pysche chapter 5-7, 12

§REM sleep behavior disorder

DREAMS ARE VIVID and VIOLENT content Gradually gets worse Not having a paralysis of muscles in. REM sleep causing him to thrash around

deeper information processing

In levels-of-processing theory, we would expect writing a comment about an example of a concept in psychology will help us remember it better than sitting in class and listening to the lecture. This is because further thinking leads to

•Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon:

Inability to recall information that one realizes one knows

Proactive interference: I

Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material

Explicit memory:

Intentional or conscious recollection of information

•Implicit memory

Memories of which people are not consciously aware (jumping out of the way of a moving car, feeling like you've met someone before, vague feeling of not liking someone) •Can affect subsequent performance and behavior In late adulthood, episodic memories tend to ______, while semantic and implicit memories tend to ______. decline, remain the same

Declarative memory

Memory for factual information, names, faces, dates, and the like is called 2types are: a type of explicit memory , are episodic and semantic. Semantic memory is a subdivision of declarative memory that is concerned with general knowledge and facts. Knowledge is stored in semantic networks in mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.

•Amnesia:

Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties •Retrograde amnesia: Memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new events •Anterograde amnesia: Memory is lost for events that follow an injury

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Memory store in which information first has meaning. Sensory information is NOT meaningful to us. If we are to make sense of it & retain it, it must be transferred to STM. However, specific process by which sensory memories are transformed into short-term memories is NOT clear. •STM- memory store in which information first has meaning, although maximum length of retention is relatively short. •Short-term Memory (STM) - limited capacity & can maintain unrehearsed information for about 15-25 secs. •But with rehearsal, the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information, you can transfer material from short-to-long-term memory. •Capacity - assumed based on a classic 1936 paper that people could recall only about 7 items + or - 2, but new evidence suggests it's 4 + or - 1 •likely less than thought because researchers didn't consider work of chunking- combining stimuli into higher-order units called chunks. •Thus involving long-term memory to help with information in short-term memory. •Specific amounts of information held in STM has been identified as seven items or "chunks" of information, with variations up to plus or minus two chunks... •But chunks can vary in size from single letters or numbers to categories that are more complicated

Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement — TAKE SOMETHING WAY TO INCREASE BEHAVIOR — to get pain to go away is to say uncle — Christmas story Taking medicine to escape pain is an example of negative reinforcement because it strengthens behavior by something being taken away.

•Study Implicit Memory through Priming:

Occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information

generalization.

People who have a negative experience with someone in a particular ethnic group may behave negatively toward other people in that same ethnic group.

CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESSES IN MEMORY: REBUILDING THE PAST •

Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events •Schemas: Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is: •Interpreted •Stored •Recalled Therefore, memories often consist of a reconstruction of previous experience based on material to which people are exposed but also their understanding, expectations, awareness, and motivations underlying the behavior of others • •Children's reliability •Memory reliability of children is more acute as their memories are highly vulnerable to the influence of others •Repressed and false memories •Recollections of events that are initially shocking that the mind pushed them into the unconscious •Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false •Controversy regarding their legitimacy'' •Autobiographical memory: Recollection of our own life experiences •One tends to forget information about one's past that is incompatible with the way in which one currently sees oneself

Alzheimer's disease:

Progressive brain disorder that heads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

§Nightmare Disorder

Rem sleep Wake up from

•Rehearsal:

Repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. Whether transfer is made from short-term to long-term memory depends largely on KIND of rehearsal: •Elaborative rehearsal - Information is considered and organized in some fashion (turning it into an image, transforming it in some way) •Mnemonics - Organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered •Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information •Central executive processor - Involved in reasoning and decision making •Visual store •Verbal store •Episodic buffer - contains info that represents episodes and events •Uses a significant amount of cognitive resources during its operation •Stress can reduce its effectiveness

cue-dependent forgetting.

Sometimes we forget because nothing triggers our memory of a specific bit of information. Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when there is a lack of retrieval cues in the environment.

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals

Strengthening a response in operant conditioning means it will occur more often reinforcement: When a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will be repeated, ex: food sex or water

Developmental Psychology

Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life Cognitive: thinking and reasoning Psychosocial: self and relationships with others Physical: bodily changes Explore the "nature-nurture issue": Degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior

Law of effect:

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeate

Latent learning.

When a behavior is learned, but not demonstrated until there's a reason to do so,

psychological addition: a

a person believes they need a drug to function throughput the day

Hypnosis

a trancelike state heightened suggestibility 15-20% - unable to by hypnotizes 15-20% - easily to by hypnotize Have sensory distortion of vision or time Can improve attention —peak performance In recovery impressesed/imcomplete memory It can be used to get rid of fears

3. Enriching Encoding

a) Semantic encoding enhanced through elaboration- linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding b) Visual Imagery - some words easier to visualize (running) than others (truth) c) Self-Referent - making material personally relevant d) Motivation to remember - (MTR) if perceived to be important, people will exert more effort to organize information. More of an effect on recall at encoding than at retrieval.

Engrams

are not yet determined. an engram is A physical memory trace within the brain that is related to a particular memory

Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder (Sleep Apnea):

breathing stops bc tongue blocks airway as throat muscles loses: sufficatin `C Pat machine

Dreaming §Activation-Synthesis and AIM

do NOT reject view of unconscious wishes, BUT suggest that scenario might not be as random

Consciousness and Brain Activity

does not occur from any distinct structure in the brain. Assess via EEG (electroencephalograph) which captures brain waves (vary in amplitude and frequency) §Gamma 38-42 cps - speculated to modulate perception and consciousness §Beta 13-24 cps - normal waking thought, alert problem solving Normal waking thought §Alpha 8-12 cps - deep relaxation, meditation §Theta 4-7 cps - light sleep (daydreaming) §Delta < 4 cps - deep sleep

§Psychodynamic (Freudian)

dream are are unconscious wishes §Wish fulfillment §Manifest content (what we remember and report) vs. §Latent content (actual or underlying wishes that dream represents...since they might be threatening to dreamer, they are hidden in dream's storyline) Freudian perspective : DREAMS ARE OUR UNCONSCIOUSNESS WISHJES COME THRU FORM Dream form Latent content: includes the actual, underlying wishes that the dream represents -disguised content of dreams Manifest content: of the dream is what we remember and report about the dream (story line) -most salient or obvious content if dreams Because underlying wishes (latent content) are threatening to the dreamer, they are hidden in the dream's story line (the manifest content)

DREAMING §Activation-Synthesis Theory

dreams are side-effects of random neural activation that change the production of particular neurotransmitters. Stimulates memories stored in brain. Given our need to make sense of world, brain takes chaotic memories and weaves them into a rational, logical storyline.

•Secondary Reinforcers -

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (e.g., grades, money, applause) THIS REWARD OR PUNISHMENT METHOD MUST MATTER TO THE PERSON — if they don't care u take something away it doesn't matter - won't effect their behavior

Primary Reinforcers

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (e.g., food, water, sex)\ Reinforcement: increase behavior Punishment : decrease punishment

Levels of Processing -

for verbal information, 3 progressively deeper levels of processing a) Structural Encoding - shallow processing emphasizes physical structure of the stimulus (e.g., capital or lowercase letters, length, number of words) b) Phonemic Encoding - what a word sounds like c) Semantic Encoding - meaning of verbal input Levels of processing - deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

•Ebbinghaus -

forgetting nonsense syllables. FORGETTING IS ADAPTIVE

seasonal affective disorder

form of severe depression that occurs in the winter

False memories

found that most of the information stored in memory cannot be recalled after a few hours.

Encoding;

gets info into memory 1. Role of Attention - focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events...can't pay attention to everything...need to be selective Evidence suggests that sensory stimuli are filtered both early (during sensory input) and late (after brain has processed meaning) •When attending to complicated, high-load tasks, selection more likely to occur early •When attending to simpler, low-level tasks, more likely to have later selection

•Progresses in time

he past interferes with the present •Retroactive interference: Material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier •Retrogresses in time - present interferes with the past • •Most researchers suggest that material lost because of interference can eventually be recalled if appropriate stimuli are presented.

Ebbinghaus's research

he was his only participant. research on memory may have led to some misunderstandings about memory because Ebbinghaus found that relearning of information is almost always faster than learning the information the first time.

Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia

hypnosis may influence later behavior - amnesia is created when subjects are told they will remember nothing that happened while they were hypnotized

CONSCIOUSNESS

includes both our environment and our private internal world - it everything we experience §Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment §Our subjective understanding of both the world around us and our private internal world, unobservable to others

ABUSE:

is a procurer for dependence §Withdrawal & tolerance

schemas

is an organized body of information that helps us to understand a situation, but can also bias our interpretation of a situation. James remembered his last psychology quiz questions with clarity. He forgot, however, that the quiz was on only one chapter because most of the quizzes had been on more than one chapter. His expectations about psychology quizzes affected his memory. When we reconstruct memories from our past, we tend to remember information in terms of

Mnemonics

is often used to describe a formal technique for organizing information and increasing the likelihood that the information will be remembered. Creating a rhyme to remember the states and capitals is an organizational strategy

Meditation:

learned technique of refocusing attention Practices that train attention to heightened awareness Deliberate effort to alter consciousness Two Styles 1. Focused attention - Transcendental Meditation (TM) Rise above the state of consciousness FOR BOTH: diaphramitic breathing : Stomach breathing stimulates relaxation 2. Open Monitoring - moment-to-moment experience Mindfulness Meditation Focusing on the here and now and the senses : smelling hearing : Gentily touching the thought doesn't mind too Long on past nor future and IS NON JUDGEMENTAL Environment telling u and body telling u Can help with lower states of anxiety and help control our emotions TAI CHI QI Gong are BOTH marsharlarts with meditation MEDITATION with MOVEMENT PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION

Procedural memory.

memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball,

circadium cycle;

natural body clyce : time we want to be a wake and asleep

Insomnia

not gettin enough sleep Symptoms of depression Both don't feel rested

Disinhibition:

not going to do something in the state of alter conscuoiness you won't normally do in a non altered state

Cross culturally

people are typically happier in the morning, less so during the day, and then rebound at night §For most adults, peak at carrying out cognitive tasks in late morning...focus and concentration declines during the afternoon §Creativity may pick up at night...more tired, but less inhibited.

Analgesia:

people can be induces to have a higher tolerance for pain— this alter state doesn't process pain like it would in delta wave length or awake

amygdala

plays an important role in the storage of memories involving emotion.

hippocampus

s is located below the cortex and is important for consolidation of memory.

verbal store

s part of working memory that handles information relating to speech.

§Hypersomnia

sleeping too much Symptoms of depression Both don't feel rested

dreams-for-survival theory

suggests that we dream because this gives us time to process critical information for our daily survival

Long-term memory

that we can retrieve when we need it •EVIDENCE: •Some people with brain damage - can recall long-term but not new information •Serial position effect - Ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears •Primacy effect -items earlier on list recalled better •Recency effect - items presented later on list recalled better •Long-term memory modules •Declarative memory: For factual information •Procedural memory: For skills and habits •Also referred as non-declarative memory *Information about THINGS in declarative memory, *Information about HOW TO DO THINGS in procedural memory DECLARATIVE DIVIDED INTO: •Semantic memory: For general knowledge, facts about the world and rules of logic •Episodic memory: For events that occur in a particular time, place, or context •Semantic networks: Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information •Spreading activation - Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories •Neuroscience of memory •Engram - Physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory •Hippocampus - Part of brain's limbic system...plays a central role in the consolidation of memories •Amygdala - Another part of limbic system...involved with memories involving emotion

Human memory

the capacity to retain and retrieve information 1. How does information get into memory (ENCODING)? First stage of remembering something 2. How is information maintained in memory (STORAGE)? If not stored adequately, it cannot be recalled later 3. How is information pulled back out of memory (RETRIEVAL)?

DREAMING Activation Information Modulation (AIM) -

theory in which dreams are initiated in the pons, which sends random signals to cortex. Areas of the cortex involved in particular waking behaviors are related to content of dreams (occipital area involved in visual aspects of the dream) not a hidden messgae§

§Narcolepsy

unwilling falls asleep Captaplasy : muscle loss-- girl from video

visual store

x is part of working memory that handles spatial information and the things that you see.

DREAMING §Evolutionary Theory

§Allows us to process information critical to our survival. §Inherited from our early animal ancestors §Ways to process information 24hrs/day §Allows for a consolidation of memories

HALLUCINOGENS

§Cause the most dramatic changes or alterations of consciousness §Risk for Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) aka "Perma-tripping" §Initially act on serotonin causing an unidentified neurochemical chain reaction §LSD (Lysergic Acid) §PCP (Angel Dust) §Psilocybin ('shrooms) §Mescaline (Peyote) - chewed or soaked in a liquid §Marijuana/Hash - link with psychotic disorders §DXM (cough syrup) §Colorado River/Sonoran Desert frogs - produce chemicals as part of defense system that are hallucinogenic. Present in skin and venom & can produce psychoactive effects when smoked. §Ecstasy - MDMA synthetic, psychoactive (mind-altering drug) with hallucinogenic & amphetamine-like properties. COMBINIDNG __ DANGEROUS EASIER TO OD

Why do we sleep?

§Conserve Energy? (energy consumption of brain reduced by 30% during sleep) §Shift work §250,000 sleep-related traffic accidents occur each year & cost 56 billion annually \ MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR DURING DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIMES §17 hrs w/out sleep reaction time similar to BAC of 0.05% §24 hrs w/out sleep reaction time similar to BAC of 0.10% §BUT we usually are unaware of this impact on our thinking and reaction times §Don't know exactly why §Evolutionary Perspective - hard to gather food at night §Replenishes and restores our bodies - reduced activity of brain during non-REM sleep may give neurons chance to repair §Onset of REM sleep stops the release of NTs called monoamines (IMPLICATED IN DEPRESSION) which permits receptor cells to get necessary rest and increase sensitivity during wakefulness §Assist in physical growth & brain development. Release of growth hormones associated with sleep

Sedatives

§Depress activity of the nervous system §Calming effect, drowsiness §Can slow down functioning of heart and lungs §Alcohol BINGE DRINKING: men: 5 or more drinks Women : 4 or more drinks §Barbiturates - "sleeping pills" older version of currently used sedatives §Benzodiazapines: Valium §Ativan Xanax §Halcion §Klonopin §Librium Mixing alcohol with another sedatives : compounding RISK: HIGH for pyshcial dependence, psychological dependence and fatal overdose potential

Sleep Cycle :

§During course of night people repeat sleep cycle about 4x §People who consistently sleep less than 7hrs exhibit increased mortality risk BUT so do those sleeping more than 8 hrs. §In fact, mortality very high for those sleeping more than 10 hours (could be a marker for something else)

STIMULANTS

§Excite the central nervous system - increase production of norepinephrine and dopamine. §Speed up breathing, heart rate, improve mood, suppress appetite §Nicotine §Caffeine §Amphetamines (synthesized in pharmaceutical labs) §Cocaine §Crack - Freebasing (chemical treatment used to extract nearly pure cocaine from ordinary street cocaine-chips of pure cocaine) §Crystal Meth - amphetamines sold as crystalline powder §Adderall/Ritalin

HOW TO GET GOOD SLEEP

§Exercise during the day §Avoid long naps (but take short naps) §Stick to a regular bedtime §Avoid caffeine after lunch §Drink warm milk at bedtime §Avoid sleeping pills §Try not to sleep

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

§Process C: Circadian (from Latin for about a day) §about 24 hours...known as our biological clock §Sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, hormones, digestion §Suprachiasmatic nucleus (in hypothalamus) receives light stimuli from retina & then sends signals to the pineal gland, which secretes hormone melatonin (levels are inhibited by light, are low during the day, begin to increase after darkness & reach peak at mid darkness) § BUT... §Process S: Sleep-wake homeostasis, the accumulation of sleep-inducing (hypnogenic) substances in the brain, which generates a homeostatic sleep drive § §So Process C and Process S in a continual struggle for sleep versus wakefulness § §Both of these processes, Process C and Process S, are influenced by genes and external factors (e.g., food, drugs, meal times, naps, stress, exercise, daily schedules, alarm clocks). §...relative amounts of light and darkness, which varies with seasons of the year, also play a role

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

§Sedatives/Depressants/Downers §Stimulants/Uppers §Hallucinogens/Psychedelics §Opiods/Narcotics

OTHER SLEEP CONSIDERATIONS

§Women typically fall asleep more quickly, sleep for longer periods, and more deeply than do men. They also get up fewer times at night. Get more sleep and sleep longer and deeper but report more issues §Men - fewer concerns about the amount of sleep they get §As people age, they get less sleep §Not getting enough sleep might affect the amygdala...makes you cranky!

Korsakoff's syndrome:

• Afflicts those with long-term alcohol dependence; tendency to repeat the same story

Skinner on Consequences principles :

•Acquisition & Shaping •Extinction/Extinction burst •Spontaneous Recovery — behavior can come back •Stimulus Generalization •Stimulus Discrimination

•Positive Punishment

•Adding something that decreases behavior •Getting written-up at work, coach making you run lines •In theory, spanking—but not really

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY

•Alterations in synaptic transmission at specific sites •May depend on localized neural circuits in brain - memories create unique, reusable pathways in the brain along which signals flow (may be in cerebellum) •Long-term potentiation (LTP) - long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway (thought to occur in hippocampus) •Neurogenesis - discussed to earlier in semester...formation of new neurons. New cells formed constantly in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus •Memory at the level of neurons •Long-term potentiation - Certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned. Number of synapses between neurons increase as dendrites branch out to receive messages •Consolidation - these changes in neurons become fixed and stable in long-term memory

•Schedules of Reinforcement:

•Continuous reinforcement - occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced...good for starting a new response •Intermittent/partial reinforcement: •Fixed Ratio (FR)(number of occurrences passes) Rapid response Know when the reward is coming THE ZIZZA DOT IS CALLED A POST REINFORMENT PAUSE •Variable Ratio (VR) •Based on number of times a behavior occurs •Response reinforced after a specific number of responses have occurred Don't know when the reward is coming— that why they never quit --without a consistent pattern --sam is reinforced every 2 to 10 days for putting his toys away. •Fixed Interval (FI) (Time passed) •Based on time elapsed •Response is reinforced after a specific period of time has elapsed Don't respond until they learn when the time is about to elapse —- scalloping --Sam is reinforced once a week for keeping his room free of clutter all week.' •Variable Interval (VI) Varies around time — randomly changes and thus the response never quits

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

•Elements of Classical Conditioning - type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus •Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (is paired with a neutral — like the bell) •Unconditioned Response (UR) •Conditioned Stimulus (CS) •Conditioned Response (CR) Neutral

LEVELS OF PROCESSING

•Emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed •At shallow levels, information is processed in terms of its physical and sensory aspects •At the deepest level of processing, information is analyzed in terms of its meaning

EYE WITNESS ACCOUNTS

•Hindsight bias - tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out •People are overconfident of their memories •Memory in the courtroom: The eyewitness on trial •Errors by eyewitnesses can result in mistaken identity •Eyewitnesses are prone to memory-related errors due to: •Impact of the weapons used in crimes •Specific wording of questions

Classical Conditioning •Processes & Principles:

•Immunosupression •Attitudes (advertising) •Extinction-gradual weakening & disappearance of a conditioned response tendency (CS presented ALONE without US) •Higher-Order Conditioning •Stimulus Generalization •Stimulus Discrimination •Taste Cues •Taste cues followed by nausea quickly conditioned, but taste cues followed by shock did not • •Preparedness & Phobias •We are more likely to be conditioned to natural threats to our ancestors (spiders, snakes) due to evolutionary forces.

•Key processes in forgetting

•Interference: Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information According to Feldman, with DECAY, it's like old books on library shelves are crumbling and rotting away, leaving room for new arrivals INTERFERENCE - new books knock old ones off the shelf, where they become hard to find or even totally inaccessible. •Cue-dependent forgetting: Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory (e.g., need to think through your day to remember where you left your ID card) •More current research suggest that interference and cue-dependent forgetting are key processes.

FORGETTING:

•Measures of Forgetting •Involve Retention- proportion of material retained & retention interval- length of time between presentation of materials to be remembered & measurement of forgetting •Memory failure is essential to remembering important information •Forgetting helps keep unwanted information from interfering with retrieving information that is wanted •Forms general impressions and recollections WHY WE FORGET •Failure of encoding •Did not pay attention to material in the first place...failure to encode •Decay: Loss of information through non-use •Memory traces - Physical changes that take place in the brain when new material is learned simply fade away or disintegrate over time •But...doesn't explain everything...

FLASHBULB MEMORIES

•Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery...details, however, are often inaccurate, particularly those involving highly emotional events •Source amnesia - Occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but: •Cannot recall where he or she encountered it (meet someone you know, but you can't remember where you met him or her)

Skinner on Consequences

•Neutral •Reinforcement •Positive & Negative •Punishment •Positive & Negative

SENSORY MEMORY

•Operates as a kind of snapshot that stores information for a brief moment in time •Iconic memory - Reflects information from the visual system (lasts less than a second) •Echoic memory - Stores auditory information coming from the ears (fades within 2-3 seconds) •Information-Processing Theories - incoming information passes through two temporary storage buffers - the sensory store & short-term store, before becoming transferred into a long-term store. • •Sensory Memory - maintains information in its original sensory form for only a fraction of a second...gives time to recognize stimuli. Some believe more of an echo of memory compared to storage. Unless the information in the "snapshot" is transferred to some other type of memory, it is lost

•Memory

•Selective •A reconstructive process hree key processes of memory

RETRIEVAL CUES

•Stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory •Recall: Specific piece of information must be retrieved •Recognition: Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he/she has been: •Exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives

•Negative Punishment

•Taking something away to decrease behavior •Like response costs; being grounded, or timeout PROBLEM WITH PUNISHMENT : tells u what not to do but not what to do

STAGES OF SLEEP

( EACH CYCLE HAPPENS 4-5 EACH TIMES A NIGHT) GEDs monitor waves CPS: cycles poer second §Stage 1 - theta waves - ~ 10 minutes (transition from wakefulness to sleep) Hpnogogic : falling in sleep Hypnopompic : waking up (More Common in women Especially when under stress) §Stage 2 - sleep spindles - ~ 20 -25 minutes (overall, makes up about ½ of total sleep time for those in early 20s) §Stages 3 & 4 - Delta waves - Slow Wave Sleep ~30 mins during first cycle (stage 4 - least responsive to outside stimulation) §REM - Rapid Eye Movement - ~10 minutes during the first cycle and up to 90 minutes during last cycle (dominated by beta waves) Most dreaming occurs here §REM - 20% of total sleeping time...heart rate increases & becomes irregular, blood pressure rises, breathing increases BUT major muscles of body appear paralyzed...often referred to as paradoxical sleep— sometimes paradoscle When people are SLEEP DEPRIVES their body will go right into REM Sleep as means to make up or rebound for lack of sleep

§Waking Consciousness

- aware of our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. ALL other states of consciousness are considered altered states of consciousness (e.g., sleeping, dreaming, drug use, hypnosis)

IMPROVING MEMORY: MNEMONIC DEVICES '

.Adequate Rehearsal - improves retention. Also, testing effect, taking a test enhances retention...therefore, take practice tests. 2.Overlearning - continued rehearsal, even after you appear to have mastered it 3.Schedule Distributed Practice- instead of cramming 4.Deep Processing - better to process information deeper than to keep repeating it 5.Acrostics - phrases or poems 6.Acronym - word formed out of 1st letter of a series of words (Roy G Biv) 7. Rhymes - 8. Link Method - forming a mental image of items to be remembered 9. Method of Loci - images remembered walking along a path

Behavioral Modification

.Identify/Specify Target Behavior 2.Gather Baseline Data (antecedents & consequences) before any changes are made 3.Design Your Program/Select a strategy (to increase or decrease response) 4.Implement Your Program (make up behavioral contract/have someone else dole out reinforcers & punishments) 5.Gather good data/keep good records 6.Conditions to Evaluate and End Your Program

stimulant

: a class of drugs that has an arousal effect on the central nervous system. EX) nicotine coffee

physiological drug dependence

: the body become so accustomed to functioning with the aid of a drug

stimulus discrimination

A person learns that grocery shopping is enjoyable in the early morning when stores tend to be empty, but not at 5pm when they tend to be very crowded.

night terrors

A person who wakes suddenly from non-REM sleep and has feelings of extreme fear and panic and heightened physiological arousal has likely experienced a Average person has 24 nightmares per year—- typically every other week

Learning

ANY relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience

Social cognitive approach

Albert Bandura's perspective on learning, which includes observational learning,: model others

§Sleep Terror Disorder

BEFROE REM sleep : Non-rem slep much less commonn accompanied with a physical fear character of the person but they are not awake (we can see the panic hear the fear but the person is are asleep)

Observational Learning

Bandura - both classical and operant conditioning can take place "vicariously" through observational learning