Purdue ENTM 105 Exam 1- Neal
How many legs do crayfish have?
10 legs
How many legs per segment do Millipedes have?
2 pairs of legs per segment
Approximately how old are the oldest terrestrial arthropod fossils?
540 mya
How many legs do insects have?
6 legs
How many legs do spiders have?
8 legs
How do female gypsy moths move?
Hang on trees by a silk thread, then the wind can catch them and transport them a short distance or through transportation of eggs.
Describe the experiment Redi did to disprove spontaneous generation
He had two jars, one open, one closed, both containing rotting meat. Since the meat supposedly turns into flies both jars should contain flies. The closed jar did not.
What is the major function associated with an insect's thorax?
locomotion
How do dung beetles it use its hind legs?
spurs on the back legs are used to roll dung balls
What was Redi's control and Experimental groups
Control- open jars Experimental- jars sealed with lids or gauze
Describe the movement of loopers
Inchworms, make a loop in the middle of their body to propel themselves forward
Know the differences between complete and incomplete metamorphosis
Incomplete- egg → larva → adult ; Larva and adult very similar (ex. grasshopper) Complete- egg → larva → pupa→ adult ; Larva and adult completely different (ex. Butterfly)
Why is the ozone layer important for terrestrial life?
Allowed plants to grow on land without facing destructive levels of ultraviolet light
List the steps in the formation of new insect cuticle needed for an insect to molt
1 Cuticle separates from cells 2 Cells secrete new cuticle into space 3 Molting fluid is secreted 4 Old cuticle digested 5 Old cuticle digested, new cuticle completed 6 Old cuticle breaks along ecdysial line 7 Insect emerges
How many legs per segment do centipedes have?
1 pair of legs per segment
What does the word Coleoptera mean?
"Sheath wing" (all beetles are Coleoptera)
What does the word arthropod mean?
'Jointed appendage'
Define spine.
A multicellular, thorn like process or outgrowth of the integument not separated from it by a joint
What do Lady Beetles eat?
Aphids and other small insects that damage plants
How do populations of gypsy moths move?
Are transported by an external factor (ex. Wind, camping equipment)
Where do the Emerald Ash Borer larvae live?
Bark crevices in ash trees
What are setae?
Bristle or hair like structures on living organisms
57. How do mouthparts of butterflies differ from those of caterpillars
Butterflies have a long sucking tube for drinking nectar from flowers, while caterpillars chew on plants
What is the primary character that is used to distinguish between butterflies and moths
Butterflies have knobs on their antennae, have a smaller body, and are active during the day; Moths do not
How should a dried insect specimen be held?
By the pin only
What is are Eukaryotic cells? Describe their relationship to multicellular animals and the importance of oxygen.
Cells that are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They have smaller cell parts working inside them to do functions, all multicellular animals are made of eukaryotic cells. They require high levels of oxygen to provide the energy needed for cell maintenance, growth, and reproduction.
How do caterpillars use their mouthparts
Chewing mouthparts to eat plants
Know the 4 major groups of extant arthropods
Crustaceans Chelicerates Marine myriapods Hexapoda
What do millipedes eat?
Dead and decaying plant material
Describe the evolutionary process of species formation
Descent with modification → Natural Selection → Speciation
How do fireflies produce light?
their abdomen has a translucent portion that allows light from the light organ to shine. The light organ contains a photon emitting chemical, luciferin. When luciferin is mixed with oxygen and ATP (an energy source) in the presence of the enzyme luciferase, a chemical reaction occurs that emits light photons.
What disease do dutch elm beetles vector?
Dutch elm disease (wood boring beetles)
What is luciferase and how is it used?
Enzyme in fireflies that is part of the chemical reaction to produce light
Define Elytra and why are they important
Forewings in beetles, typically hard, protect the hind wings when not flying from harsh environments
Why was a control important to Redi's conclusions?
It allowed him to show that in correct circumstances, flies would seem to appear, but not just out of thin air
Why is powered flight important for insects?
It allowed them to diversify and occupy a number of niches that non-flying competitors could not
Explain why millipedes curl when they are threatened
It protects their soft undersides
When do gypsy moth eggs hatch?
Late April- early May
When do adults emerge?
Late June- Mid July
How do centipedes kill their prey?
Legs posterior of the mouth act like fangs injecting immobilizing lethal venom
What is the epidermis and its role in insect exoskeleton?
Living part of exoskeleton, secretions become cuticle and epicuticle
What is taste aversion and how does it relate to Monarch butterflies and bird predators?
Monarchs make birds ill when eaten, so when birds see the monarch's coloring, they avoid the insects
What does the silkworm eat?
Mulberry leaves
Where is the Emerald Ash Borer's native location?
Northeast Asia
How did photosynthesis change the oxygen in the oceans and the atmosphere?
Ocean: oxygen produced through photosynthesis reacted with iron and other minerals in the water. After all the minerals became oxidized, oxygen content in the water increased. Atmosphere: oxygen levels increased
Define microhabitat
Places of specialization within a larger habitat (ex. To some animals a corn stalk could be its habitat, but to small beetles the stalk is full of smaller habitats)
Describe the role of pheromones in mating disruption for gypsy moth eradication.
Prevents mating by trapping make moths in the pheromone trap (one per square mile)
What is a proleg and how is it used?
Protuberance (fatter legs) of the abdomen; support the abdomen and can be used to grip the plant surface and help with movement
Describe the effects of tanning (cross linking) on the color and properties of cuticle
Restricts movement of proteins so that they get hard and form a rigid plate, the color gets darker
Know what the word Lepidoptera means.
Scale Wings
58. Why do butterflies puddle?
Since caterpillars don't get enough salt, male butterflies will drink from puddles, collecting the salt concentrate, and then during mating the salt is transferred and female butterflies use the salt to provision her eggs.
What is the major function associated with an insect's head?
Smelling, sight, eating, behavioral decision making
Which wings provides power for beetle flight?
Softer Hindwings
Describe the defense of the Bombardier Beetle
Sprays hot, toxic chemicals when touched. Can aim the spray.
Define imaginal disk cells and describe their role in metamorphosis
Stem cells that are dormant during larval development but later form the adult. They are activated during metamorphosis and are used to form the adult
What damage do outbreak populations of gypsy moths cause?
Strip all leaves off of deciduous trees
What species of Indiana Butterflies are endangered
The Karner Blue
Define metamorphosis
The change from one life stage to another
What is the relationship between the period when giant arthropods existed and atmospheric oxygen?
The largest arthropods existed during extremely high levels of oxygen
How are the genus and species names used to identify insects and catalog information?
The lowest levels of classification, species are individuals that are part of the same interbreeding population. Genus is a group of closely related species. Basically filing information
What is the CDC and what is its mission?
The nation's health protection agency whose mission is to protect America from health, safety, and security threats both foreign and domestic
What are the closest arthropod relatives of insects?
The remipede branch of crustaceans
Define ecdysial line and its role in molting
The weak line that allows the old cuticle to split cleanly leaving no jagged edges
Why does descent with modification produce a classification system in the form of a nested hierarchy?
They all have a common ancestor, but as descendants begin to look more and more different, they go off to their own branches, that then form more branches
In silk production, why are pupae killed?
They break the silk when trying to emerge from the pupa
How does the mother Burying/Sexton beetle care for her offspring?
They treat an animal carcass with secretions that prevent microbes from growing, keeping it safe for offspring to eat
Describe how bright colors can protect butterflies from predators.
To attract a mate and warn birds of their poisonous nature
Why do butterfly collectors rear caterpillars
To collect the perfect specimen they prefer to just raise it themselves
How do stag beetles use their large mandibles?
To fight and defend territory
Why do burying/sexton beetles bury dead animals?
To keep it safe from other predators that would eat the carcass or harm the offspring
What is the light switch theory and its relation to the Cambrian Explosion?
Up until 251mya, all animals lacked the kind of vision that can form images, only capable of detecting relative light and dark; Once the evolution of a 'true eye' occured, the natural selection for those with improved vision would be huge; Seeing animals would be able to detect prey easier and produce more offspring. This caused prey to evolve armor or other defences. This rapid diversification is called the Cambrian Explosion.
What do Emerald Ash Borer larvae eat?
Vascular tissue of ash trees
What is Thousand cankers disease and why is in important to Indiana?
Walnut tree beetles carrying a fungus, feed on walnut bark and deposit the fungus. The fungus then turns into a canker, which if a tree gets too many of, will destroy the tree's ability to transport water and nutrients. Kills Black Walnut Trees which is an important part of the Indiana timber industry
Where are gypsy moth egg masses laid?
Wide range sheltered places, under bark flaps, on the sides of houses, under leaves, etc.
Define solid wood packing material and its role in invasive species transport
Wood pallets, crating and dunnage used in international trade, some of the wood can harbor harmful species
What metals are used to harden cuticle?
Zinc
How do Emerald Ash Borers kill trees?
by eating the inner bark, the larvae disrupt the trees ability to transport water and nutrients (aka girdled)
How do adult tiger beetles get food?
chase down prey with their long legs
What is the major function associated with an insect's abdomen?
digestion and reproduction
What do adult Japanese Beetles eat?
flowers, especially roses, grape leaves, and ornamental trees
What adaptations do dung beetles have for digging?
head is tough and has "teeth" that can be used like a shovel, strong front legs
What is the effect of light pollution on firefly communication?
interfere with firefly courtship and mating, leads to declines in populations
What's the role of the epicuticle in the insect cuticle?
lipid, makes up the bulk of the cuticle, prevent dehydration and water loss
What does a Dung Beetle eat?
manure
Are fireflies safe for pets to eat?
no, toxic
What's the role of chitin in the insect cuticle?
polysaccharide, provides structure and resistance to tearing.embedded in protein matrix, polymer that can crosslink with other polymers
What do Tiger Beetles eat?
primarily ants or insects that can be much larger
What's the role of resilin in the insect cuticle?
protein, allow for flexibility in joints
What's the role of sclerotin in the insect cuticle?
protein, allows for muscle attachment areas to be stiff and rigid
What life stage of the silkworm produces silk?
pupation
What do Japanese Beetle larvae eat?
roots of grass
How are Lady Beetles defended against ?
seal cracks that bugs might sneak in from, window screens, vacuum them up and then empty vacuum outside
What do the Burying/sexton Beetle larvae eat?
the carcass of a dead animal
Why are Lady Beetles considered beneficial?
they eat pests that damage plants
How do butterflies escape their chrysalis?
they split open the pupa cuticle, the butterfly breaths in air to expand, causing the cuticle to split enough for the butterfly to escape
Why do fireflies flash?
to attract a mate and communication
Why do femme fatale fireflies attack and eat other species of firefly?
to get the defensive chemical that they are unable to produce, in order to protect their eggs
Where do tiger beetle larvae live and how do they get food?
underground burrows, wait for prey and snatch prey with mouthparts
When did the ozone layer form?
~2 Billion years ago (googled, not found in reading)
What is the approximate percentage of described species that are insects?
~59%
