PYSCHOLOGY CHAPTER THREE

What attribute of sound allows us to distinguish loud from soft sounds?

Amplitude

_____________ is an attribute of sound that indicates the amount of pressure the sound wave produces, relative to a standard.

Amplitude

_______________ is an attribute of sound that indicates the amount of pressure the sound wave produces, relative to a standard.

Amplitude

Which structure receives information from the hair cells of the inner ear and conveys that information to the brain's auditory system?

Auditory Nerve

______ cues are depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.

Binocular

When transmitting information from the retina to the brain, _____ cells receive information from the rods and cones, then relay that information to _____ cells that carry information to the optic nerve and brain.

Bipolar; Ganglion

When transmitting information from the retina to the brain, ______________ cells receive information from the rods and cones, then relay that information to ______________ cells that carry information to the optic nerve and brain.

Bipolar; Ganglion

What do the cornea and lens have in common?

Both focus light

The Gestalt principles include _____.

Closure Proximity Similarity

Which of the following are the Gestalt principles of organization?

Closure Proximity Similarity

The _____ is a fluid-filled coil in the inner ear.

Cochlea

The ___________ is the part of the auditory system that is fluid-filled and coiled in shape, much like a snail's shell.

Cochlea

The function of the outer ear is to _____.

Collect and Channel Sounds

_____ are receptor cells contained in the retina and are useful in color perception, particularly in bright-light conditions.

Cones

_________________ are the receptor cells in the retina that we use for color vision.

Cones

Though the image projected on your retina by a moving object changes, due to perceptual ______________, you know the object is not actually changing shape.

Constancy

_________ perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally.

Depth

Which of the following are functions of the sense of smell?

Determining acceptable food Avoiding rotten food Detecting dangers in the environment (e.g., the smell of smoke)

The difference between the images in the two eyes, or the _______________ , is the binocular cue the brain uses to see in three dimensions.

Disparity

The _____ is the part of the middle ear that vibrates when it is hit by sound waves.

Eardrum

T or F: All parts of the body have equally sensitive senses of touch.

False

T or F: Only some people have a blind spot on the retina.

False

T or F: The trichromatic theory of color vision outlines three different types of rods that work together to create our experience of color vision.

False

Neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular characteristics of a stimulus, such as the lines and angles that make up the stimulus, are called _____________ ______________.

Feature Detectors

The ____ of the retina is the place where we are best as processing visual detail.

Fovea

The _________ of the retina is the place where we are best as processing visual detail

Fovea

The _____________ is a spot in the center of the retina where we are best at processing visual detail.

Fovea

The number of full sound wavelength cycles that pass through a point in a given time is called _____.

Frequency

The ______ includes the principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Gestalt Perspective

The school of psychology that emphasizes that people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns is called _____.

Gestalt Psychology

Optical _____________ occur(s) because the cues we use to perceive the environment can lead to errors in artificial settings.

Illusions

Which of the following occur(s) because the cues we use to perceive the environment can lead to errors in artificial settings?

Illusions

The function of the ______ ear is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain.

Inner

Where do sound vibrations get transformed into neural signals that can be sent to the brain?

Inner Ear

Which of the following are attributes of the retina?

It contains rods and cones. It converts light into electrical impulses to be sent to the brain.

Information about movement, posture, and orientation is provided via the _____ senses.

Kinesthetic

Which of the following are monocular cues that help with depth perception?

Linear Perspective Familiar Size Texture Gradient

In the sense of touch, we detect _____ energy.

Mechanical

__________ energy is the type of environmental energy we detect with the sense of touch.

Mechanical

The ___________ ear channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup.

Middle

The eardrum is the part of the _____________ ear that vibrates when it is hit by sound waves.

Middle

_________________ cues are powerful depth cues that are available from the image in one eye.

Monocular

The perception that a stationary object is moving is called apparent _____________.

Movement

The ______________ is an active instrument, and we actively sniff when we are trying to track the source of an object of interest

Nose

The ________________- _________________ theory of color vision outlines how receptor cells for color vision are linked in pairs.

Opponent Process

Which theory suggests that cells in the visual system respond in excitatory/inhibitory pairs, such as red/green or blue/yellow?

Opponent-Process Theory

The __________________ ____________________ is the place where the optic nerve fibers divide. As a result of this division, what we see in the left side of our vision is processed in the right side of the brain, and vice versa.

Optic Chiasm

The _____ carry(ies) visual information from the eye to the brain for further processing.

Optic Nerve

The sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies is called _____.

Pain

The taste buds in the mouth are contained in rounded bumps called _____.

Papillae

_____________ is the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways.

Parallel Processing

The main cortical destination of touch information is the _____ lobes of the brain.

Parietal

Due to _____ constancy, you know that an image projected on your retina by a moving object is not actually changing shape.

Perceptual

What is the purpose of the semicircular canals?

Physical Balance

The outer, visible, funnel-shaped part of the ear is called the _____.

Pinna

_______________ is the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound.

Pitch

_____________ feedback is coordinated by the vestibular sense and the kinesthetic senses.

Proprioceptive

The ______________ is the part of the eye in which visual images are converted to electrical impulses that can be transmitted to the brain.

Retina

The _______________ is the part of the eye in which visual images are converted to electrical impulses that can be transmitted to the brain.

Retina

The _______________ is the part of the eye that contains rods and cones.

Retina

The _____ provide feedback to a gymnast's brain as her head and body tilt in different directions.

Semicircular Canals

________________ is the monocular cue that involves changes in perception due to the position of the light and the position of the viewer.

Shading

Tammy states that every time she is around chicken frying, it reminds her of a picnic she and her parents went on when she was four years old. What sense is likely the most involved in this behavior?

Smell

Which sense is most closely associated with memory?

Smell

When something causes a vibration and air molecules begin to move, _______________ waves are created and can be detected by the ear.

Sound

After transmitting to the sensory fibers in the skin, where does touch information go to reach the brain?

Spinal Cord Brain Stem Thalamus Parietal Lobes

The name for receptor cells located on the tongue that can sense taste is _____.

Taste Buds

Depth perception is responsible for our ability to view the world in _____.

Three Dimensions

Which of the following body parts would be the MOST sensitive to touch stimulation?

Tip of the Finger

What is a function of the middle ear?

To amplify sound vibrations

What is the purpose of pain?

To communicate when the body is being harmed

The ____________ theory of color vision outlines three types of cones that work together to form color vision.

Trichromatic

The study of individuals with deficiencies in color vision (also called "color blindness") provides support in favor of ___________________ the theory of color vision

Trichromatic

T or F: The purpose of the vestibular sense is to provide feedback about the body's movements and balance.

True

Tom's balance and movement skills on the gymnastic rings are superb. He obviously has a well-developed _____ sense.

Vestibular

Which sense provides information about balance and movement?

Vestibular

Proprioceptive feedback is coordinated by which of the following?

Vestibular sense Kinesthetic senses

When air molecules begin to move, a _____ is created and detected by the ear.

Vibration

The ______ cortex, located in the occipital lobe of the brain, is the part of the cerebral cortex that primarily deals with vision.

Visual

The ___________ cortex, located in the occipital lobe of the brain, is the part of the cerebral cortex that primarily deals with vision.

Visual

The _____________ cortex processes sensory information from the eyes in the occipital lobe of the brain.

Visual

Sound ____________ are the movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration.

Waves

Why do people have a blind spot in vision?

There are no rods or cones in the space where the optic nerve passes through the retina

Information regarding temperature is processed by ______________ cells in the skin.

Thermoreceptor