Public Speaking Test #3 ( Ch.7 - 9 + 15)

Contrast

An attention getting technique whereby supporting ideas are compared to emphasize difference.

Chronological

By time or sequence Fairly common one (number 2)

Which organization style arranges points by time?

Chronological

Signposts

word and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points Transitional statements, internal previews, and summaries

Checking the quality of your evidence is an important step in refining support for your argument. What are three elements that you should look for when determining source quality? Why is each element necessary?

-Check to see that the source discusses the issue of the topic, but also explains the reasoning behind the claims. If there is not a strong reasoning, it is not a reliable or quality source. It's necessary because in order to back up any claim, you need to know the thinking behind the claim. -Decide whether the source also involves the opposite perspective. There should be evidence for multiple perspectives on any and all issues. If the source does not consider the opposing argument, it's not a reliable or quality source. It's necessary because in order to use claims, you should be able to state other opposing ideas that others can have. -Check if the source includes supporting data for all of its arguments. If it doesn't have relevant date to show its claims, includes non-credible citations, or doesn't include any other citations, it's not a reliable or quality source. It's necessary because without the appropriate data the facts have nothing to show that they are true.

What are the four basic functions of introductions, and why are these functions important

-Gain attention and interest- if you want the audience to listen and pay attention, you need to give them a reason by sending out signals with your physical presence and word choice -Gain the goodwill of the audience- after the first step, you now want to establish your credibility so they will think good of you(and think you know what you are talking about) -Clearly state the purpose- state your thesis so the audience can evaluate, comprehend, and follow a speech without guessing what the overall purpose of the speech is -Preview and structure the speech- shows the audience how you will develop the speech, like a roadmap or outline, that allows the audience to again follow the speech content because they know the structure already

List and give one original example of each of the ten attention-getting devices

-Tell a story- Your personal story about a time in your life you were scared -Refer to the occasion- Thank the bride and groom at a wedding in a toast -Refer to recent or historical events- A president addressing WW2 in his speech, whether direct or indirect, connecting everyone -Refer to previous speeches- Address your friends speech from right before you -Refer to personal interest- Talking about why you like baking and your experience -Use startling statistics- How many animal species have gone extinct in the last 100 years -Use an analogy- Connection between a hard algebra problem and buying 2 things at a grocery store at x amount of dollars -Use a quotation- A quotation from a famous singer relating to the topic -Ask a question- Why do people get so stressed about speaking? -Use humor- A joke/pun that everyone knows- knock knock jokes

What are three reasons why stories are effective as introductions

-They have a built-in structure that everyone recognizes and expects (beginning, middle, and end) -Because of the built-in structure, stories as attention getters lend themselves readily to a well-structured speech (can put the parts of the story in specific parts of the speech) -It creates shared experiences that the audience can relate to

Definition Types

2 Types- Classification Dictionary definition, what something means- application to specific instances Operational How, what, and why something works

Statistics (2 types)

2 Types- Primary- information itself (BEST OPTION) Secondary- interpretation or analysis (view on info) Guidelines for Using Statistics: Come from reliable sources Accurate interpretation of the data Memorable (make sure it has importance) Understandable!!!! Numbers and percentages you should round up Use visual aids so people can "see" numbers

6 Criteria for Evaluating a Website:

Accountability Ex- Does a blog have to be accountable? NO! It's opinion! Accurate (Credible) Ex: Is Wikipedia accurate? NO! It can change any time! (Can use at the beginning of research as a starting point tho) Objective Objective= multiple choice(biased views and etc; fact or not); Subjective= essay(black and white) 4 types of URLs .Gov .Edu .Org .Mil Can use .com or .net in addition to those after requirement Date (kept up to date/current?) How old is it; how long since updated (often shows at the bottom) Useable Does it Respect Diversity? Or is it strictly one sided= BAD

Compare and contrast an appeal and a challenge. When would you use each technique

Appeal- phrased more like a request; challenge- a more forceful daring voice; both- asking/stating you to do something You would use an appeal in a form of "ask yourself.." and challenge in a form of "I dare you to..."

Pieces of Citations That Go into Oral Citation:

Author Name of article Date

5 Considerations for Selecting the Best Support Materials:

BIGGER is better The larger the number, the more magnitude and credibility the information has Number of group support, larger numbers, no random little Proximity We understand things directly connected or close to us If there's a direct relation= bigger impact Concerte Example Examples and statistics that are concrete (No principle and theories) Variety Mix types of supports Suitability To the speech, occasion, topic, audience, has to be related to it

Central Idea is to speech; as thesis statement is to essay

Central focus of the content of your speech One sentence summary Declarative Sentence

Explanations

Clarify the hows, whys, and processes Clarifiers

7 Preparation Guidelines for Outlining

Complete sentences Use the standard outline format Use standard outline numbering Use at least 2 subdivisions if you use any Indent for each subdivision stemming from more general to more specific Always state your specific purpose When finished with my speech, the audience will what...? ALWAYS TWO (A,B; 1,2; a,b; aa,bb) ANYTIME YOU MOVE INWARDS Put transitions

4 Types of Informational Speeches

Definitional Demonstration Descriptive Explanatory

7 Different Library Resources

Encyclopedias Dictionaries Directories Atlas Almanacs Yearbooks Quotations Biographical Dictionaries

4 Functions of the Introduction

Establish Credibility (Goodwill) Gain Attention and Interest State the Purpose Preview the Speech

Boolian Searches

Expands or contracts the scope of the research according to the symbols you use +, not, ", - Symbols do different things

Types of Opinions:

Expert Testimony Someone considered knowledge in the field Ex- onconolgist Lay Testimony First hand experience of what you're talking about Ex- you lived through cancer and talking about it Quotations Nothing but opinions

Search engines

Google Google scholar School databases (Pequot, CLC, etc.) (Elm->Student Research)

Preview Statement

How you will be presenting the information (roadmap)

Why is humor both useful and dangerous at the same time

Humor can be useful if you can create a connection, can get them relaxed and ready to learn, and allow them to see the speaker in a good fashion Humor can be dangerous because if done badly it can destroy the speech and ruin a speaker's credibility

Types of Supporting Materials:

Illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, comparisons, statistics, polls

Preliminary Bibliographies

Immediately set up a doc when starting to look up information, when you go to a site, copy and paste the site onto the doc and make reference as to what is in it Reason- once you're in depth researching, it will be hard to keep track and you DON'T want to lose a source

What is a preview statement and why is it important as part of an introduction

It lets the audience know how you are going to develop the speech (a roadmap) It's important because it overall lets the audience know what order the things will come in just as an outline would do. It lets the audience focus on the content because they already know what the structure will be

Why are introductions and conclusions prepared last

It's easier to make the best possible start and ending after you have all the research and information for your paper and the exact setup for your paper.

Humor

It's recommended you only use only light deprecating self humor Humor directed at yourself, and you don't refer to other groups or people that could offend Warms to you if you act human, not afraid to be going against yourself Humor backfire is really uncomfortable

Thesis Statement

Lets the audience know what the speech is about and what you want to accomplish

Organization Patterns- based on cultures

Linear in North America- get to the point, get it stated, and move on Most cultures have a more round about way to get to it (think we're harsh and not well mannered since we're straight to the point) Romance in Russian cultures- tend to be always about the principle and then get to the main points In Cymatic (jewish)- they have Tencencial- they are off topic and then get back to it and continue like that Ex: If talking to Asian audience- design the speech differently like: come around to it, not straight up

Comparisons (two types)

Literal Comparison of two similar things Ex: Apple is to orange as Apple is to Banana (BOTH FRUIT) MUST BE COMPARATIVE Figurative Comparison of two dissimilar things that share a common feature Ex: ? NEED TO BE SIMILAR ENOUGH THAT COMPARISON IS OBVIOUS

Conclusions

Might be a good closing but should be associated with what you're talking about Functions of Conclusions: To Review Place that you Summarize Close End with a Clincher Make your Appeals and Challenges

Which organizational style arranges points according to a five-step sequence

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Topical

Most common 4 Ways in Which We Can Organize: Primeracy- most important to least important Recency- least important to most important Complexity- simple to complex ideas Specificity- general to specific

Spatial

Organizing by location or position Ex- how to mow a specific lawn (design of the yard)

What are the four basic functions of conclusions, and why are these functions important

Prepare the audience of the end of the speech- tells the audience to be ready to acknowledge you as the speaker and let them be ready for the speech to come to an end (not suddenly) Present any final appeals- you want to leave the audience learning positively towards you and the topic you spoke about and this is your final opportunity to give them something specific to remember Summarize and close- After restatement and review(like the introduction in a complete review), it fully cues the audience that the speech is about to conclude Appeals and challenges- At the end of a speech, you should always leave the audience with some sort of appeal or challenge for them to remember and offer a complete and coherent structure feeling to your overall speech

Which speech organization styles are the best suited for persuasive speeches

Problem-solution style

5 Guidelines for Editing your speech

Review your specific purpose Is to too broad or too narrow? Can it be managed in the specific time? Consider your audience Is the information interesting? Keep only the best supporting materials Keep it simple General rule- speaking is less formal than writing (shorter words)= good Want your audience to understand

Which organizational style arranges points by direction

Spatial

Novelty

Speech topic is new and/or unusual to the audience

Specific Purposes

Stated on all outlines! After hearing my speech, my audience will... Behavioral Measurable Behavioral Objective and How it Will Wording a specific purpose- determined by a particular topic Limited to a single idea Reflect the audience? Ex- When I finish my speech, the audience will know how to set a table properly

Attention Getting Methods (12)

Stories Anecdotes Illustrations Figurative Extended Literal Hypothetical Quotations Questions Rhetorical or Otherwise Historical Events Current Events Startling Facts Startling Statistics Analogies Refer to Previous Speeches

Intensity

Supporting material that is characterized by a high degree of emotion, color, volume, strength, or other defining characteristic.

What is the difference between a general and specific purpose statement?

The general purpose statement is to inform, persuade, inspire, celebrate, mourn, or to entertain. The specific purpose statement used to frame around one of the prior topics that expresses topic and the general speech purpose in action from and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve.

Main Ideas - (after central idea)

The meat and potatoes of the speech Where you start developing support (materials) When generating main ideas Check for logical divisions in things Ex- If I choose dogs, how do I divide that? (breeds) Another question- why is the central idea true? What are the reasons/why's Can the central idea be supported by series or steps

How does the thesis statement differ from the specific purpose statement?

The thesis statement is what you will share with your audience and has your main points of a speech in one or two sentences. The specific purpose statement shows exactly what the speech is intended on doing . You overall have to change the specific purpose statement into your thesis statement

Activity

The use of action words, physical or visual movement, or faster rate of speech to draw the audience's attention.

Humor

The use of amusing or comical facts, stories, or forms of expression to maintain an audience's attention.

How to Know If Statistics are Reliable:

They come from reputable source They are the authority of the topic, so they are the primary source Not biased

What is the correct format for a speech outline

Title: organizing your public speech; Topic: organizing public speeches; Specific Purpose Statement: To inform listerns about the various ways in which they can organize their public speeches; Thesis Statement: A variety of organizational styles can be used to organize public speeches; INTRODUCTION, BODY- Main point 1, sub-point, sub-point, sub-point, supporting point, supporting point- TRANSITION, MAIN POINT 2, subpoint, supporting point, example, example, supporting point, sub-point; TRANSITION, CONCLUSION, BIBLIOGRAPHY

3 General purposes of a speech

To Inform To Entertain To Persuade

Organizational Patterns

Topical, Chronolgical, Spatial, Cause and Effect, Problem Solution

Signposts where to use

Used in speech making Have on your outlines! Queue that the speaker is moving onto the next idea (stay organized) Examples of transitions Repetition of keywords Transitional word or phrase (going on to the next) Use enumerating Using internal previews and summaries Nonverbal transitions - altered pitch and changing rate

Types of Learning

Visual Oral/auditory Kinesthetic Readers Writers

Outlining-

We need formal standard outlines= YIKES 7 Guidelines for making a preparation outline (use speaking outline) - should look different from each other (appendix A= preparation, Appendix B= speaking outline in book) 7 Preparation Guidelines

Name three questions you should ask yourself when selecting a topic

What important events are occurring locally, nationally and internationally? What do I care about the most? Is there someone or something I can advocate for?

WIIFM

What it's it for me What the audience is asking Realize that's what the audience is asking Every listener asks these questions: What does the speech have to do with my life? Why Information is Important Talking about Something I Already Know Why I Should Pay Attention

Descriptions

Word pictures that form mental images (picture)

Polls

You can see the level of credibility for all polls online The larger amount of people, the more credible Ex: 500 is better then 30

What does it mean to "follow the structure" in a conclusion

You can use the built-in structure of an introduction or conclusion and use quotations, questions, startling statistics, and especially stories. They all leave a lasting impact whether you change it from the beginning introduction to the ending conclusion

Guidelines for Speaking Outline:

You make it brief Use phrases not sentences Queue words DO include detailed supporting materials Using references- have all the information in there so you can look at your notes to get something correct (oral citations) Include introduction and conclusion in shortened form (partially written out) Do include detailed signposts and detailed support material between subpoints (if they're there, you'll use them) If everyone had it written out, you don't forget them ALSO you can use highlighters, asterix's for annotations, bigger/bolder print for certain things, delivery notes DO NOT have a specific purpose statement

Supporting Materials

opinions, inferences, analogies, illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions.. Except for factual examples and statistics = hard evidence. .the rest is soft... need lots of hard

Illustrations

word picture 3cTypes- Brief- sentence or two Extended- has details (detailed examples) Hypothetical- situation that hasn't happened but could happen If using, you have to make sure the audience knows it is a hypothetical or they might think you're lying