Public Speaking Final
Incremental Plagiarism
Failing to give credit for parts taken from other people. Ex. quotes, paraphrases
bandwagon
a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
slippery slope
a fallacy that assumes that taking a 1st step will lead to subsequent steps that can't be prevented
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue
either-or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
speech to gain immediate action
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
target audience
a portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
identification
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
question of fact
a question about the truth of falsity of an assertion
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
internal preview
let the audience know what will take place next; more detailed than transitions
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment ex. music, comedy, entertainment
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it ex. sales pitch, campaign speech, closing argument in jury trial
empathic listening
listening to provide emotional support for speaker ex. psychiatrist, distressed friend
comprehensive listening
listening to understand the message ex. class directions
simile
explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Always contains the words "like" or "as"
chronological order
narrate sequence of events or explain a process
3 basic issues regarding policy questions
need, plan, practicality
speech to gain passive agreement
persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action
speaking outline
short as possible
4 elements of a conclusion
signal end of speech, reinforce central idea, summarize your speech, ending statement
4 types of informative speeches
speeches about objects, processes, events, concepts
4 types of connectives
transitions, internal preview, internal summaries, sign posts
Suspend judgment
when we don't agree with a speaker, our nature inclination is to dismiss everything that they say. But try to understand their point of view
practicality
will the plan solve the problem? can it do this without causing more problems?
Look over CH6
yep
sign posts
indicate exactly where you are in the speech
What are the 3 parts of Ethical Listening?
1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Maintain free and open expression of ideas
3 types of Plagiarism
1. Global 2. Patchwork 3. Incremental
What are the 4 kinds of listening?
1. appreciative listening 2. empathetic listening 3. comprehensive listening 4. critical listening
3 types of examples
1. brief examples 2. extended examples 3. hypothetical examples
5 ways to use examples to enhance a speech
1. clarify your ideas 2. reinforce your ideas 3. personalize your ideas 4. make examples vidid & richly textured, create a visual 5. practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
Methods for getting information about the audience (3)
1. fixed- alternate questions 2. scale questions 3. open-ended questions
How much do we grasp of what we hear?
50%, and after 2 days we can only remember half of that
focus your listening
Listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique
connectives
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech & indicates the relationship between them
open-ended questions
allow respondents to answers however they want
brief examples
also called specific instances, may be referred to in passing to illustrate a point (factual)
demographic audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as: age, gender, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, religion, and group membership
situational audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, physical setting, the disposition of the audience, the speaker, and the occasion
specific instances
avoid generalizing hastily, don't jump to conclusions, and make sure your points are fair, unbiased and representative of the point you are making
casual order & what speech is it used in
cause-effect relationship (2 main points) persuasive or informative
analogical reasoning
comparing two similar cases and infers that what is true for the 1st case is true for the 2nd
imagery
create word pictures that allow people to "see" the haunted house. concrete words are the key to effective imagery
rhythm
created by choice and arrangement of words
stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming all members of the group are alike
topical order
divide into subtopics used in any type of speech
comparative advantages order
each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
causal reasoning
establishing a relationship between causes and effects
problem-solution order
first main point deals with the existence of a problem and presents a solution to the problem
spacial order & what speech is it used in
follow directional pattern usually used in informative speeches
monroe's motivates sequence
for speeches that seek immediate action
5 elements of introduction
get attention, relate topic to audience, reveal topic, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech
competence
how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject
character
how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-bieng of the audience
problem-cause-solution order
identifies the problem. analyzes the cause of the problem, and presents solution to problem
plan
if there is a problem, does the speaker offer a plan to solve it
metaphor
implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common, doesn't include words "like" or "as"
develop note taking skills
improves concentration and keeps track of a speaker's ideas
3 different types of credibility
initial, derived, terminal
emotional appeals
intended to make the listeners feel a certain way (happy, sad, angry)
need
is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy
audience-centered
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
fixed-alternate questions
offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives
extended examples
often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes. Tells a story vividly and dramatically (factual)
hypothetical examples
one that describes an imaginary situation ex. a brief story
denotative
precise, literal, and objective
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve particular result with a particular audience
4 different methods of speech delivery
reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously
reasoning from principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
abstract words
refer to general concepts, qualities, or attribute
concrete words
refer to tangible words
internal summaries
remind listeners of what they just heard
alliteration
repeating the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
repetition
repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
scale questions
require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
transitions
speaker completes one thought and moves onto another
Global Plagiarism
stealing an entire speech
Patchwork Plagiarism
stealing ideas or language
key word outline
summarizes speaker's ideas and separates main points from sub points
terminal credibility
the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech
initial credibility
the credibility of the speaker before she or he stars to speak
derived credibility
the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself
antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and wellbeing
Problem-solution order
used in persuasive speeches
Preparation outline
uses full sentences
connotative
variable, figurative, and subjective. what the word suggests or implies