff between environmental values, technical feasibility and economic growth.

Current strategy says the U.S. should be able to fight simultaneously two regional conflicts or 1 ½ wars. What does the Defense Department mean by 1 ½?

31.One major and one minor conflict.

What is an option for the U.S. if conventional forces start to face apparent defeat on foreign soil?

32. An option if conventional forces face defeat is weapons of mass destruction.

How have the courts played a role in environmental policy? In general, has the Supreme Court been more or less environmental in its decision-making in recent years?

32. The courtsHAVE played a role.The Supreme Court has been less environmental.

Another possible development is the tuition tax credit. What is this idea? Why is it often opposed? Who/what groups oppose it?

32. The tuition tax credit will help send children to private schools. Opposed because it couldcreate two-class system by NEA and American federation of Teachers.

On occasion, in recent decades, the national government has promoted employment via some means-tested employment programs. What were the names of these two programs, and what was the purpose of these endeavors? Exactly what did the national government subsidize?

32.The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) and JOBS. The purposes were to enable people to acquire job skils. Govt would subsidze their employment for several years.

What problems develop as a result of "extended missions" such as the multi-year involvements in Iraq and Afghanistan?

33. Extended missions cause problems in wearing our people and material.

Another possible response to concerns about educational quality is competency testing. What is to be required in this testing? Why is this response opposed by some? But who tends to favor it?

33.Competency testing requires a student to pass on basic skills. Attacked because perceived as racial. Parents and legislatures support it to hold teachers accountable.

What President instituted a series of programs called the War on Poverty?

33.Lyndon Johnson started War on Poverty.

Federal water pollution laws commenced with the 1899 Refuse Act. What did it do and who enforced it? Passed in 1965, what was the first major contemporary act about water quality? What was the "undoing" of this act? What did Congress then do in 1972? What happened to implementation of these national standards? What did Congress do in 1986 to upgrade environmental standards for water in the U.S.?

33.The 1899 Refuse Act was to prvent dumping of refuse in navigable waters. It was enforced by the Army Corps of Engineers. In 1965, the Water Quality Act required each state to submit standards for water quality to HEW. The undoing was state were competing to draw industries. In 1972, congress had Clean Water Act that required "best practicable technology," followed by "best available technology." In 1986, Congress Safe Drinking Water Act with list of contaminants.

Why is it problematic to cut back on defense spending, even if external threats are reduced? How do some members of Congress see the Defense Department and its projects?

34. It is problematic to cut back on defense expenses because so many involved in military-industrial complex. Some members of Congress see DOD and want to reduce budgets, but not their areas.

What well-established education policy has been criticized by President Obama as a device that hurts tomorrow's U.S. economy? Why has this initiative been resisted at the state level?

34. Obama criticized mandatory educational age of 16. Initiative resisted because students don't want to be there and will require more resources for less benefits.

What was most popular and lasting program of this War? What was the program attempting to do? The program was a partial success. Explain. What other program was created that survived?

34. The lasting program has been Head Start, to prepare poor preschool kids for elementary school. It was found the effects vanished wtihout extra assistance. The work study program for college has survived.

Today, debates about water pollution are less salient than 40 plus years ago. But, what to developments seem to periodically generate debates about water pollution today?

34.Developents today to generate debates are (1) increase in pollution from agriculture and (2) some states are more active enforcers.

What happened to most of the programs from the War?

35. Most programs were dismantled, reduced or modified.

Are parents generally supportive of standardized, competency testing for teachers? Why do they think it is a good idea? What are two arguments against teacher testing? And, what other conditions may be impacted the supply of "good" teachers?

35. Parents are suppotive of testing for teachers because system was ineffective to guarantee effecitve education. Arguments against testing are (1) discriminatory and (2) don't gauge all a teacher must to do be effective. Low salaries and decllining interest among women to become teachers.

What was the first major air pollution act in the U.S.? How was it significantly changed in 1970? What are the two sets of air quality standards that are developed and enforced? Explain the two sets of standards or categories for air pollution.

35. The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first air pollution act. It was changed in 1970 by esbablishing primary and secondary standards. Primary was to protect public health, secondary to protect vegetation, buildings, etc.

How do reductions in military forces adversely impact those who remain in the armed forces?

35.Reduction in forces impact those who remain by slow promotions and career frustration.

Other (non-TANF) means-tested programs of the national government include Food Stamps (or SNAP), WIC, and SSI. What are these programs? Why does the Food Stamp program enjoy substantial support from some interest groups?

36. Program are for those who work but with incomes below limits. WIC is Women Infants Children for nutritional benefits. SSI for elderly and disabled. Food Stamps supported because it increases demands for US agriculture.

Did this federal law permit greater EPA monitoring and enforcement at certain locales? Where?

36. The EPA had authrotiy to establish standards for new manufacturing plants and at parks.

What did the General Accounting Office conclude about the condition of school facilities in the U.S.? But, is there variation in this condition from one state to another, and even with a state?

36.GAO concluded one in three school buildings inadequae and six in 10 had flaws. It varies state to state and within a state.

Why not maintain troop levels and use the personnel to fight drug lords in South America or to do peacekeeping in civil war settings?

36.There are unpleasant memories of US in Latin American coountries and in civil wars it's two parties who may not want US there.

What two areas or issues at the schoolhouse are linked to constitutional arguments about the separation of church and state?

37. Having prayer is violation of church and state. Not allowing prayer violates free exercise of religion.

What happened to the rate of actual crime in the U.S. during the 1990s? What factors may have produced this development? What was the general exception to this trend? But, what developments might pose a threat to continued declines in the crime rates?

37.Crime rates dropped from 1990s to 2000s because of good economic conditions and effective policing. The general exception was in murder with firearms. The decline threatned by release of large number of criminals from prison and people turning to crime becuse of the economy.

In general, the rate of poverty in the U.S for the total population. declined during the 1960s and 1970s. Based on the data in the table, what THREE demographic groups have seen an increase in the poverty rate since 2000? What demographic groups has NOT experienced an increase in the rate of poverty?

37.Female headed households, African American and children have seen increase in poverty rate since 2000. Elderly have NOT experienced increase in rate of poverty.

What constitutes the principal air pollution problem in the U.S.? What are the various barriers to achieving reductions in automobile pollution? What is the issues called "technology forcing?"

37.The principal air pollution problem is automobiles. The barriers are expense and less gas mileague. "Technology forcing" is requiring greater reduction in emissions.

What has happened or is happening regarding the image of teachers? Why is this perhaps happening? What two organizations are the major instruments of collective power for teachers? Do most teachers actually join at least one of these organizations? What are the implications of the unionization of teachers? What recent development might also reduce the long-term expectations of those in the teaching profession or considering it?

38. the image of school teachers is no longer as positive because of union membership and strikes. The AFL-CIO and NEA are instruments of collective power. More than half of teachers are members of unions. The implications of unionization can mean shortened school years, superiors with less power, erode public image of education. The recent developments put pension programs and benefits under stress.

Does a job, any full-time job, raise a family of four above the poverty level? Why/why not?

38.A job does NOT necessarily raise above poverty level. Minimum wage is lower than in 1995 and wouldn't pull family above poverty line.

In general, is the air cleaner today than 30 years ago, according to the data?

38.Air quality has improved.

Has the role of the federal government in law enforcement increased or decreased in the last decade or so? What is the most familiar law enforcement organization of the national government? What are the other, more specialized federal law enforcement agencies?

38.The role of the federal government has become more central in coordination. The most familiar is the FBI. Other more specialized are the Cost Guard, Federal marshals, Secret Service, Homeland SEcurity, ATF, DEA, Customs Bureau.

The national government derives law enforcement powers from the Constitution. What powers in the Constitution lead to enforcement by the national government?

39. The Constitution empowers national govt to tax, crimes that transcend state borders, interstate commerce and to protect it own officials and value of its currency.

Why is there a problem regarding equalization of resources in elementary-secondary schools? What have some state courts started to rule about this issue? But, to date, does the U.S. Supreme Court see disparity in school funding based on the wealth of the community as a federal constitutional issue? How did Texas and Michigan ultimately start to solve this inequity in that state? But, are the inequities merely within a state, or does funding levels vary greatly from one state to another?

39. There is a problem regarding equalization because of lower tax revenues in some districts. Some states have ruled disparity is illegal. Supreme Court did not see violations of the Equal Protection Clause. Texas solved inequity by transferring taxable property to poorer districts. Michigan include sales tax and cigarette tax. Inequities can vary state to state.

What is approximately the income needed for a family of four to be living above the official government poverty level? What is and what is not included in this calculation? Why do some, such as Presidents Reagan and Bush, argue for different official definition for living in poverty?

39.The approximate income needed to live above line in 2011 was $22,050. That includes government cash benefits but does not inclulde non-case benefits like food stamps, Medicare, housing subsidies. Some politicians could claim fewer people lived in poverty in their tenure.

Basically, air pollution policies seem to be shifting from a command and control (regulatory) approach to another approach or emphasis. What is the increasing emphasis regarding making and implementing air pollution standards?

39.The increasing emphasis in air policies is on negotiation and accommodation.

Education in the U.S. is viewed as a "chance" and as a promoter for assimilation. Explain. But, what is happening to the second of these desires?

4. As a "chance," it means a creating equal opportunities through education, not social expenditures. Integration of races and immigrants to cause assimilation but education became segregated by choice.

What program is the largest single expenditure of the national government? This program provides a pension primarily to elderly persons and retired workers, but what other benefits are provided? What are the two other significant social insurance programs?

4. Social Security is the largest single expenditure of the national government. Aside from pensions, it provides for survivors of deceased workers and disability benefits. Unemployment and workmen's comp.

Are the culture war battles more or less likely to have battles waged outside the formal institutions of government? Does this enhance or diminish extremism associated with the issue?

4. The culture war battles are MORE likely to be waged outside the formal institutions of govt. That ENHANCES extremism.

Do Americans consume their share of energy? How does our per capita rate of energy consumption compare with other major nations?

4.Americans consume more than their share of energy. Our per capita rate is higher than anywhere.

Why is defense policy a "gigantic gamble?"

4.It is a gamble because is is about future and events that most hope never occur.

The national government during the past generation has funded three "wars" on crime. What was the focus of the first two wars? How did the third war mix elements of the first two wars?

40. The first two "wars" on crime were focused on War on Poverty to stop it at roots and Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 and anti Drug Abuse Act. The third was the 1994 Crime Control Bill, mixing strong elements of crime prevention and social policy.

Is there a strong relationship between the level of spending per student and student performance on standardized testing? What might some states and school districts have an advantage on testing with less money for schools?

40. There is NOT a relationship between spending and scores. Some states have an advantage because of smaller classes.

What are some states starting to do as a response to federal environmental initiatives?

40.Some states are setting their own standards.

We have more homeless in the U.S. during the much of the past generation? Why? Has the federal government been a major player in combatting this social problem?

40.There are more homeless because reduction in subsidized housing, mental health laws release some patients, chemical dependency, fewer jobs for uneducated. The federal govt has LITTLE or NO policy for combatting homelessness.

Why do schools tend to be racially segregated? The school is the only institution that has been subjected to ... . The level of racial integration will impact the formation of a child's values. How do minority children arguably benefit from this environment? But, how do some minority groups feel about this endeavor? In general, are U.S. schools becoming more or less segregated in a racial sense?

41. Geography leads to segregation. The school is the only institution that has been subjected to such stringent requirements for desegregation. The level of integration wil impact minority children by improving education and self-image. Some minority groups favor segregation, that curriculums don't reflect interests of race. US Schools are becoming more segregated.

What are examples of some private/non-governmental social programs? How does the national government subsidize and protect these private programs? What is ERISA?

41. IRA, pension, annuities are non-govt social programs. The govt protects with deductions and with Pension Benefit Guranty Corporation. ERISA is Employment Retirement INcome Security Act, regulating pension schemes.

What are the two basic arguments/positions concerning the alleged causes of crime? What does each side prescribe as a solution for crime? Which side advocates "community-oriented" policing? Today, how does the American public view these competing views of crime?

41. The alleged causes of crime: (1) the failure of society to enforce its values on those who don't share those values adn (2) social and economic problems. For the first, swift, sure, harsh punishment. For the second, address socio economic issues. The latter was for"community-oriented policing." Most Americans want retribution rather than rehabilitaton.

Enacted in 1970, what is the major federal law governing environmental policy? What is a principal component of this law? What ambiguity makes implementation of this component of the law very difficult?

41.The National Environmental Policy Act was enacted in 1970. The principal component was the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. The ambiguity is required that environmental considerations be taken into account, but at what weight.

What has been happening to the solvency of private sector retirement plans? What happened at Enron that proved disastrous for that company's employees? And, how are these private sector retirement plans changing? What is defined benefit versus defined contribution?

42. Corporation could put all funds into its own stock, making employees dependent on success of one company. Enron collapsed and people lost money. The plans are changing with more corporate integrity. Defined benefit provides guaranteed percentage of previous income, to defined contribution plans that depend on performance of market and other investments.

What ultimately produces toxic waste in the U.S.? Do we have much toxic waste in the U.S.? What event highlighted the toxic waste issue in the U.S.? Do we have many waste dumps containing these toxic materials?

42. Synethetic products produces waste. We have 250 million tons. The Love Canal dump highlighted the issue. We have 30,000 toxic waste dumps across the US.

Is there potentially a conflict between educational excellence and social equality at the schoolhouse? How so?

42. There IS a conflct between excellece and equality.

Is the private ownership and possession of firearms pervasive in the U.S.? What element of the Constitution is involved in this debate? What are the basic arguments made in the debate about handgun control?

42.There are more thatn 60 million hand guns and other weapons in US. The second amendment "right to bear arms" is involved in this. The basic argument is murder by handguns vs. criminals will always get guns and they need protection.

What has been the major racial issue in higher education in recent decades?

43. Affirmative action in enrollment and scholarship has been major issue in higher ed

How do state and local governments regulate firearms? What prompted national/federal government to start regulating certain type or category of firearms? What is federal Brady Bill?

43.State and local govt regulate firearms by requiring handguns be registered. Prohibition and gangsters led to federal govt regulating automatic weapons. The Brady bill imposes a five-day waiting period between applying for handgun and its delivery.

What two major pieces of legislation were enacted to manage the toxic waste issue? Describe the general requirements of each of them. How do implementers of the Superfund believe their efforts are proceeding? What reduced resources available for the Superfund clean-up program?

43.The Resource Conservatoin and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensationand Liability Act. The former requierd EPA to determine what chemicals were hazardous and how to dispose. The latter applies funds from tax on oil for cleanup. The implementers don't believe it a success. Many firms responsibile for pollution have gone bankrupt and don't provide support.

The idea of "strict liability" may actually deter enforcement of the environmental laws. How so? What element of the national government may actually be confounding the problem?

44. Strict liability may deter enforcement because it's cheaper to pay fine than to make changes. It's confounded by the volume of toxic wastes produced by govt.

Has the Constitution been interpreted to give a person an absolute right to own a firearm? What interest group is most prominent in this debate about firearms control? In recent years, has its lobbying power increased or diminished?

44. The Constitution HAS NOT been interpreeted to give person absolute right. But NRA is prominent in debate. Its lobbying power has increased.

What problem still burdens many students seeking higher education? How has the rise in college costs compared with overall costs in the economy? What causes the cost of higher education to rise so dramatically? What items are costly, but oriented to quality? And how might competition among colleges and universities increase costs for students, not lower them as typically expected in the marketplace? What has been a consequence on students and their families of this increased cost?

44.The problem that burdens students is cost of education. The cost of education has risen higher than other costs. It is labor-intensive, and smaller classes mean quality and more professors. Competition has increased demand for more amenities. The consequence has been many students have loans that take years to pay off.

What is the FWS enabled to do via the Endangered Species Act? Other than snail darters, what episode became well-publicized and caused a major political fight about FWS powers? But, landowners are now responding by arguing that there are unlawful "takings". What is the issue?

45. The Fish and WildlifeService is enabled to designate species that are endangered or threatened. The spotted owl caused a political fight. Taking deprives landowners of use of property without just compensation.

In general, do the polls indicate that Americans are tolerant of some gun control? But, what about outright bans?

45.Polls indicate Americans are tolerant of gun control but there is no majority support for outright bans.

In general, how do Americans feel about the death penalty? What did polls of 1990s suggest?

46.Americans generally approve of death penalty. Polls of 1990s said that.

What international agreement was designed to manage the growing issue of greenhouse gases and global warming? What is the U.S. position regarding this agreement? Although President Obama is much more sensitive to global warming, what has deterred his ability to build consensus for action on this issue?

46.The Kyoto Protocol pledged to manage greenhouse gases. The US position was not to sign. Obama has been deterred by perception it threatens jobs.

The EPA is almost constantly having conflicts with Congress. Why? EPA encountered implementation difficulties because of an absence of innovation in technologies. How so?

47. Congress often wrote into legislation contradictory paragraphs that confuse implementation. It was a delay in implementation more than lack of technology.

There are some practical arguments often made against the death penalty. What are these arguments?

47.The practical argument against: whether death penalty is really a deterrent. Most acts are products of passoin of the moment. The legal work required to implement it is moe costly than jail for life.

At times, EPA must settle for a "best practice" standard and avoid implementation of a "best technology" standard. Why? And, does this denigrate environment standards or enhance them?

48.EPA must settle for best practice because if one plant is doing things the same way as every other, it must be OK.

Use of the death penalty has invoked two constitutional amendments/clauses. What are these amendments/clauses? Why do critics of the death penalty argue that there is inequality in its application?

48.The death penalty has invoked Eighth Amendment, for "cruel and unusual punishment," and the 14th Amendment for Equal Protection Clause. It is cruel under current interpretations of the word and often more minorities executed.

What important money impacting implementation of environmental policies is not controlled by EPA?

49. The EPA does not distribute federal matching funds for treatement faciliites. It's first-come first served.

What did a few states decide to do about the use of the death penalty in their jurisdictions? Why did they take this action?

49.A few states have suspended the use of the death penalty after concern about validity of convictions, especialy after DNA testing.

Are these culture war battles often packaged as constitutional questions? If so, cite three examples.

5. Culture war battles are often packaged as constitutional questions. (1) Abortion (2) school prayer (3) use of "Under God"

When did our energy consumption really start to be a problem? What happened? What organization was formed? What policy lesson should we have learned? Did we seem to learn it?

5. Our energy consumption started to be a problem in 1973 with OPEC embargo. We should have learned we have too much reliance on foreign. We didn't seem to learn it.

What is the most important social change that is impacting the social insurance programs like Social Security?

5. The most important social change impacting Social Security is average age of Americans is increasing.

During the past two decades what has happened to the share of the national budget spent on defense? What has happened to the share of GNP expended for defense? But, how does the financial effort of the U.S. in the area of defense compare with other western democracies?

5.Military spending was down from 35 to 16.5 from 1980 to 2000, and still down in terms of GNP from 6.5 to 3.0. The spending is higher than in other democracies.

Does the government have a monopoly on education? Why/why not?

5.There has NEVER been a govt monopoly on education because of many private schools.

Does the overall environment of environmental politics suggest the EPA can make a practice of running "roughshod" over industries and local economic interests?

50. The EPA does NOT run roughshod, though some rhetoric suggests so.

What are the five important rights of the accused found in the Bill of Rights, according to the author? Make a list.

50.The five imporant rights of the accused are: (1) trial by impartial jury, (2) protected against self-incrimination (3) unlawful seizures and searches (4) they are informed of charges (5) right to an attorney.

The use of probation and paroles presents difficulties for the criminal justice system. Why? What are the trade-offs with paroles?

51. The use of probation and paroles present difficulties because parolees often commit crimes quickly uon release. However, parole is motivating factor to cooperation by prisioners. Prisons are filled to capacity.

Explain the two basic alternatives to regulating the environment through direct regulation. What are effluent charges? Tradeable permits? Cite two criticisms of these new approaches to environmental regulation.

51.The basic alternatives to regulating through direct regulation: (1) Impose effluent charges or taxes. (2) tradeable permits to pollute. It perceived as buying right to pollute and its more difficult to enforce tax than existing standards.

What is the bottom line on the impact of environmental laws since the 1960s and 1970s? cleaner air and water, dirtier air and water, OR no measurable impact?

52.The air and water is cleaner in the 21st century than when laws were enacted.

Since the 1990s what is the new subset of the crime problem that is getting increased attention? What are a couple of the issues that are debated about this subset of crime in the U.S.?

52.The new subset of crime since the 1990s has been violent crimes committed by children. The issues debated are whether to treat them as adults in the process.

What exactly is a social insurance program often called an entitlement program? It means that citizens who have paid into them cannot ... . Are these programs like private annuities? Money is really distributed across time and generations. How so? Why are these programs not perceived as welfare or "giveaways"?

6. Social security is called entitlement because people have paid into program. It means that citizens who have paid into them cannot be denied benefits once they meet criteria. They are NOT like a private annuity. Money is distributed across time in the working generation provides funds used by retired. They are not welfare or giveaways because billed as "insurance."

What conditions relating to transportation might make adjustments in oil usage "painful in U.S.?

6. The existing stock of automobiles, inadequate public transportation and commuting problems will make changes painful.

Americans expected a "peace dividend." When? But what happened? And, is there evidence that public support for wars rises and falls?

6.American expected a peace dividend at the end of the Cold War. But leaders didn't want to dismantle miltary. Yes public support rises and falls.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Roe v. Wade in 1973? Was abortion always considered criminal behavior in the U.S.?

6.In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled based on right of privacy a woman could terminate a pregnancy within the first trimester. Abortion had been illegal, but NOT always criminialized.

Historically, the emphasis on education has always been on ... and ... control. In general, what grades do American give to school performance in surveys? How do the views of parents with children in school differ from those without children in school?

6.The emphasis on education has been local and parental control. Americans give C grades to schools. The views of parents with children offer higher evaluations.

What data seem to reinforce the negative image of U.S. schools? Should one reach the conclusion that private schools perform better than public schools, or is this debatable question?

7. Students don't do as well on standardized tests as in other countries. It IS debatable that the privagtes do better on publics.

Did the Court decision serve as a catalyst for the abortion debate, or respond to the debate?

7. The decision served as a catalyst for more debate as the church became involved.

One factor that impacts defense policies is degree of threat that is perceived from abroad. The differences among policymakers in the level of perceived threat has been exacerbated since ... .

7. The differencs among policymakers in the level of perceived threat has been exacerbated since the clear threat of the Soviet Union has ended.

The money for Social Security is collected or accomplished through ... . Are these deductions on all wage-based income? Does rate of this tax increase as income rises or does it remain flat?

7. The money is collected through payroll contributions. The deductions are NOT on all waged-based income. The rate of tax is a FLAT tax.

What is the single largest energy source for the U.S.? What percent of all energy comes from this source? How much of this source (oil) is domestic and how much is imported?

7. The single largest energy source in the US is oil. 37 percent of energy from there. Approximately 50-50 domestic and imported.

When it is estimated that the spending demands on the Social Security program will overwhelm its revenue? What demographic development caused the Social Security Trust Fund to have more income than necessary? But, what starts to happen around 2010? How would some conservative forces in the U.S. solve this financial problem with Social Security? Does Social Security cover much of the American workforce today?

8. The spending willi overwhelm revenue in 2017. The Baby Boom caused the trust fund to have more income. In 2010, they started to retire and stop contributing and start drawing. Conservative forces would have people invest in the market. Social Security includes 90 percent of all working people, with Federal gov't employees hired before 1984, some state and local govt' employees and farmers not covered.

As the U.S. military faces a series of smaller-scale conflicts, there is a debate about the role of the nation's military in foreign affairs. What are the two possible roles?

8. The two possible roles (1) global police officer or (2) one nation in the international community.

What modern President campaigned to be the "education President?" What was the name of his blueprint for educational excellence? What were the four, basic elements of his plan? Were the elements of this plan actually implemented?

8.George Bush I campaigned to be "education president," with America 2000: An Education Strategy. (1) National tests diagnostic and open to public. (2) the fed govt would fund a new school in each district to show how schools could break the mold (3) merit pay and alternative means for certifying competency for teachers (4) a market model for education to give parents more opportunity for choice and more pressure on schools. Almost nothing happened with these.

On what constitutional right is the abortion decision based? Is it based on any of the clauses relating to religion? Is this right in the text of the Constitution or implied (created via judicial interpretation)? Why might one have thought that the decision might appeal to conservatives?

8.It is base on the right of a woman NOT to have govt intervene in her personal reproductive life. It was NOT based on clauses related to religion. It was IMPLIED via judicial interpretation. One might have thought it'd appeal to conservatives because because of the privacy argument.

Where do some Republicans want to find more domestic oil in the short term?

8.Some Republicans want to permit exploratoin in environmentally fragile areas.

What subset of the population did Clinton attempt to prepare for the workforce? What else was "emphasized" by the Clinton Administration in the field of education? What did Republicans in Congress propose as a general alternative to Clinton's initiative?

9. Clinton attempted to address deficiencies and increase teacher qualifcation. Republicans countered with tax vouchers and credits for private schools.

Social Security benefits are slightly redistributive. What is meant by this generalization? But, what percentage of preretirement income do average workers get? What percentage do more affluent or higher income workers get? What important changes in benefits occurred in 1984 to make benefits slightly more redistributive?

9. It is redistributive in that it attempts to ensure those at bottom of earnings ladder havve adequate retirement income. The average worker gets 40 percent of preretirement income, more affluent get 25 percent. In 1984, benefits became taxable.

What single factor controlled defense policy during the last half of the 20th Century? What is a crucial factor or major residual concern from the Cold War or conflict with former Soviets? Why is the world arguably more dangerous since "peace" broke out between the two previous superpowers?

9. The relationshp between the US and Soviet Union controlled defense policy in last half of 20th century. The crucial factor is stockpiles of nuclear weapons. The world is more dangerous because a number off Soviet republics have weapons as do those in Gulf.

Reliance on this resource and importation of it create four major problems. What are they?

9.Reliances on oil and importation create four problems: (1) Continuing instability in the Middle East. (2) Negative balance of trade. (3) Oil is finite resource. (4) environmental conseququences.

How does the American public feel about abortion policies/rulings? Are they overwhelmingly pro-life or pro-choice, or something else? Approximately, what percentage of the public would ban abortions entirely? But, what proportion would make them always legal (see chart)? In general, is a majority of Americans leaning in the direction of legal abortions or making the practice illegal?

9.The American public has little neutral ground. The public is pro-choice. Some 17 percent would ban completely, some 21 say always legal. The majority leans in favor of legal.