Public Speaking Final
Vocalized pauses
"Ah" "Um" "You know" and other verbal filters that speakers use when they're trying to think of what they want to say
According to your textbook, a recent study found that over ________ of college students reported copying information directly from an internet source without providing a reference
1/3
According to the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety scores between ________ indicate moderate speech anxiety
98-131
Monroe's motivated sequence
A 5 step pattern of organization that requires speakers to identify and respond to what will motivate an audience to pay attention
Anecdotes
A brief narrative
Open-ended questions
A broad, general question, often specifically only the topic
Premise
A claim that provides reasons to support a conclusion
Specific purpose
A concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech
Narrative
A description of events in a dramatic fashion; also called a story
Simile
A figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two things, using the words like or as
Metaphors
A figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two things
Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
Complete sentence outline
A formal outline using full sentences for all points developed after researching the speech and identifying supporting materials; includes a speech's topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, introduction, main points, subpoints, conclusion, transitions, and references
Flip chart
A large pad of paper that rests on an easel, allowing a speaker to record text or drawings with markers during a speech
Interview guide
A list of all the questions and possible probes an interviewer asks in an interview, as well as notes about how the interviewer will begin and end the interview
Internal consistency
A logical relationship among the ideas that make up any main heading or subheading in a speech
Channel
A mode or medium of communication
Narrative pattern
A pattern that organizes a speech by a dramatic retelling of events as a story or a series of short stories
Topical pattern
A pattern that organizes a speech by arranging subtopics of equal importance
Problem solving pattern
A pattern that organizes a speech by describing a problem and providing possible solutions
Chronological patterns
A pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence
Cause and effect pattern
A pattern that organizes a speech by showing how an action produces a particular outcome
Spatial pattern
A pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects and places
Spotlight effect
A phenomenon that leads us to think other people observe us much more carefully than they actually do
Claim
A position or assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept
Document cameras
A projection device that uses a video camera to capture and display images
Hedges
A qualifier, such as probably, that makes a statement ambiguous
Tag questions
A question added onto the end of declarative statement that lessens the impact of that statement
Question of value
A question that asks for a subjective evaluation of something's worth, significance, quality, or condition
Secondary questions
A question that asks the interviewee to elaborate on a response
Question of policy
A question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved
Question of fact
A question that asks whether something is true or false
Primary questions
A question that introduces a new topic or subtopic in an interview
Closed-ended questions
A question that limits the possible responses, asking for very specific information
Leading questions
A question that suggests the answer the interviewer seeks
Audience-research questionnaires
A questionnaire used by speakers to assess the knowledge and opinions of audience members; can take the form of email, web-based, or in-class surveys
Internal summaries
A review of main points or subpoints given before going on to the next point in a speech
Meta search engines
A search tool that compiles the results from other search engines
Memorable message
A sentence or group of sentences included in the conclusion of a speech, designed to make the speaker's thesis unforgettable
Speech of introduction
A short speech that introduces someone to an audience
Thesis
A single declarative sentence that captures the essence or central idea of a speech
Traditional white boards
A smooth white board that can be written or drawn on with markers
Search engines
A sophisticated software program that hunts through documents to find those associated with particular key words
Oral citations
A source of information that a speaker mentions, or cites, during a speech
Bibliographic information
A source's complete citation, including author, date of publication, title, place of publication, and publisher
Persuasive speech
A speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience member's beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors
Copyright information
A statement about the legal rights of others to use an original work, such as song, story, poem, photograph, or image
Definitions
A statement that describes the essence, precise meaning, or scope of a word or a phrase
Narrative
A story used in a speech or other form of communication
Patterns of organization
A structure for ordering the main points of a speech
Key words
A term associated with a topic and used to search for information related to the topic
Uncertainty reaction theory
A theory that posits when individuals face an uncertain or unfamiliar situation, their level of anxiety increases
Sign post
A transition that indicates a key move in the speech, making its organization clear to the audience
Analogy
A type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else that it resembles
Copyright
A type of intellectual property law that protects an author's original work from being used by others
Memorized speaking
A type of public speaking in which the speaker commits a speech to memory
Impromptu speaking
A type of public speaking in which the speaker has little or no time to prepare a speech
Extemporaneous speaking
A type of public speaking in which the speaker researches, organizes, rehearses, and delivers a speech in a way that combines structure and spontaneity
Manuscript speaking
A type of speaking in which the speaker reads a written script word for word
Connotative meanings
A unique meaning associated with a word based on a person's own experiences
Monotone
A way of speaking in which the speaker does not alter his or her pitch
Qualifier
A word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase
Euphemisms
A word used in place of another word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive
Transitions
A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph used throughout a speech to mark locations in the organization and clearly link the parts of a speech together
What are three principles of dialogic ethics?
A) Create a supportive environment B) Convey a positive attitude C) Demonstrate respect for others
According to your textbook, the attention getter for a speech to persuade should include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Establish seriousness of the problem B) Dramatize the controversial nature of your problem C) Initiate the process of persuasion by presenting strong logical, cultural, or emotional appeal
Which of the following was NOT part of Cicero's "Five arts of public speaking"? A) Research B) Invention C) Style D) Delivery E) Arrangement F) Memory
A) Research Correct: Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery
Audience centered
Acknowledging an audience's expectations and situations before, during, and after a speech
Interactive whiteboards
Also called smart boards, devices that can maximize active student involvement in learning; can be very useful in certain situations
Transparencies
An acetate page displayed by means of an overhead projector
Denotative meanings
An agreed-upon definition of a word found in a dictionary
Enthymemes
An argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated
Primacy effect
An audience is more likely to pay attention to and recall what speakers present at the beginning of a speech than what they present in the speech body
Recency effect
An audience is more likely to remember what speakers present at the end of a speech than what they present in the speech body
Positive/sympathetic audience
An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic and has a favorable view of the speaker's position
Negative/Hostile audience
An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic and holds an unfavorable view of the speaker's position
Divided audience
An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic but equally split between those who favor the speaker's position and those who oppose it
Apathetic audience
An audience that is informed about a speaker's topic but not interested in it
Uninformed audience
An audience that is unfamiliar with a speaker's topic and has no opinion on it
Dynamism
An audience's perception of a speaker's activity level during a presentation
Credibility
An audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability
Trustworthiness
An audience's perception of the speaker as honest, ethical, sincere, reliable, sensitive, and empathetic
Goodwill
An audience's perception that a speaker shows she or he has the audience's true needs, wants, and interests at heart
Fallacy
An error in making an argument
Clichés
An expression so overused it fails to have an important meaning
Idioms
An expression that means something other than the literal meaning of the words
Examples
An illustration or case that represents a larger group or class of things
Testimony
An individual's opinions or experiences about a particular topic
Facts
An observation based on actual experience
Coherence
An obvious and plausible connection among ideas
Web directories
An online list that organizes web pages and websites hierarchically by category; also called a search index
Presentation outline
An outline that distills a complete sentence outline, listing only the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them
Working outline
An outline that guides you during the initial stages of topic development, helping to keep you focused on your general purpose and clarify your specific purpose
Neutral questions
An unbiased and impartial question to seeking a forthright answer
"Looking for wild asparagus is like hunting for mushrooms; they are relatively hard to find, but well worth the effort when you do find them". This type of comparison is called:
Analogy
Listening anxiety
Anxiety produced by the fear of misunderstanding, not fully comprehending, or not being mentally prepared for information you may hear
Noise
Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message
Ethos
Appeals that are linked to the speaker's credibility
Mythos
Appeals to cultural beliefs and values
Pathos
Appeals to emotion
Logos
Appeals to logic
Ad Populum fallacy
Argument in which a speaker appeals to popular attitudes and emotions without offering evidence to support claims
Slippery slope
Argument in which a speaker asserts that one event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two events
Appeal to tradition
Argument in which a speaker asserts that the status quo is better than any new idea or approach
Division fallacy
Argument in which a speaker assumes that what is true of the whole is also true of the parts that make up the whole
Weak analogy fallacy
Argument in which a speaker compares two things that are dissimilar, making the comparison inaccurate
Post Hoc fallacy
Argument in which a speaker concludes a causal relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time
Hasty generalization fallacy
Argument in which a speaker draws a conclusion based on too few or inadequate examples
False dilemma fallacy
Argument in which a speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist
Ad Hominem fallacy
Argument in which a speaker rejects another speaker's claim based on that speaker's character rather than the evidence the speaker presents
Ad Ignorantiam fallacy
Argument in which a speaker suggests that because a claim hasn't been shown to be false, it must be true
Guilt by association
Argument in which a speaker suggests that something is wrong with another speaker's claims by associating those claims with someone the audience finds objectionable
Begging the Question
Argument in which a speaker uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion or asserts that the validity of the conclusion is self evident
Comparative Evidence Fallacy
Argument in which a speaker uses statistics or compares numbers in ways that misrepresent the evidence and mislead the audience
Straw man fallacy
Argument in which the speaker misrepresents another speaker's argument so that only a shell of the opponent's argument remains
Loaded word fallacy
Argument in which the speaker uses emotionally laden words to evaluate claims based on a misleading emotional response rather than the evidence presented
Red herring
Argument that introduces irrelevant evidence to distract an audience from the real issue
Rhetoric
Aristotle's term for public speaking
The physical process of producing specific sounds to make language intelligible
Articulation vs. Pronunciation
Invitations to imagine
Asking listeners to create a scene or situation in their minds
Relabeling
Assigning more positive words or phrases to the physical react ions and feelings associated with speech anxiety
Feedback
Audience members' response to a speech
Public speaking is considered A) A science B) An art C) Both a science and an art D) Neither a science nor an art
B) An art
Which of the following is NOT one of the "arts of public speaking"? A) Style B) Feedback C) Arrangement D) Delivery
B) Feedback
An example of an open ended question is: A) Did you enjoy the movie B) How are you feeling today? C) What type of food do you like the most D) What is your name?
B) How are you feeling today
Which of the following was NOT listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety? A) The speaker's role B) Your appearance C) How others will evaluate you D) The technology
B) Your appearance
Unlike in everyday conversations, your public speaking audience expects you to ______
Be an authority on your subject
Unlike everyday conversations, your public speaking audience expects you to ______
Be an authority on your topic
When you put together a speech, in what order do you typically develop?
Body and transitions first, Introduction second, and conclusion last
Susan checked the headlines of her local paper and looked through current magazines to come up with ideas for her speech topic. This is part of a process called ______
Brainstorming
Toast
Brief remarks celebrating the accomplishments of a guest of honor at an event
______ refers to the rules or standards within a culture about what is right and wrong A) Justice B) Speaker responsibility C) Ethics D) None of these
C) Ethics
Which is NOT one of the proofs or appeals used in public speaking identified by Aristotle? A) Ethos B) Pathos C) Mythos D) Logos
C) Mythos
The term "ethics" refers to: A) A person's religious beliefs B) Greek mythology C) Right and wrong D) A person's ethnic background
C) Right and wrong
Vocal variety
Changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker's voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered
Applying what three principles will help you identify what points to include and what points to leave out of your speech?
Clarity, relevance, and balance
Direct quotes
Comments written in response to open-ended questions in an audience-research questionnaire
The psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another
Communication climate
Analogical reasoning
Comparing two similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggesting that what holds true for one also holds true for the other
If Max wants his audience to believe that he is qualified to speak on a certain topic, he should focus on which of the components of credibility discussed in your textbooks?
Competence
Presentation software
Computer software that allows users to display information in multimedia slide shows
External noise
Conditions in the environment that interfere with listening
The linear or transmission model of communication consists of A) Two way communication B) Communicators as both senders and receivers C) A group communicating D) Communication in a single direction
D) Communication in a single direction
Which of the following is NOT an element of the audience's view of the speaker's credibility? A) Competence B) Friendliness C) Trustworthiness D) Organized
D) Organized
Arguing from general to specific
Deductive reasoning
When John has finished listening to Lucy's speech, he challenges her by opening his comments with, "I am sure you are wrong with statistics you used to support your point about the dangers of cloning". This creates what kind of communication climate?
Defensive communication climate
Audience centered
Describes a speaker who acknowledges the audience by considering and listening to the individual, diverse, and common perspectives of its members before, during, and after the speech
Cultural diversity
Differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the globe
Invention
Discovering what you want to say in a speech, such as by choosing a topic and developing good arguments
Once you have a list of ideas for your topic, it is a good idea to
Distill each idea down to a single word or short phrase
Which of the following is one of the major spheres of communication constantly available to use? A) Mass media B) Information technology C) Personal communications technology D) Face to face E) All of the above
E) All of these
Balance
Each point should be about equal in importance relative to both your topic and the other points
When you want to know the feelings and emotions the speaker is conveying
Empathetic listening
4 types of listening
Empathetic: You want to know the feelings and emotions the speaker is conveying Appreciative: you listen for enjoyment Content: you gather information, focusing on the speaker's main ideas Critical: requires that you evaluate the speaker's credibility, ideas, and supporting evidence
Values
Enduring concepts of what is good, right, worthy, and important
Invites audience participation as listeners mentally fill in the missing parts of the argument
Enthymeme- implied conclusion
Second step of Monroe's motivated sequence
Establishing the need for something or the existence of a problem: The speaker shows listeners that they lack important information or that there's an issue requiring their attention
The belief that your worldview, based on your cultural background, is superior to others worldview.
Ethnocentrism
When George thinks to himself, "How can Steven possibly believe in that?" he is experiencing ______
Ethnocentrism
Establishing credibility
Ethos
What is NOT discussed as a rule for the brainstorming process?
Evaluating ideas
Supporting materials
Evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea
According to your textbook the first step in preparing to research your topic is to:
Examine your own experiences
Public testimony
Factual information and opinions about policy issues presented to government bodies or other public institutions
T or F According to your textbook, listening is the physical process of receiving sounds
False
T or F According to your textbook, research suggests that practicing your speech in front of audiences is likely to increase your speech anxiety
False
T or F Asking closed-ended questions on your audience research questionnaire is a good way to generate quotes you may be able to use in your speech
False
T or F Conflict always produces negative outcomes
False
T or F Ideally you want to eliminate all of your speech anxiety
False
T or F If you practice the tips in your textbook you, like most people, can eliminate all speech anxiety
False
T or F In order to give an effective speech, the speaker needs to eliminate his/her speech anxiety
False
T or F Individuals coming from different cultures will always fall into different demographics
False
T or F Listening is NOT a part of ethical communication
False
T or F Part of the brainstorming process involves evaluating the ideas generated
False
T or F When giving your speech, concentrate on your delivery, notes, etc. Knowing how the audience is reacting will only distract you from delivering a good speech.
False
T or F You should consider what others are speaking on
False
True or False The interests, needs, and expectations of your audience have little or no bearing on your speech
False Audience centered: Acknowledging an audience's expectations and situations before, during, and after the speech
T or F If your confidence in your speaking skills is relatively low, then your level of speech anxiety will likely also be relatively low
False, When you are more confident in your speaking skills, you have a lower level of anxiety
Speech anxiety
Fear of speaking in front of an audience
What is NOT one of the elements of the "Five arts of public speaking"?
Feedback: this is an element of public speaking
Introduction
First part of speech, speaker must get audience's attention, indicate the purpose and thesis, establish credibility, and preview the speech's main points
Ordering
First, second, third; next, then, finally; EX: First, I'll review the history of the missions in California
Coercion
Forcing someone to think a certain way or making someone feel compelled to act under pressure or threat
First step of Monroe's motivated sequence
Gaining the audience's attention: The speaker relates the topic to listeners, linking it to their lives and providing them with a reason to listen
Forth step of Monroe's motivated sequence
Helping audience members visualize the outcome: The speaker describes for them what will happen if they apply or don't apply the solution
Attitude
How an individual feels about something
Relevance
How closely a web page's content is related to the key words used in an internet search
Contrasting
However, yet, in contrast, whereas, unless, although, even though, instead; However, your best strategy is to prepare well in advance
Roast
Humored and good natured ridicule directed toward the guest of honor at an event
Visualization
Imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of actions in a positive, concrete, step by step way
A type of public speaking in which the speaker has little or no time to prepare a speech
Impromptu speaking
Summarizing
In summary, let me summarize, finally, lets review, as I've discussed; Finally, good study habits require evaluating what works and what doesn't
Voluntary audiences
Individuals who can choose to attend or not attend a speaking event
Captive audiences
Individuals who feel they must attend an event
Which historical age was noted for the development of mass media, such as newspaper and radio?
Industrial: rapidly growing middle class called for more information and entertainment
Slang
Informal, nonstandard language, often used within a particular group
Summary statistics
Information in the responses to an audience-research questionnaire that reflects trends and comparisons
Primary source
Information that expresses an author's original ideas or feelings from original research
Nonverbal message
Information that is not communicated with words but rather, through movement, with gesture, facial expression, vocal quality, use of time, use of space, and touch
Even though Sally started her speech with great apprehension, she used her heightened emotions and increased sensitivity to her surroundings to better her presentation. This is called:
Intelligent fear
Transitions which review what you just discussed prior to moving on to the next point in your speech are called_____
Internal summaries
Antithesis
Juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure
Causal reasoning
Linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted in the other
How can you maintain balance?
Maintain balance by spending a similar amount of time on each point
"Into each life a little rain must fall" is an example of:
Metaphor
Body
Middle and main part of the speech and includes main and subordinate points
Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action create this pattern
Monroe's motivated sequence
Transitions
Move from introduction to body, one point to the next, and body to conclusion
Fifth step of Monroe's motivated sequence
Moving an audience to action: The speaker details how audience members can implement the solution
Appeals to cultural beliefs and values
Mythos
Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message
Noise
Statistics
Numerical data or information
Audience analysis
Obtaining and evaluating information about your audience in order to anticipate its members' needs and interests and design a strategy to respond to them
Monologue
Occurs when communication is one way and communicators are only concerned with their own individual goals
Information overload
Occurs when individuals receive too much information and are unable to interpret it in a meaningful way
Dialogue
Occurs when speakers are sensitive to audience needs and listen to audience members' responses, and listeners pay careful attention to speakers' messages so they can respond appropriately and effectively
What are the 6 types of transitions?
Ordering, reinforcing, contrasting, chronology, causality, summarizing
Secondary sources
Others' interpretations or adaptations of a primary source
Surface web
Part of the internet that is directly linked to static websites
Structures for ordering the main points of your speech that help audience members understand the relationships among your ideas are called?
Patterns of organization
When you ask yourself, "What is the central idea I want my audience to get from my speech?" you are beginning the process of
Phrasing your thesis
When you ask yourself, what is the central idea I want my audience to get from my speech, you are beginning the process of:
Phrasing your thesis
When giving his speech on the Civil War, Carl quoted a section of President Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" without crediting Mr. Lincoln. Carl is guilty of ______
Plagiarism
Cultural norms
Prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting
An outline that details a complete sentence outline listing the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and transitions between them
Presentation outline
Informative speaking
Presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to raise awareness, increase knowledge, or deepen understanding about a topic
Argument
Presenting claims and supporting them with evidence and reasoning
Plagiarism
Presenting someone else's ideas and work, such as speeches, papers, and images, as your own
Conclusion
Primary claim or assertion
Act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards
Pronunciation
Psychographics
Psychological data about an audience, such as standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes
Question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved
Question of policy
A question that asks for a subjective evaluation of something's worth, significance, quality, or condition
Question of value
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from a general condition to a specific case
Paul decided instead of being fearful and apprehensive about his upcoming speech, he would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called:
Relabeling
Ryan decided instead of being fearful and apprehensive about his upcoming speech, he would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called:
Relabeling
Alliteration
Repetition of a sound in a series of words, usually the first consonant
Public speaking in the time of the Greeks was called:
Rhetoric
Third step of Monroe's motivated sequence
Satisfying the problem: The speaker provides audience members with the information they lack or the solution to the problem
What are the eight elements of public speaking?
Sender/speaker: Assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message Message: Words and nonverbal ques a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts Channel: A mode or median of communication Receiver/audience: Intended recipients Noise: Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message Feedback: Audience response Context: Situation within a speech Environment: External surrounds that influence a public speaking event
What is NOT one of the main parts of a speech?
Signpost
Reinforcing
Similarly, also, likewise, in addition, moreover, further; Also, you could volunteer as a tutor in a local school
Belief
Something an individual accepts as true or existing
Symbols
Something, such as a word, that stands for something else, such as a person, place, thing, or idea
Conclusion
Speaker reviewing the main points, restating the thesis, and providing closure
What is NOT listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety?
Speaker's appearance
When you combine your general purpose, topic, and audience to identify the particular objective you want to accomplish, you have formed the ______ of your speech
Specific purpose
Acceptance speech
Speech given by an individual who is being recognized, honored, or given an award
Eulogies
Speech of tribute presented as a retrospective about an individual who has died
Nomination speeches
Speech that demonstrates why a particular individual would be successful at something if given the chance
Speeches of tribute
Speech that gives credit, respect, admiration, gratitude, or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant, lives in a way that deserves to be praised, or is about to embark on an adventure
Inductive reasoning
Supporting a claim with specific cases or instances
Evidence
Supporting materials that a speaker presents to reinforce a claim
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and conclusion
Syllogism
Presentation media
Technical and material resources ranging from presentation software and real time web access to flip charts and handouts that speakers use to highlight, clarify, and complement the information they present orally
Jargon
Technical language used by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic
Pervasive Communication Environment
The ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space
Pervasive communication environment
The ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space
Pronunciation
The act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of the speaker's language
Introduction
The beginning of a speech, including an attention getter, a statement of the thesis and purpose, a reference to the speaker's credibility, and a preview of the main points
Ethnocentrism
The belief that your worldview, based on your cultural background, is superior to others' worldviews
Sociability
The degree to which an audience feels a connection to a speaker
Conclusion
The end of the speech, in which the speaker reviews the main points, reinforces the purpose, and provides closure
Environment
The external surroundings that influence a public speaking event
Preview of main points
The final element of the introduction, in which the main points to be presented in the body of the speech are mentioned
Attention getter
The first element of an introduction, designed mainly to create interest in a speech
Brainstorming
The free-form generation of ideas for speech topics and content in which individuals think of and record ideas without immediately evaluating them
Digital divide
The gap between populations that have a high level of access to and use of digital communications technology and populations that have a low level of access and use
Pitch
The highness or lowness of a speaker's voice
Audience
The intended recipients of a speaker's message
Style
The language or words used in a speech
Volume
The loudness of a speaker's voice
Relevance (Main points)
The main points of your speech must pertain directly to your topic
Topic
The main subject, idea, or theme of a speech
Reasoning
The method or process used to link claims to evidence
Ethical communication
The moral aspects of our interactions with others, including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, integrity, and respect
Call number
The number assigned to each book or bound publication in a library to identify that book in the library's classification system
Target audience
The particular group or subgroup a speaker most wants to inform, persuade, or entertain
Audience
The people the speaker is addressing
Speaker
The person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context
Articulation
The physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible
Distance speaking
The planned and structured presentation of ideas transmitted from one physical location to other locations by means of information and communications technology
Review of main points
The portion of the conclusion of a speech in which the main points presented in the body of the speech are briefly mentioned again
Deep web
The portion of the web composed of specialty databases, such as those used by the US government, that are not accessible by traditional search engines; also called the invisible or hidden web
Delivery
The presentation of a speech to an audience
Communication Climate
The psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another
Standpoint
The psychological location or place from which an individual views, interprets, and evaluates the world
Competence
The qualifications a speaker has to talk about a particular topic
Context
The situation within which a speech is given
General purpose
The speaker's overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
Rate
The speed at which a speaker speaks
Language
The system of words people use to communicate with others
Illusion of transparency
The tendency of individuals to believe that how they feel is much more apparent to others than is really the case
Dialect
The vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation used by a specific group of people, such as an ethnic or regional group
Posture
The way a speaker positions and carries her or his body
Arrangement
The way ideas presented in a speech are organized
Demographics
The ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age, and social class
Message
The words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts
Causality
Therefore, so, consequently, since, because, for this reason, with this in mind; Therefore, learning to manage your money now will help you avoid problems in the future
Internal noise
Thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening
What does the working outline include?
Topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, and key words
T or F Changing the words you use, such as substituting "opportunities for improvement" rather than "weakness", is called Can-do Language
True
T or F According to your textbook, mindfulness involves consciously focusing on a situation and maintaining awareness of what you say and how others respond
True
T or F Speech anxiety can come from a number of sources of uncertainty including understanding the role of the speaker
True
TorF Gathering and analyzing information is important in speechmaking because contemporary audiences expect relevant and up to date information from public speakers
True
_______ theory believes people become anxious when faced with unfamiliar situations
Uncertainty reduction
Emotional appeals
Use of emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence an audience
Tone
Use of language to set the mood or atmosphere associated with a speaking situation
Logical appeals
Use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis to influence an audience
Appeals to speaker credibility
Use of the audience's perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic, and likeable to influence an audience
Appeals to cultural beliefs
Use of values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience
Persuasion
Using language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions
Fair use
Using someone else's original work in a way that does not infringe on the owner's rights, generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and news reporting
Memory
Using the ability to recall information to give an effective speech
Parallelism
Using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to add emphasis
Rhymes
Using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point
Culture
Values, beliefs, and activities shared by a group
Elevator speech
Very brief presentation that impressively explains who the person is, what he or she does, or what the individual would like to do professionally
What should your main points identify for your audience?
What your speech is about and the response you seek
Public Speaking
When an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time
Chronological
When, while, now, before, after, currently, recently, then, during, later, meanwhile; During this process you must keep a close watch on your time
Nonsexist language
Words that are not associated with either sex
Hate speech
Words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities
Inclusive language
Words that don't privilege one group over another
