Public Speaking Final

Vocalized pauses

"Ah" "Um" "You know" and other verbal filters that speakers use when they're trying to think of what they want to say

According to your textbook, a recent study found that over ________ of college students reported copying information directly from an internet source without providing a reference

1/3

According to the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety scores between ________ indicate moderate speech anxiety

98-131

Monroe's motivated sequence

A 5 step pattern of organization that requires speakers to identify and respond to what will motivate an audience to pay attention

Anecdotes

A brief narrative

Open-ended questions

A broad, general question, often specifically only the topic

Premise

A claim that provides reasons to support a conclusion

Specific purpose

A concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech

Narrative

A description of events in a dramatic fashion; also called a story

Simile

A figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two things, using the words like or as

Metaphors

A figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two things

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion

Complete sentence outline

A formal outline using full sentences for all points developed after researching the speech and identifying supporting materials; includes a speech's topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, introduction, main points, subpoints, conclusion, transitions, and references

Flip chart

A large pad of paper that rests on an easel, allowing a speaker to record text or drawings with markers during a speech

Interview guide

A list of all the questions and possible probes an interviewer asks in an interview, as well as notes about how the interviewer will begin and end the interview

Internal consistency

A logical relationship among the ideas that make up any main heading or subheading in a speech

Channel

A mode or medium of communication

Narrative pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by a dramatic retelling of events as a story or a series of short stories

Topical pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by arranging subtopics of equal importance

Problem solving pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by describing a problem and providing possible solutions

Chronological patterns

A pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence

Cause and effect pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by showing how an action produces a particular outcome

Spatial pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects and places

Spotlight effect

A phenomenon that leads us to think other people observe us much more carefully than they actually do

Claim

A position or assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept

Document cameras

A projection device that uses a video camera to capture and display images

Hedges

A qualifier, such as probably, that makes a statement ambiguous

Tag questions

A question added onto the end of declarative statement that lessens the impact of that statement

Question of value

A question that asks for a subjective evaluation of something's worth, significance, quality, or condition

Secondary questions

A question that asks the interviewee to elaborate on a response

Question of policy

A question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved

Question of fact

A question that asks whether something is true or false

Primary questions

A question that introduces a new topic or subtopic in an interview

Closed-ended questions

A question that limits the possible responses, asking for very specific information

Leading questions

A question that suggests the answer the interviewer seeks

Audience-research questionnaires

A questionnaire used by speakers to assess the knowledge and opinions of audience members; can take the form of email, web-based, or in-class surveys

Internal summaries

A review of main points or subpoints given before going on to the next point in a speech

Meta search engines

A search tool that compiles the results from other search engines

Memorable message

A sentence or group of sentences included in the conclusion of a speech, designed to make the speaker's thesis unforgettable

Speech of introduction

A short speech that introduces someone to an audience

Thesis

A single declarative sentence that captures the essence or central idea of a speech

Traditional white boards

A smooth white board that can be written or drawn on with markers

Search engines

A sophisticated software program that hunts through documents to find those associated with particular key words

Oral citations

A source of information that a speaker mentions, or cites, during a speech

Bibliographic information

A source's complete citation, including author, date of publication, title, place of publication, and publisher

Persuasive speech

A speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience member's beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors

Copyright information

A statement about the legal rights of others to use an original work, such as song, story, poem, photograph, or image

Definitions

A statement that describes the essence, precise meaning, or scope of a word or a phrase

Narrative

A story used in a speech or other form of communication

Patterns of organization

A structure for ordering the main points of a speech

Key words

A term associated with a topic and used to search for information related to the topic

Uncertainty reaction theory

A theory that posits when individuals face an uncertain or unfamiliar situation, their level of anxiety increases

Sign post

A transition that indicates a key move in the speech, making its organization clear to the audience

Analogy

A type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else that it resembles

Copyright

A type of intellectual property law that protects an author's original work from being used by others

Memorized speaking

A type of public speaking in which the speaker commits a speech to memory

Impromptu speaking

A type of public speaking in which the speaker has little or no time to prepare a speech

Extemporaneous speaking

A type of public speaking in which the speaker researches, organizes, rehearses, and delivers a speech in a way that combines structure and spontaneity

Manuscript speaking

A type of speaking in which the speaker reads a written script word for word

Connotative meanings

A unique meaning associated with a word based on a person's own experiences

Monotone

A way of speaking in which the speaker does not alter his or her pitch

Qualifier

A word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase

Euphemisms

A word used in place of another word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive

Transitions

A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph used throughout a speech to mark locations in the organization and clearly link the parts of a speech together

What are three principles of dialogic ethics?

A) Create a supportive environment B) Convey a positive attitude C) Demonstrate respect for others

According to your textbook, the attention getter for a speech to persuade should include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Establish seriousness of the problem B) Dramatize the controversial nature of your problem C) Initiate the process of persuasion by presenting strong logical, cultural, or emotional appeal

Which of the following was NOT part of Cicero's "Five arts of public speaking"? A) Research B) Invention C) Style D) Delivery E) Arrangement F) Memory

A) Research Correct: Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery

Audience centered

Acknowledging an audience's expectations and situations before, during, and after a speech

Interactive whiteboards

Also called smart boards, devices that can maximize active student involvement in learning; can be very useful in certain situations

Transparencies

An acetate page displayed by means of an overhead projector

Denotative meanings

An agreed-upon definition of a word found in a dictionary

Enthymemes

An argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated

Primacy effect

An audience is more likely to pay attention to and recall what speakers present at the beginning of a speech than what they present in the speech body

Recency effect

An audience is more likely to remember what speakers present at the end of a speech than what they present in the speech body

Positive/sympathetic audience

An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic and has a favorable view of the speaker's position

Negative/Hostile audience

An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic and holds an unfavorable view of the speaker's position

Divided audience

An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic but equally split between those who favor the speaker's position and those who oppose it

Apathetic audience

An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic but not interested in it

Uninformed audience

An audience that is unfamiliar with a speaker's topic and has no opinion on it

Dynamism

An audience's perception of a speaker's activity level during a presentation

Credibility

An audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability

Trustworthiness

An audience's perception of the speaker as honest, ethical, sincere, reliable, sensitive, and empathetic

Goodwill

An audience's perception that a speaker shows she or he has the audience's true needs, wants, and interests at heart

Fallacy

An error in making an argument

Clichés

An expression so overused it fails to have an important meaning

Idioms

An expression that means something other than the literal meaning of the words

Examples

An illustration or case that represents a larger group or class of things

Testimony

An individual's opinions or experiences about a particular topic

Facts

An observation based on actual experience

Coherence

An obvious and plausible connection among ideas

Web directories

An online list that organizes web pages and websites hierarchically by category; also called a search index

Presentation outline

An outline that distills a complete sentence outline, listing only the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them

Working outline

An outline that guides you during the initial stages of topic development, helping to keep you focused on your general purpose and clarify your specific purpose

Neutral questions

An unbiased and impartial question to seeking a forthright answer

"Looking for wild asparagus is like hunting for mushrooms; they are relatively hard to find, but well worth the effort when you do find them". This type of comparison is called:

Analogy

Listening anxiety

Anxiety produced by the fear of misunderstanding, not fully comprehending, or not being mentally prepared for information you may hear

Noise

Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message

Ethos

Appeals that are linked to the speaker's credibility

Mythos

Appeals to cultural beliefs and values

Pathos

Appeals to emotion

Logos

Appeals to logic

Ad Populum fallacy

Argument in which a speaker appeals to popular attitudes and emotions without offering evidence to support claims

Slippery slope

Argument in which a speaker asserts that one event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two events

Appeal to tradition

Argument in which a speaker asserts that the status quo is better than any new idea or approach

Division fallacy

Argument in which a speaker assumes that what is true of the whole is also true of the parts that make up the whole

Weak analogy fallacy

Argument in which a speaker compares two things that are dissimilar, making the comparison inaccurate

Post Hoc fallacy

Argument in which a speaker concludes a causal relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time

Hasty generalization fallacy

Argument in which a speaker draws a conclusion based on too few or inadequate examples

False dilemma fallacy

Argument in which a speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist

Ad Hominem fallacy

Argument in which a speaker rejects another speaker's claim based on that speaker's character rather than the evidence the speaker presents

Ad Ignorantiam fallacy

Argument in which a speaker suggests that because a claim hasn't been shown to be false, it must be true

Guilt by association

Argument in which a speaker suggests that something is wrong with another speaker's claims by associating those claims with someone the audience finds objectionable

Begging the Question

Argument in which a speaker uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion or asserts that the validity of the conclusion is self evident

Comparative Evidence Fallacy

Argument in which a speaker uses statistics or compares numbers in ways that misrepresent the evidence and mislead the audience

Straw man fallacy

Argument in which the speaker misrepresents another speaker's argument so that only a shell of the opponent's argument remains

Loaded word fallacy

Argument in which the speaker uses emotionally laden words to evaluate claims based on a misleading emotional response rather than the evidence presented

Red herring

Argument that introduces irrelevant evidence to distract an audience from the real issue

Rhetoric

Aristotle's term for public speaking

The physical process of producing specific sounds to make language intelligible

Articulation vs. Pronunciation

Invitations to imagine

Asking listeners to create a scene or situation in their minds

Relabeling

Assigning more positive words or phrases to the physical react ions and feelings associated with speech anxiety

Feedback

Audience members' response to a speech

Public speaking is considered A) A science B) An art C) Both a science and an art D) Neither a science nor an art

B) An art

Which of the following is NOT one of the "arts of public speaking"? A) Style B) Feedback C) Arrangement D) Delivery

B) Feedback

An example of an open ended question is: A) Did you enjoy the movie B) How are you feeling today? C) What type of food do you like the most D) What is your name?

B) How are you feeling today

Which of the following was NOT listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety? A) The speaker's role B) Your appearance C) How others will evaluate you D) The technology

B) Your appearance

Unlike in everyday conversations, your public speaking audience expects you to ______

Be an authority on your subject

Unlike everyday conversations, your public speaking audience expects you to ______

Be an authority on your topic

When you put together a speech, in what order do you typically develop?

Body and transitions first, Introduction second, and conclusion last

Susan checked the headlines of her local paper and looked through current magazines to come up with ideas for her speech topic. This is part of a process called ______

Brainstorming

Toast

Brief remarks celebrating the accomplishments of a guest of honor at an event

______ refers to the rules or standards within a culture about what is right and wrong A) Justice B) Speaker responsibility C) Ethics D) None of these

C) Ethics

Which is NOT one of the proofs or appeals used in public speaking identified by Aristotle? A) Ethos B) Pathos C) Mythos D) Logos

C) Mythos

The term "ethics" refers to: A) A person's religious beliefs B) Greek mythology C) Right and wrong D) A person's ethnic background

C) Right and wrong

Vocal variety

Changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker's voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered

Applying what three principles will help you identify what points to include and what points to leave out of your speech?

Clarity, relevance, and balance

Direct quotes

Comments written in response to open-ended questions in an audience-research questionnaire

The psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another

Communication climate

Analogical reasoning

Comparing two similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggesting that what holds true for one also holds true for the other

If Max wants his audience to believe that he is qualified to speak on a certain topic, he should focus on which of the components of credibility discussed in your textbooks?

Competence

Presentation software

Computer software that allows users to display information in multimedia slide shows

External noise

Conditions in the environment that interfere with listening

The linear or transmission model of communication consists of A) Two way communication B) Communicators as both senders and receivers C) A group communicating D) Communication in a single direction

D) Communication in a single direction

Which of the following is NOT an element of the audience's view of the speaker's credibility? A) Competence B) Friendliness C) Trustworthiness D) Organized

D) Organized

Arguing from general to specific

Deductive reasoning

When John has finished listening to Lucy's speech, he challenges her by opening his comments with, "I am sure you are wrong with statistics you used to support your point about the dangers of cloning". This creates what kind of communication climate?

Defensive communication climate

Audience centered

Describes a speaker who acknowledges the audience by considering and listening to the individual, diverse, and common perspectives of its members before, during, and after the speech

Cultural diversity

Differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the globe

Invention

Discovering what you want to say in a speech, such as by choosing a topic and developing good arguments

Once you have a list of ideas for your topic, it is a good idea to

Distill each idea down to a single word or short phrase

Which of the following is one of the major spheres of communication constantly available to use? A) Mass media B) Information technology C) Personal communications technology D) Face to face E) All of the above

E) All of these

Balance

Each point should be about equal in importance relative to both your topic and the other points

When you want to know the feelings and emotions the speaker is conveying

Empathetic listening

4 types of listening

Empathetic: You want to know the feelings and emotions the speaker is conveying Appreciative: you listen for enjoyment Content: you gather information, focusing on the speaker's main ideas Critical: requires that you evaluate the speaker's credibility, ideas, and supporting evidence

Values

Enduring concepts of what is good, right, worthy, and important

Invites audience participation as listeners mentally fill in the missing parts of the argument

Enthymeme- implied conclusion

Second step of Monroe's motivated sequence

Establishing the need for something or the existence of a problem: The speaker shows listeners that they lack important information or that there's an issue requiring their attention

The belief that your worldview, based on your cultural background, is superior to others worldview.

Ethnocentrism

When George thinks to himself, "How can Steven possibly believe in that?" he is experiencing ______

Ethnocentrism

Establishing credibility

Ethos

What is NOT discussed as a rule for the brainstorming process?

Evaluating ideas

Supporting materials

Evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea

According to your textbook the first step in preparing to research your topic is to:

Examine your own experiences

Public testimony

Factual information and opinions about policy issues presented to government bodies or other public institutions

T or F According to your textbook, listening is the physical process of receiving sounds

False

T or F According to your textbook, research suggests that practicing your speech in front of audiences is likely to increase your speech anxiety

False

T or F Asking closed-ended questions on your audience research questionnaire is a good way to generate quotes you may be able to use in your speech

False

T or F Conflict always produces negative outcomes

False

T or F Ideally you want to eliminate all of your speech anxiety

False

T or F If you practice the tips in your textbook you, like most people, can eliminate all speech anxiety

False

T or F In order to give an effective speech, the speaker needs to eliminate his/her speech anxiety

False

T or F Individuals coming from different cultures will always fall into different demographics

False

T or F Listening is NOT a part of ethical communication

False

T or F Part of the brainstorming process involves evaluating the ideas generated

False

T or F When giving your speech, concentrate on your delivery, notes, etc. Knowing how the audience is reacting will only distract you from delivering a good speech.

False

T or F You should consider what others are speaking on

False

True or False The interests, needs, and expectations of your audience have little or no bearing on your speech

False Audience centered: Acknowledging an audience's expectations and situations before, during, and after the speech

T or F If your confidence in your speaking skills is relatively low, then your level of speech anxiety will likely also be relatively low

False, When you are more confident in your speaking skills, you have a lower level of anxiety

Speech anxiety

Fear of speaking in front of an audience

What is NOT one of the elements of the "Five arts of public speaking"?

Feedback: this is an element of public speaking

Introduction

First part of speech, speaker must get audience's attention, indicate the purpose and thesis, establish credibility, and preview the speech's main points

Ordering

First, second, third; next, then, finally; EX: First, I'll review the history of the missions in California

Coercion

Forcing someone to think a certain way or making someone feel compelled to act under pressure or threat

First step of Monroe's motivated sequence

Gaining the audience's attention: The speaker relates the topic to listeners, linking it to their lives and providing them with a reason to listen

Forth step of Monroe's motivated sequence

Helping audience members visualize the outcome: The speaker describes for them what will happen if they apply or don't apply the solution

Attitude

How an individual feels about something

Relevance

How closely a web page's content is related to the key words used in an internet search

Contrasting

However, yet, in contrast, whereas, unless, although, even though, instead; However, your best strategy is to prepare well in advance

Roast

Humored and good natured ridicule directed toward the guest of honor at an event

Visualization

Imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of actions in a positive, concrete, step by step way

A type of public speaking in which the speaker has little or no time to prepare a speech

Impromptu speaking

Summarizing

In summary, let me summarize, finally, lets review, as I've discussed; Finally, good study habits require evaluating what works and what doesn't

Voluntary audiences

Individuals who can choose to attend or not attend a speaking event

Captive audiences

Individuals who feel they must attend an event

Which historical age was noted for the development of mass media, such as newspaper and radio?

Industrial: rapidly growing middle class called for more information and entertainment

Slang

Informal, nonstandard language, often used within a particular group

Summary statistics

Information in the responses to an audience-research questionnaire that reflects trends and comparisons

Primary source

Information that expresses an author's original ideas or feelings from original research

Nonverbal message

Information that is not communicated with words but rather, through movement, with gesture, facial expression, vocal quality, use of time, use of space, and touch

Even though Sally started her speech with great apprehension, she used her heightened emotions and increased sensitivity to her surroundings to better her presentation. This is called:

Intelligent fear

Transitions which review what you just discussed prior to moving on to the next point in your speech are called_____

Internal summaries

Antithesis

Juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure

Causal reasoning

Linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted in the other

How can you maintain balance?

Maintain balance by spending a similar amount of time on each point

"Into each life a little rain must fall" is an example of:

Metaphor

Body

Middle and main part of the speech and includes main and subordinate points

Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action create this pattern

Monroe's motivated sequence

Transitions

Move from introduction to body, one point to the next, and body to conclusion

Fifth step of Monroe's motivated sequence

Moving an audience to action: The speaker details how audience members can implement the solution

Appeals to cultural beliefs and values

Mythos

Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message

Noise

Statistics

Numerical data or information

Audience analysis

Obtaining and evaluating information about your audience in order to anticipate its members' needs and interests and design a strategy to respond to them

Monologue

Occurs when communication is one way and communicators are only concerned with their own individual goals

Information overload

Occurs when individuals receive too much information and are unable to interpret it in a meaningful way

Dialogue

Occurs when speakers are sensitive to audience needs and listen to audience members' responses, and listeners pay careful attention to speakers' messages so they can respond appropriately and effectively

What are the 6 types of transitions?

Ordering, reinforcing, contrasting, chronology, causality, summarizing

Secondary sources

Others' interpretations or adaptations of a primary source

Surface web

Part of the internet that is directly linked to static websites

Structures for ordering the main points of your speech that help audience members understand the relationships among your ideas are called?

Patterns of organization

When you ask yourself, "What is the central idea I want my audience to get from my speech?" you are beginning the process of

Phrasing your thesis

When you ask yourself, what is the central idea I want my audience to get from my speech, you are beginning the process of:

Phrasing your thesis

When giving his speech on the Civil War, Carl quoted a section of President Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" without crediting Mr. Lincoln. Carl is guilty of ______

Plagiarism

Cultural norms

Prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting

An outline that details a complete sentence outline listing the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and transitions between them

Presentation outline

Informative speaking

Presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to raise awareness, increase knowledge, or deepen understanding about a topic

Argument

Presenting claims and supporting them with evidence and reasoning

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's ideas and work, such as speeches, papers, and images, as your own

Conclusion

Primary claim or assertion

Act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards

Pronunciation

Psychographics

Psychological data about an audience, such as standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes

Question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved

Question of policy

A question that asks for a subjective evaluation of something's worth, significance, quality, or condition

Question of value

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning from a general condition to a specific case

Paul decided instead of being fearful and apprehensive about his upcoming speech, he would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called:

Relabeling

Ryan decided instead of being fearful and apprehensive about his upcoming speech, he would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called:

Relabeling

Alliteration

Repetition of a sound in a series of words, usually the first consonant

Public speaking in the time of the Greeks was called:

Rhetoric

Third step of Monroe's motivated sequence

Satisfying the problem: The speaker provides audience members with the information they lack or the solution to the problem

What are the eight elements of public speaking?

Sender/speaker: Assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message Message: Words and nonverbal ques a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts Channel: A mode or median of communication Receiver/audience: Intended recipients Noise: Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message Feedback: Audience response Context: Situation within a speech Environment: External surrounds that influence a public speaking event

What is NOT one of the main parts of a speech?

Signpost

Reinforcing

Similarly, also, likewise, in addition, moreover, further; Also, you could volunteer as a tutor in a local school

Belief

Something an individual accepts as true or existing

Symbols

Something, such as a word, that stands for something else, such as a person, place, thing, or idea

Conclusion

Speaker reviewing the main points, restating the thesis, and providing closure

What is NOT listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety?

Speaker's appearance

When you combine your general purpose, topic, and audience to identify the particular objective you want to accomplish, you have formed the ______ of your speech

Specific purpose

Acceptance speech

Speech given by an individual who is being recognized, honored, or given an award

Eulogies

Speech of tribute presented as a retrospective about an individual who has died

Nomination speeches

Speech that demonstrates why a particular individual would be successful at something if given the chance

Speeches of tribute

Speech that gives credit, respect, admiration, gratitude, or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant, lives in a way that deserves to be praised, or is about to embark on an adventure

Inductive reasoning

Supporting a claim with specific cases or instances

Evidence

Supporting materials that a speaker presents to reinforce a claim

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and conclusion

Syllogism

Presentation media

Technical and material resources ranging from presentation software and real time web access to flip charts and handouts that speakers use to highlight, clarify, and complement the information they present orally

Jargon

Technical language used by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic

Pervasive Communication Environment

The ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space

Pervasive communication environment

The ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space

Pronunciation

The act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of the speaker's language

Introduction

The beginning of a speech, including an attention getter, a statement of the thesis and purpose, a reference to the speaker's credibility, and a preview of the main points

Ethnocentrism

The belief that your worldview, based on your cultural background, is superior to others' worldviews

Sociability

The degree to which an audience feels a connection to a speaker

Conclusion

The end of the speech, in which the speaker reviews the main points, reinforces the purpose, and provides closure

Environment

The external surroundings that influence a public speaking event

Preview of main points

The final element of the introduction, in which the main points to be presented in the body of the speech are mentioned

Attention getter

The first element of an introduction, designed mainly to create interest in a speech

Brainstorming

The free-form generation of ideas for speech topics and content in which individuals think of and record ideas without immediately evaluating them

Digital divide

The gap between populations that have a high level of access to and use of digital communications technology and populations that have a low level of access and use

Pitch

The highness or lowness of a speaker's voice

Audience

The intended recipients of a speaker's message

Style

The language or words used in a speech

Volume

The loudness of a speaker's voice

Relevance (Main points)

The main points of your speech must pertain directly to your topic

Topic

The main subject, idea, or theme of a speech

Reasoning

The method or process used to link claims to evidence

Ethical communication

The moral aspects of our interactions with others, including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, integrity, and respect

Call number

The number assigned to each book or bound publication in a library to identify that book in the library's classification system

Target audience

The particular group or subgroup a speaker most wants to inform, persuade, or entertain

Audience

The people the speaker is addressing

Speaker

The person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context

Articulation

The physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible

Distance speaking

The planned and structured presentation of ideas transmitted from one physical location to other locations by means of information and communications technology

Review of main points

The portion of the conclusion of a speech in which the main points presented in the body of the speech are briefly mentioned again

Deep web

The portion of the web composed of specialty databases, such as those used by the US government, that are not accessible by traditional search engines; also called the invisible or hidden web

Delivery

The presentation of a speech to an audience

Communication Climate

The psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another

Standpoint

The psychological location or place from which an individual views, interprets, and evaluates the world

Competence

The qualifications a speaker has to talk about a particular topic

Context

The situation within which a speech is given

General purpose

The speaker's overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

Rate

The speed at which a speaker speaks

Language

The system of words people use to communicate with others

Illusion of transparency

The tendency of individuals to believe that how they feel is much more apparent to others than is really the case

Dialect

The vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation used by a specific group of people, such as an ethnic or regional group

Posture

The way a speaker positions and carries her or his body

Arrangement

The way ideas presented in a speech are organized

Demographics

The ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age, and social class

Message

The words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts

Causality

Therefore, so, consequently, since, because, for this reason, with this in mind; Therefore, learning to manage your money now will help you avoid problems in the future

Internal noise

Thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening

What does the working outline include?

Topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, and key words

T or F Changing the words you use, such as substituting "opportunities for improvement" rather than "weakness", is called Can-do Language

True

T or F According to your textbook, mindfulness involves consciously focusing on a situation and maintaining awareness of what you say and how others respond

True

T or F Speech anxiety can come from a number of sources of uncertainty including understanding the role of the speaker

True

TorF Gathering and analyzing information is important in speechmaking because contemporary audiences expect relevant and up to date information from public speakers

True

_______ theory believes people become anxious when faced with unfamiliar situations

Uncertainty reduction

Emotional appeals

Use of emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence an audience

Tone

Use of language to set the mood or atmosphere associated with a speaking situation

Logical appeals

Use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis to influence an audience

Appeals to speaker credibility

Use of the audience's perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic, and likeable to influence an audience

Appeals to cultural beliefs

Use of values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience

Persuasion

Using language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions

Fair use

Using someone else's original work in a way that does not infringe on the owner's rights, generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and news reporting

Memory

Using the ability to recall information to give an effective speech

Parallelism

Using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to add emphasis

Rhymes

Using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point

Culture

Values, beliefs, and activities shared by a group

Elevator speech

Very brief presentation that impressively explains who the person is, what he or she does, or what the individual would like to do professionally

What should your main points identify for your audience?

What your speech is about and the response you seek

Public Speaking

When an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time

Chronological

When, while, now, before, after, currently, recently, then, during, later, meanwhile; During this process you must keep a close watch on your time

Nonsexist language

Words that are not associated with either sex

Hate speech

Words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities

Inclusive language

Words that don't privilege one group over another