public speaking chapter 17

Which of the following is an example of reasoning from principle?

"Lying is wrong. James lied to me. Therefore, James was wrong,"

Marquette is giving a speech on the mortgage crisis that occurred in the first decade of the 2000s. Which of the following statements would be an example of an either-or fallacy?

"The only way to avoid such a crisis in the future is to require that buyers put 20% down or to eliminate financing all together."

Logicians note that there are about ______ types of fallacies.

125

If you were giving a persuasive speech opposing gun-control laws to an audience with varied attitudes on the topic, which would be the best source of evidence?

Academic research on the effects of gun laws

Which of the following is the fallacy that attacks a person to avoid dealing with the real issue in dispute?

Ad hominem

Who of the following are the most likely to incorporate the bandwagon fallacy in their work?

Advertisers Candidates for public office Salespeople

In their speech class, Robert, Sally, Lee, and Alicia each gave a presentation. Robert gave a thoughtful speech, which he delivered without any emotion. Sally spoke slowly to enunciate each word. Lee spoke with an even voice and was careful not to vary his tone or loudness. Alicia spoke with conviction, emphasizing her main points. Which speaker would likely have the most credibility based on speech delivery?

Alicia

Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?

An argument that compares similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Tyler is giving a speech in favor of the legalization of drugs. He says, "We have seen the success of marijuana legalization in Colorado, Washington, and other states. Surely the legalization of all drugs would have the same rate of success." Which type of fallacy is Tyler committing?

An invalid analogy fallacy

"If we let more refugees into this country, they'll take our jobs." This statement appeals to which of the following emotions?

Anger Fear

Which of the following statements is an example of specific evidence?

Approximately 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016.

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good or correct?

Bandwagon

How can speakers enhance their credibility with the audience?

By establishing common ground By explaining their competence By delivering their speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Ted, a computer scientist, is giving a presentation to a group of fellow computer scientists. How might Ted explain his competence to his audience?

By mentioning that he has a graduate degree in computer science By sharing that he has published more than one dozen academic papers on computer science

How can a speaker appeal to the emotions of the audience?

By speaking with sincerity and conviction By using emotional language By offering a vivid example

Why can attaining credibility be complex for speakers?

Credibility exists in the mind of the audience. A speaker may have more credibility on one topic than on another.

Which of the following are types of credibility for public speakers?

Derived credibility Initial credibility Terminal credibility

Why can using causal reasoning be tricky?

Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy. Events can have more than one cause. The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it.

Which of the following is an effective way to appeal to listeners' emotions?

Developing vivid examples

Which of the following are ways to generate an emotional appeal?

Developing vivid examples Using emotional language Speaking with sincerity and conviction

Which of the following is the fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist?

Either-or

Which of the following can boost a speaker's credibility?

Establishing common ground

Which of the following is the term Aristotle used for the concept of credibility?

Ethos

Which of the following terms refers to the supporting material that proves or disproves something?

Evidence

Which of the following are major elements of logos?

Evidence Reasoning

Which of the following are benefits of using evidence in a speech?

Evidence can help persuade listeners. Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you.

Which of the following is most acceptable form of evidence to use?

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable

Which of the following can be used as evidence in a persuasive speech?

Examples Statistics Testimony

Which of the following is a true statement about reasoning from specific instances?

Exceptions to its conclusions may exist.

Which of the following are ways of enhancing your credibility as a speaker?

Explaining your competence Establishing common ground with the audience Speaking with genuine conviction

Which of the following terms describes an error in reasoning?

Fallacy

Which of the following are terms for the mistaken reasoning that one event caused another event simply because it happened first?

False cause fallacy

The Roman rhetorician Quintilian stated that eloquence is derived from the force of the imagination and what other factor?

Feeling

Which of the following sources is the most objective?

Government data collected by scientists

What are examples of emotion-laden words that would be suitable for generating an emotional appeal for people to volunteer at a local food bank?

Gratitude Desperate Hunger

Which of the following is the most common fallacy that occurs when reasoning from specific instances?

Hasty generalization

Which of the following describes an error in reasoning from specific instances when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence?

Hasty generalization fallacy

Which of the following arguments is not an example of a slippery slope fallacy?

If you support the viewpoints of my opponent, you have no respect for me.

Which of the following is the type of credibility a speaker has before beginning to speak?

Initial

Which of the following is the term used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker?

Logos

What is evidence that is new called?

Novel evidence

Which of the following is not an example of specific evidence?

Overdose deaths have increased dramatically in the first decades of the 21st century.

Which of the following is the Latin name for the false cause fallacy?

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Which of the following describes the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence?

Reasoning

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion?

Reasoning from principle

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion?

Reasoning from specific instances

Which of the following is the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion?

Red herring

Which of the following statements is not an example of an emotional appeal?

Refugees are asylum seekers.

Which of the following is an example of novel evidence?

Scientists discovered this year that climate change is actually happening much more quickly than was previously believed.

Which of the following statements are examples of faulty reasoning?

Seems that every time I go outside when it's raining, I catch a cold. The rain must be causing my cold. Every time I am sad, it rains the next day. My sadness must make it rain. We had an unusually cold winter here. That must mean that global temperatures are actually going down.

Which of the following are sources that audience members are likely to be suspicious of?

Self-interested sources, such as a brochure produced by marketing companies Biased sources, such as radio stations that are associated with one political party

"If we allow the police to ticket drivers for not wearing seat belts, soon enough, the police will be checking everything we do in the privacy of our cars." This statement is an example of which type of fallacy?

Slippery slope

Which of the following are ways to enhance credibility through good speech delivery?

Speaking with conviction Speaking fluently Speaking expressively

Which of the following are effective, ethical ways to appeal to listeners' emotions?

Speaking with sincerity Speaking with conviction

When giving a speech about a topic over which people have various opinions, the speaker should expect which of the following?

That the audience will question certain points and want evidence to back them up

When audiences judge a speaker's character as part of determining credibility, what do they consider?

The speaker's concern for the well-being of the audience The speaker's sincerity The speaker's trustworthiness

Which of the following demonstrate the speaker's competence?

The speaker's expertise The speaker's intelligence The speaker's knowledge of the subject

How are sincerity and conviction conveyed?

Through facial expressions Through rate of speech Through tone of voice Through gestures

True or false: Credibility can be enhanced.

True

True or false: Novel evidence should inspire the audience to rethink an issue.

True

True or false: Novel evidence should inspire the audience to rethink an issue. True false question.

True

Which of the following are appropriate ways to use evidence?

Use evidence from credible sources. Use specific evidence. Use novel evidence.

Which of the following statements is an example of an emotional appeal?

Vaccination has nearly eradicated the terrifying diseases that used to sicken and kill entire communities.

As a speaker, what are your major goals with respect to reasoning?

You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning. You must make sure your own reasoning is sound.

The most important issue in assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially

alike.

Calling your opponent "wacko" in a debate would be a classic example of

an ad hominem attack.

The statement, "I don't see any reason to change the social security system, since it's been around for a long time and people are still getting their checks," is an example of

an appeal to tradition.

Pathos was the name used by Aristotle to refer to ______ appeal.

an emotional

A fallacy is ______ reasoning. Multiple choice question.

an error in

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new?

appeal to tradition

The type of reasoning that attempts to understand the relationship between an event and its effects is called ________________reasoning.

causal

Explaining your own competence is a way to enhance your ______ as a speaker.

credibility

The audience's perception of the speaker's qualification to speak on a topic is called

credibility.

Lucien is giving a presentation in which he encourages his audience to vote in the next election. He has passion in his voice when he talks about his own experiences voting. He explains how, when he voted, he felt like he was part of something important and truly made a difference. Lucien is

enhancing his credibility by speaking with conviction

In the introduction to her speech about proposed tuition hikes, Jomekia reminds listeners that like them, she is a student and on a tight budget. She is enhancing her credibility by

establishing common ground

The fallacy that assumes that something new is superior to something older is the

fallacy of appeal to novelty.

Establishing common ground with your audience

is a way to enhance credibility.

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable is called

specific evidence.

True or false: Effective persuasion rarely requires emotional appeal.

False

Why was Ronald Reagan considered an effective public speaker?

His speeches conveyed sincerity and conviction.

Which of the following fallacies is a comparison of two cases that are not essentially alike?

Invalid analogy

Which of the following is an example of the fallacy of using an appeal to novelty?

"The city has adopted a new system of processing permits. The new system must be better than the old system."

"Where will the refugees who are fleeing war-torn countries go, if not here? Other countries are shutting their doors, but our country is better than the rest. We should open our hearts and homes to them." This statement is appealing to which of the following emotions?

Compassion Pride Guilt

True or false: In causal reasoning, a speaker compares two cases that are similar in order to argue that what applied in one case will apply in another.

False

In a speech persuading his audience to take precautions against tick bites, Frank first described Lyme disease, then discussed its symptoms and treatments. Next, he spoke about the experiences of three of his friends who had each come down with Lyme disease from tick bites after camping in a different state. In conclusion, he said, "As you can see from these three examples, everyone should take precautions against becoming infected with Lyme disease." Which of the following are ways that Frank failed to follow guidelines for reasoning from specific instances?

He made a generalization about a broad need for precautions from just three examples. His conclusion was not reinforced with statistics on the prevalence of Lyme disease. He assumed that if campers are prone to infection, everyone else is also prone to infection.

Hiroshi, Larissa, and Ivan gave speeches against the use of nuclear power plants. Hiroshi spoke about the experience of two of his friends near Tokyo after a tsunami damaged nuclear power plants in Japan. For her speech, Larissa used objective academic studies of U.S. nuclear safety. Ivan presented the technical details of safety mechanisms in the most common type of nuclear power plant. Based on these descriptions, which speech would likely have had the greatest emotional appeal?

Hiroshi's speech

When using evidence in a persuasive speech, the speaker should do which of the following?

Make clear the point of the evidence.

Maurice is giving a speech about global warming and tells a story about an Eskimo village in Alaska that was abandoned. He does not mention that the village was abandoned because global warming has resulted in the melting of coastal ice shelves and frozen sub-soils, both of which helped protect the village from erosion by the sea. Maurice's audience finds his story interesting, but they do not understand why he told it. Which tip for using evidence did Maurice violate?

Make clear the point of your evidence.

Lucille has been asked to speak to a local group of volunteers who wish to serve as literacy tutors to disadvantaged children. Which of the following would help her explain her competence?

Stating that she volunteered for a local group called the Literacy Network

Reasoning from general principle to a conclusion is the opposite of which of the following?

Reasoning from specific instances

What type of reasoning was Bruce using when he argued that all U.S. state capitols have domes because in his travels he saw more than a dozen capitol buildings that had domes?

Reasoning from specific instances

If you were seeking to persuade an audience to volunteer for a project, which of the following would be effective ways to establish your credibility?

Talking about your personal experience volunteering for the project Demonstrating your sincerity through the delivery of your speech Sharing that you care about the audience members

Which of the following statements is true about a speaker who uses reasoning when making a persuasive speech?

That the audience needs to understand how the speaker drew their conclusion

Why do speakers appeal to emotions when giving a persuasive speech?

To influence listeners To grab the attention of listeners

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy if a speaker were trying to persuade an audience about the human contribution to global warming?

To provide evidence that illustrates the increase in global warming in the past century

Which of the following is an example of an unethical emotional appeal?

To urge people to attend a racist rally

What does it mean to use emotional appeals ethically?

To use them only when it is appropriate for your topic To use them in conjunction with building a case on reason

True or false: Cassidy is engaged in ethical speaking when she gives statistics about the poverty level in her city and follows them up with stories about homeless, hungry children.

True