PY 370 exam 1

According to Schopenhauer, which being below would experience the most suffering?

a very intelligent human being

According to Kierkegaard, in which stage personal freedom do people act hedonistically but ultimately get bored?

a. the aesthetic stage

What was the drawback of incorporating Aristotle's philosophy into Christian dogma?

Aristotle's ideas could then not be challenged.

Today's emphasis on cognitive processes in psychology is influenced by ________.

advances in computer technology

Plato's reminiscence theory of knowledge states that ________.

all knowledge is innate

For Hippocrates, what caused illness?

an imbalance in the humors of the body

Descartes invented ________ very soon after he adopted his method of self-exploration as a young man.

analytic geometry

Determinism is the assumption that ________.

anything being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws

How did Plotinus see the body?

as the soul's prison

Who postulated five seven "interior senses" in addition to the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell?

Avicenna

Which famous philosopher did Hobbes criticize?

Bacon

Which sentence below is true of scientific laws?

Causal laws allow both prediction and control.

Which statement accurately describes one of Galileo's beliefs?

Consciousness could never be studied by science.

Which school of psychology stands out for relying most heavily on animal research to generalize findings in animal studies to human beings?

behaviorists

Unlike Comte, Mach ________.

believed that humans can only experience sensations

A psychologist who argues that human behavior is a product of our evolutionary heritage subscribes to which type of determinism?

biological determinism

According to Hegel, how does a person experience the Absolute?

by seeing the interrelatedness of all concepts

According to Comte, we can be sure of things that ________.

can be experienced by multiple people

According to Kant, person saying "All vegetables are delicious" can make that statement due to ________.

categories of thought

Unlike Descartes, Kant proposed innate ________ rather than innate ________.

categories of thought; ideas

In order for scientific progress to occur, the absolute authority of the ________ had to be broken, and society was heading in that direction in the period before the Renaissance.

church

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had an especially strong influence on modern ________.

clinical psychology

Which field of psychology did Kant's work directly influence?

cognitive psychology

La Mettrie considered human beings to be ________.

complex machines

Newton is most closely associated with which belief?

deism

What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it?

direct realism

Most of the philosophical concepts that have been explored in modern times were first introduced ________.

during the Golden Age of Greece

Aristotle's writings were rediscovered by the West ________.

during the crusades

The romantics emphasized which aspect of humanity as most important?

emotions

What has been the ultimate authority in science since its inception?

empirical observation

Thomas Reid staunchly disagreed with ________.

empiricists

Exploration and contact with other peoples before and during the Renaissance ________.

eroded church authority by expanding the known world and raising questions about the souls of non-Christian people in faraway lands

Empiricism stresses the importance of ________ in attaining knowledge.

experience

The goal for both the French sensationalists and the British empiricists was to ________.

explain the human mind in terms of a few basic principles

St. Paul argued that ________ alone could provide personal salvation.

faith

Peter Lombard argued that people could learn about God through ________.

faith, reason, and the study of the empirical world

The invention of the printing press ________.

had a huge positive impact on science and philosophy

Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God ________.

had to be taken on faith

According to Spinoza, what brings humans pleasure?

having clear ideas

According to Philo, ________.

humans can know nothing without God imparting knowledge to us

In his system of physics mechanics, Herbart argued that ________.

ideas had the power to attract or repel other ideas

A person refusing to believe a scientific discovery because it contradicts a closely held religious belief illustrates which of the biases that Bacon identified?

idols of the theater

What was one of the four major themes of Renaissance humanism?

individualism

Newton relied heavily upon all of the following strategies to verify theories EXCEPT: a. induction b. observation c. experimentation d. mathematical deduction

induction

Reid believed that faculties of the mind were ________.

innate

Descartes and Freud believed that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind, a theoretical position known as ________.

interactionism

Descartes believed that people have a body that operates according to physical principles and a mind that does not. He also believed that the mind and body influenced each other. Descartes's beliefs on this issue aligned with a kind of dualism known as ________.

interactionism

Thanks to St. Thomas Aquinas's work, ________.

it became possible to practice philosophy without religious overtones

Descartes believed that many human bodily functions were ________.

mechanical in nature

Which famous person is associated with Cynicism?

Diogenes

Whose writings mark the beginning of the Renaissance?

Francesco Petrarch

Plato had a theory about dreams that was similar to ________.

Freud's

Spinoza believed that ________.

God, nature, and the mind were inseparable

Which ancient civilization laid the foundation for how we think about things today?

Greeks

Which statement best describes Hippocrates' view of medicine?

He believed that human behavior was affected by the balance of bodily humors.

How did Kepler modify Copernicus's theory?

He discovered that the orbital paths of the planets were elliptical

How did Alcmaeon contribute to modern medicine?

He introduced the view of health as balance.

Why is Thales important to the history of philosophy?

He proposed natural explanations for phenomena rather than supernatural explanations.

How did Thomas Kuhn change the conception of science?

He showed that it was actually quite subjective

Which statement is true about Descartes's beliefs about animal research?

He thought the findings from studies of animals could be generalized to human beings

Your friend Anna explains that she believes that everything in the universe is in a constant state of change, so nothing is the same from one moment to the next. Which famous philosopher would Anna most agree with?

Heraclitus

A teacher always reviews material that has already been learned before starting a new lesson, and after she presents the new information to her students, she relates that new material to what has already been learned. Whose theory of education is this teacher following?

Herbart

Which statement about Occam below is true?

His work brought the Scholastic period to an end and started modern empirical philosophy.

Which statement accurately describes one of Martin Luther's beliefs?

Human beings do not have free will.

Leibniz believed that everything in the world was composed of tiny living particles called ________.

monads

Leibniz believed that ________ ideas came from experience.

no

Occam was a ________.

nominalist

Which group believes that individuals freely choose their behavior and are therefore wholly responsible for their behaviors?

nondeterminists

Francis Bacon believed that science should be based entirely on ________.

observations

The belief that God is everywhere and in everything is ________.

pantheism

In the 14th and 15th centuries, superstition was rampant among ________.

peasants, royalty, scholars, and clergy.

Nietzsche's contention that there are no universal truths, only individual points of view is known as ________.

perspectivism

Which famous philosopher is responsible for creating a dualism in which humans are divided into body and mind?

plato

Bacon's beliefs align most closely to ________.

positivism

Understanding history by considering what is important in today's times and then looking to see how it got that way over time is called ________.

presentism

Unlike earlier philosophers, Socrates focused primarily on ________.

problems related to human existence

A psychologist who follows Freud's school of thought and believes that subconscious and unconscious events determine our behavior subscribes to which type of determinism?

psychical determinism

According to Popper, science began when people began ________.

questioning the stories they were told about the world

According to Nietzsche, the Apollonian aspect of human nature represents our ________ side.

rational

Plato believed that true knowledge could only be gained through ________.

rational thought

In the 5th and 6th centuries B.C., the Greeks were basing their explanations of the world primarily on ________.

religion

According to Locke, which of the following ideas would be created by a primary quality?

round

Maria puts her faith in science to help solve the world's problems to such an extent that science is almost a religion to her. Maria's position is known as ________.

scientism

How did Christianity change under Constantine's reign?

It became much more popular.

How old is psychology?

It has been around since the dawn of humanity.

Why was the Church opposed to Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

It threatened the biblical viewpoint that humans had a central place in the universe.

Which statement best describes the level of church authority during the Renaissance?

It weakened significantly.

Who paved the way for the field of psychology to be a science by describing a methodology that could be used in a science of human nature?

J. S. Mill

Maimonides aimed to reconcile _______.

Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy

David won't eat heavy meals because he thinks being too full makes his mind dull and lazy. Which French sensationalist philosopher would most agree with him?

Julien de La Mettrie

What does Occam's razor assert?

Keep explanations as simple as possible.

Antisthenes believed that true happiness depended on ________.

self-sufficiency

Which deeply religious Renaissance scientist, who considered studying the universe objectively to be a way of understanding God, developed differential and integral calculus, developed the universal law of gravitation, and created a conception of the universe that lasted until Einstein?

Newton

According to Spinoza, do human being have free will?

No

According to William of Occam, people could obtain information about the world through ________ alone.

sensory experience

Newton believed that scientists should seek explanations that are as ________ as possible.

simple

A person argues that since we can't know for sure what happens after we die, we should not subscribe to any particular philosophy about an afterlife. To which school of thought does this person belong?

skepticism

As the Middle Ages wore on, the study of science ________.

slowly began to reemerge

Regarding the influence of fashion on psychology, personality theorist Gordon W. Allport lamented that ________.

students sometimes don't realize that contemporary research angles stem from old ideas

In which stage of Hegel's dialectic process do two opposing views become resolved in an intermediate theory?

synthesis

What was the main argument of the ontological argument for the existence of God?

that God must exist since we can think of Him

People explained the world around them by assuming that spirits dwelt in everything as early as ________.

the Neolithic Revolution

Which group believed that truth was relative, and therefore there were many truths?

the Sophists

What is animism?

the belief that everything in nature is alive

All of the themes listed below were part of both romanticism and existentialism EXCEPT: a. the importance of subjective experience b. the respect for individuality c. the belief that humans did not have free will d. the distrust of theories of human nature created by rationalists

the belief that humans did not have free will

What is nihilism?

the belief that there is no objective way to determine the truth

What is the apperceptive mass?

the cluster of interrelated ideas that we are conscious of at any given moment

On which topic did Kierkegaard and Nietzsche differ greatly?

the existence of God

Which of Aristotle's four causes is the purpose for which a thing exists?

the final cause

Galileo was the first to measure ________.

the gravitational pull of the moon

Which approach to recording history shows how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea of concept through the years?

the historical development approach

What was the center of the universe for Kant?

the human mind

Which of Aristotle's laws states that when we think of something, we also tend to think of things that we experienced along with it?

the law of contiguity

Protagoras shifted the focus of philosophy from ________ to ________.

the physical world; human concerns

According to Kuhn, in which state of scientific development do a number of competing viewpoints exist?

the preparadigmatic stage

What did Hegel mean by the term alienation?

the realization that one's mind exists apart from the Absolute

According to Condillac, human mental abilities were the result of ________.

the senses, memory, and the ability to experience pleasure and pain

Romantics advocated studying ________.

the total person

According to Aristotle, which type of soul allows only growth, assimilation of food, and reproduction?

the vegetative soul

Hegel stressed the importance of understanding ________.

the whole instead of the parts

According to Leibniz, ________.

there is a continuum between unconscious sensation and conscious perception

How did Comte believe the human mind could be studied?

through studying social behavior

According to Reid, it makes common sense to ________.

trust our impressions of the physical world

According to Berkeley, why would a person who was born blind and suddenly gained sight not be able to perceive distance?

Perceiving distance requires multiple experiences through which different kinds of sensory data is gathered.

Which famous philosopher's teachings provides the philosophical basis for Christianity?

Plato

Who first showed that mathematics could be used to model, explain, and predict the natural world?

Pythagoras

How do rationalism and empiricism differ?

Rationalism seeks to establish the validity or invalidity of a proposition through logic whereas empiricism relies on sensory observation.

Joaquin believes that education should be structured so that each child's natural abilities and interests are nurtured rather than each child being seen as a vessel for the teacher to fill with knowledge. Who is most likely to agree with him?

Rousseau

Mei believes that all human beings are born good but that some human beings are made bad through society. Which famous philosopher would most agree with her?

Rousseau

The merging of Aristotle's philosophy and Christian theology is known as ________.

Scholasticism

Which statement below about science in psychology is true?

Some psychologists are scientists and some are not.

In contrast to the Greeks, the Romans ________.

valued philosophy for its practical applications

In the beginning of the Middle Ages, there was ________.

very little progress made in science, philosophy, or literature

Who wrote the famous ontological argument for the existence of God?

St. Anselm

A deeply religious person argues that science and reason are two ways of knowing God in addition to scripture, prayer, and introspection. Which of the following historical figures would agree with this person most?

St. Thomas Aquinas

Which school of thought arose during the Roman Empire?

Stoicism

During the Middle Ages, the Church ________.

was tremendously powerful

British empiricists and French sensationalists ________.

were more similar than they were different

Nietzsche believed that the basic human motive is the ________.

will to power

Which religion which influenced Roman culture taught that perfection could be reached through trances?

Vedantism

What does "the good life" look like for an Epicurean?

A life of simple pleasures.

The fact that in psychology ideas have sometimes been presented several times before finally taking hold supports which approach to history?

a Zeitgeist interpretation

According to Karl Popper, what does scientific activity begin with?

a problem

Which researcher described below would Francis Bacon be most likely to criticize for being biased?

a researcher starting with a theory and then testing that theory with observations

Which statement about Alcmaeon and temple medicine is correct?

Alcmaeon was among the first to turn away from temple medicine.

Why did Popper criticize the theories of Freud and Adler?

Their theories were not refutable.

How did later Christian philosophers react to Averroism?

They attacked it severely.

Which phrase best encapsulates existentialism?

Think for yourself

What advice would Giovanni Pico most likely give Republicans and Democrats in the US today?

Truly seek to understand one another

Herbart believed that psychology ________.

could be expressed mathematically

Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that essences ________.

could best be understood by studying nature

After the death of Aristotle, ________.

most thinkers began turning to religious questions