Public Speaking Final

Incremental Plagiarism

Failing to give credit for parts taken from other people. Ex. quotes, paraphrases

bandwagon

a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

slippery slope

a fallacy that assumes that taking a 1st step will lead to subsequent steps that can't be prevented

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

target audience

a portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

identification

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

question of fact

a question about the truth of falsity of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

internal preview

let the audience know what will take place next; more detailed than transitions

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment ex. music, comedy, entertainment

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it ex. sales pitch, campaign speech, closing argument in jury trial

empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for speaker ex. psychiatrist, distressed friend

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message ex. class directions

simile

explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Always contains the words "like" or "as"

chronological order

narrate sequence of events or explain a process

3 basic issues regarding policy questions

need, plan, practicality

speech to gain passive agreement

persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action

speaking outline

short as possible

4 elements of a conclusion

signal end of speech, reinforce central idea, summarize your speech, ending statement

4 types of informative speeches

speeches about objects, processes, events, concepts

4 types of connectives

transitions, internal preview, internal summaries, sign posts

Suspend judgment

when we don't agree with a speaker, our nature inclination is to dismiss everything that they say. But try to understand their point of view

practicality

will the plan solve the problem? can it do this without causing more problems?

Look over CH6

yep

sign posts

indicate exactly where you are in the speech

What are the 3 parts of Ethical Listening?

1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Maintain free and open expression of ideas

3 types of Plagiarism

1. Global 2. Patchwork 3. Incremental

What are the 4 kinds of listening?

1. appreciative listening 2. empathetic listening 3. comprehensive listening 4. critical listening

3 types of examples

1. brief examples 2. extended examples 3. hypothetical examples

5 ways to use examples to enhance a speech

1. clarify your ideas 2. reinforce your ideas 3. personalize your ideas 4. make examples vidid & richly textured, create a visual 5. practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Methods for getting information about the audience (3)

1. fixed- alternate questions 2. scale questions 3. open-ended questions

How much do we grasp of what we hear?

50%, and after 2 days we can only remember half of that

focus your listening

Listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique

connectives

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech & indicates the relationship between them

open-ended questions

allow respondents to answers however they want

brief examples

also called specific instances, may be referred to in passing to illustrate a point (factual)

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as: age, gender, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, religion, and group membership

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, physical setting, the disposition of the audience, the speaker, and the occasion

specific instances

avoid generalizing hastily, don't jump to conclusions, and make sure your points are fair, unbiased and representative of the point you are making

casual order & what speech is it used in

cause-effect relationship (2 main points) persuasive or informative

analogical reasoning

comparing two similar cases and infers that what is true for the 1st case is true for the 2nd

imagery

create word pictures that allow people to "see" the haunted house. concrete words are the key to effective imagery

rhythm

created by choice and arrangement of words

stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming all members of the group are alike

topical order

divide into subtopics used in any type of speech

comparative advantages order

each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

causal reasoning

establishing a relationship between causes and effects

problem-solution order

first main point deals with the existence of a problem and presents a solution to the problem

spacial order & what speech is it used in

follow directional pattern usually used in informative speeches

monroe's motivates sequence

for speeches that seek immediate action

5 elements of introduction

get attention, relate topic to audience, reveal topic, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech

competence

how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

character

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-bieng of the audience

problem-cause-solution order

identifies the problem. analyzes the cause of the problem, and presents solution to problem

plan

if there is a problem, does the speaker offer a plan to solve it

metaphor

implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common, doesn't include words "like" or "as"

develop note taking skills

improves concentration and keeps track of a speaker's ideas

3 different types of credibility

initial, derived, terminal

emotional appeals

intended to make the listeners feel a certain way (happy, sad, angry)

need

is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy

audience-centered

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

fixed-alternate questions

offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives

extended examples

often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes. Tells a story vividly and dramatically (factual)

hypothetical examples

one that describes an imaginary situation ex. a brief story

denotative

precise, literal, and objective

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve particular result with a particular audience

4 different methods of speech delivery

reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

abstract words

refer to general concepts, qualities, or attribute

concrete words

refer to tangible words

internal summaries

remind listeners of what they just heard

alliteration

repeating the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

repetition

repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

scale questions

require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

transitions

speaker completes one thought and moves onto another

Global Plagiarism

stealing an entire speech

Patchwork Plagiarism

stealing ideas or language

key word outline

summarizes speaker's ideas and separates main points from sub points

terminal credibility

the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

the credibility of the speaker before she or he stars to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and wellbeing

Problem-solution order

used in persuasive speeches

Preparation outline

uses full sentences

connotative

variable, figurative, and subjective. what the word suggests or implies