PY201 Exam 2
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
Broca's area
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.
Lateralization
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.
Robert Rescorla
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
acquisition and extinction
A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neurons cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
action potential
Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?
androgens (including testosterone)
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associative learning
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
central; peripheral
Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?
collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
depression
Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?
dopamine and norepinephrine
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
evolution by natural selection
Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.
evolutionary psychologists
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
fear can be a conditioned response
Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.
folds; grooves
Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The myelin sheath is made from ________.
glial cells
Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?
groan and move her eyes
________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
infant rooting for a nipple
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
infant sucking on a nipple
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
learned
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.
limbic field
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?
motor skills deficits in the left side of the body
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?
no sensation in his legs and feet
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.
only the right visual field
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
parasympathetic
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
partial
Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a tracer and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?
positron emission tomography (PET)
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal much and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?
smell
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
somatic
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
stimulus discrimination
You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.
stimulus generalization
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
sympathetic
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
