public speaking cumulative study guide

Within 24 hours after listening to a lecture or speech, most people will likely recall only about ______ percent of the message.

75

You're deciding on a speech topic, but need some information from your audience. Rather than asking them to divulge their opinions out loud, you design a short questionnaire. The questionnaire asks whether a person agrees or disagrees with a series of statements regarding various topics. What form of survey are you using?

A formal audience analysis survey using closed-ended questions

Which of the following is an example of a speech about an object?

A speech about vintage clothing

A good speaker should ethically use the information gathered in an audience analysis to adapt his or her message so that it will be better understood. According to your text, this process is called audience

Adaptation

When we, as listeners, focus on the message, we are said to

Attend

Deanna makes the claim in her persuasive speech that unregulated car emissions in major urban areas contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, which contributes to global warming. Which organizational pattern is reflected in this example?

Cause and effect

When speakers are tense and try to relax their muscles while waiting for their turn to speak, without calling attention to what they are doing, their actions reflect a strategy of coping with nervousness your text refers to as

Channeling your nervous energy

When explaining the progress of molecular discoveries, Shanthan began by discussing Mendel's 1866 studies about inheritance of biological traits in peas, ending with recent information about the human genome project. Which pattern of organization did Shanthan employ in his speech?

Chronological

When Ramone spoke about the need for regular flu shots and health check-ups, he was so knowledgeable and so informed about his subject that everyone responded quite positively to his speech. What aspect of credibility did Ramone most demonstrate here?

Competence

______ refers to the meaning listeners associate with a word, based on their experience.

Connotation

Joe is a former champion weightlifter and professional bodybuilder. He is preparing an informative speech on the abuse of steroids in physical fitness. Through his personal experiences, what quality does Joe add to the presentation of his speech?

Credibility

One of the empowering resources that you develop by studying public speaking is ______, which involves analyzing information to judge its accuracy and relevance.

Critical thinking

If you delivered a well-known speech by the British orator Edmund Burke, you would be practicing the art of

Declamation

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word is its

Denotation

The factor in a speaker's credibility that refers to his or her being perceived as energetic is known as

Dynamism

According to ______ theory, a speaker should pay attention to how emotions are communicated when delivering a speech because people tend to "catch" the emotions of others.

Emotional contagion theory

When speaking to inform, the speaker's primary goal is to

Enhance the audience's knowledge or understanding.

According to the National Communication Association, _____ is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision-making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.

Ethical communication

The portion of a person's background that relates to factors such as nationality or religious heritage is known as

Ethnicity

Given the task of presenting a speech, Susan decides to speak from an outline that can help her sound conversational and spontaneous. She wants to be able to adapt her remarks to the feedback she receives from the audience, and also wants to make more eye contact with the audience. What method of delivery will be best, given Susan's speech goals?

Extemporaneous

According to Schultze, __________ is making up data, examples, findings or other information.

Fabrication

Smiles, head nods, eye contact, and clapping from audience members are all forms of

Feedback

_____ speech or speech acts are legally protected.

Free

Academic Search Complete and JSTOR are examples of

Full-text databses

The first priority in an introduction is to:

Get the audience's attention

In a nationwide survey noted in the text, prospective employers of college graduates said they seek candidates with

Good speaking and presentation skills.

A presentation aid which is a pictorial representation of statistical data is a

Graph

According to Schultz, the archbishop of Constantinople, John Chrysostym began his rhetorical education at the age of twelve. He believed that Christians should know:

How to speak well

The type of credibility established by giving careful thought to your appearance, establishing eye contact, and having your credentials presented to the audience before you speak is known as _____ credibility.

Initial

In his speech about volunteering for the American Red Cross, Jacob used a lot of slang, sat and leaned on the table in front of the class, and was dressed very casually. Which of the following statements BEST describes this speaking situation?

Jacob ignored the rule that public speaking is more formal than conversation.

What Greek term is used to describe the occasion for a speech?

Kairos

Oral style tends to be _____ than written style.

Less formal

_____ is the term Aristotle used to refer to logic—the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion.

Logos

In his speech about the Titanic, Kiefer said the following: "She was the new world, the new technology, the best of the best. But a technology that failed, leaving many souls in a cold, watery grave." What form of effective language usage has Kiefer employed?

Metaphor

The underlying internal force that drives us to achieve our goals is

Motivation

According to ______ theory, listeners have certain expectations about how speakers should communicate. If these expectations are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message.

Nonverbal expectancy theory

In Louise's speech about various golf grips and strokes, Louise used several golf clubs and demonstrated the moves as she spoke. In addition to herself, Louise effectively utilized which of the following presentation aids?

Object

Lawrence, a climatologist, is asked to participate in an informal group presentation with other scientists in which a moderator encourages the scientists to engage in an informed dialogue on the issue of climate change. Lawrence does not have to prepare a formal speech for the presentation, but has decided to prepare some notes on key facts and statistics that he can use during the discussion. Lawrence will be participating in a

Panel discussion

Schultz says that great speakers must use logos and ethos . If Brian gives a lecture about why he believes in God, and does so by solely relying on science and research on intelligent design, then he may miss which part of the speakers appeal?

Pathos

_____ is the term Aristotle used to refer to appeals to human emotion.

Pathos

As a Roman teacher of public speaking, Quintilian felt that effective public speakers should be

People of good character

Schultze makes an incredibly important point in chapter 5 of his text, that the expressiveness of a presenter is part of what engages your audience. He reminds us that speeches are not just speeches, they are ______________.

Performances

The process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior is

Persuasion

During the first day of class speech presentations, Dwayne had a bad sinus infection and his ears were plugged so he couldn't hear the speakers. He was experiencing _____ noise.

Physiological

According to Schultze, ___________ is passing off someone else's ideas and expressions as one's own.

Plagiarism

A ______ is any image, object or sound that helps communicate an idea to an audience.

Presentation Aid

During World War I, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it was lawful to restrict speech that

Presented a clear and present danger to the nation

When you present the most important or convincing idea first in your speech, you are using the principle of

Primacy

At the Chamber of Commerce monthly meeting, a representative from the local food pantry addresses the group about the services the pantry offers, demographics of the community, and the growing number of families they serve. What kind of special-occasion speech is this?

Public Relations Speech

______ is the process of presenting a message to an audience, small or large.

Public Speaking

A public speaker seeks to establish a(n) ______, or ongoing connection, with audience members by identifying common ground with them.

Relationship

One way public speaking and conversation are similar is that both

Require focusing and verbalizing your thoughts.

______ fonts are designed to look like handwriting; although interesting and dramatic, they should be used sparingly because they are harder to read.

Script

Only a few years after the ratification of the First Amendment, Congress passed the _____ which punished those who spoke out against the government and was later declared unconstitutional.

Sedition Act

Because we hear so many sounds simultaneously, the first stage of listening is to

Select

Martina is concerned about the introductory speech she has to give for the guest speaker at her banquet. According to your text, what should Martina keep in mind?

She should introduce the topic and the speaker, briefly and accurately.

Presentation aids are effective because we depend on _____ more than all the other senses combined.

Sight

In her presentation to the school board about plans for the new physical fitness facility, Ms. Anderson described how various workout areas, gyms, locker rooms, and physical therapy facilities will be located within the building. Which organizational pattern was Ms. Anderson using in her presentation?

Spatial

Aristotle said that in persuasion, first you ______ your case and second you ______ your case.

State; prove

A ______ is a public discussion during which the members of a group share responsibility by presenting a series of short speeches to an audience.

Symposium

In an introduction, proximity refers to ____________.

The degree to which the information directly affects the audience

What must balance the right to free speech?

The responsibility of speaking ethically

For an upcoming speech, Marcie began her research on the subject of nanotechnology on Wikipedia. What does Marcie need to keep in mind while reviewing an article from this site?

The site's reliability and appropriateness for academic use are limited.

In 1964, the Supreme Court ruled that before a public official can recover damages for slander, he or she must prove that

The slanderous statement was made with "actual malice."

Dana opens her speech against on-demand abortion by putting up a transparency that shows a graphic image of an aborted fetus. According to the text, what difficulty might she face in using this in her introduction?

This type of graphic content may disgust and repel her audience.

For her informative speech, Abigail wants to tell her audience about three important factors to consider when purchasing a new computer. Which organizational pattern lends itself best to this topic?

Topical

A lie is a statement intended to deceive, regardless of whether the statement is ultimately ____________.

True

In 1940, what speech act did Congress declare illegal?

Urging the violent overthrow of the federal government

In the process of persuading your audience, which of the following is most difficult to change?

Values

During the middle of Logan's speech to the Chicago Chamber of Commerce, an audience member stands up and asks a question, to everyone's surprise. According to your text, in this case the audience member

Violated the listener's role, as U.S. audience members rarely interrupt the speaker.

______ is the practice of integrating images within the overall communication plan a speaker makes to achieve his or her speaking goal.

Visual rhetoric

According to Schultz, part of Augustine's great conversion as a rhetorician happened while standing naked in front of a mirror. From this, he realized that he was unable to hide from God, and thus should not hide from his audience. Schultz says that we as speakers can do this by ___________________ which allows us to strip away our layers of self-denial and dialoguing with ourselves.

Writing letters to our true selves

What should the speaker keep in mind when giving an acceptance speech?

You should thank those giving you the award and comment on its significance to you.

What is a cliche?

an overused expression

When using color in computer-generated presentation aids, you should use

the same background color on all visuals and no more than two colors for words.

Renton has been asked to present his colleague, Rebecca, with the "Journalist of the Year" award. What is important for him to remember to say in this speech?

to briefly refer to the occasion and mention the significance of the reward