Quiz 1 - 1/23
Young-old
65-74.
frail elderly
75+ with health concerns.
Middle-old
75-84.
Old-old
85-99.
Stage 7: Middle Adulthood (45-65)
Generativity vs stagnation.
Psychosocial aging
Give reasons for the responses and interactions older adults have with society during late adulthood.
urge urinary incontinence
involuntary passage of urine occurring soon after a strong sense of urgency to void.
centenarians
people 100 years old or older.
Baby Boomers
people born between 1946 and 1964.
Elite-old
100+.
Condition that may cause the older adult to develop hypertension
Arteriosclerosis.
Stage 2: Toddler (1-3)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt.
Nursing interventions for adult with peripheral vascular disease
Avoid standing in place for long times, walking, don't cross legs, avoid smoking.
Older adult hood 4 subgroups
Begins at age 65.
Wear and tear theory - biologic
Cells of the body wear out from internal and external stress, incusking chemical damage, trauma, or dysfunction of body symptoms and buildup of waste products.
Cardiovascular system age related changes
Changes involve loss of structural elasticity. It takes longer for the heart to contract and the chambers to fill. Heart valves become thicker and more rigid. There is a decrease in pacemaker cells, and the electrical conduction is slowed. Resting heart rate may decrease. Arteriosclerosis develops, which increases blood pressure.
Gastrointestinal system age related changes
Decreased secretion of saliva and enzymes in the intestinal tract Atrophy and decreased tone of the intestine Decreased peristalsis Changes may be intensified by medications, lack of fluids or dietary roughage, and lack of exercise.
Stress related problems as caregiver when caring for older adult
Depression, anxiety, increased vulnerability to physical health problems.
Activity theory - psychosocial
Develop a positive concept of self as a result of maintaining ongoing social interactions.
Integumentary system age related changes
Dry and thin skin, skin loses tone, loss of fat under the skin, age spots, hair grays and thins, nails become brittle and turn yellow.
Free radical theory - biologic
During metabolic activity of the body that produces energy, extra electrons are released that build up in the body and combine chemically which damage cells and interfere with normal body function.
Stage 8: Late Adulthood (65+)
Ego integrity vs despair.
Condition that may lead to weight gain
Hypothyroidism.
Stage 5: Adolescence (12-19)
Identity vs role confusion.
immunologic theory - biologic
Immune system becomes less effective and can not distinguish between foreign and host cells.
Erikson's Developmental Stages - psychosocial
In the last stage of life, the task is acceptance of life and one's own lifestyle, which potentially results in ego integrity. Inability to achieve a level of acceptance results in anger and despair.
Why is health care relevant to the older population becoming more complex
Increased life expectancy, greater focus on ethical and legal issues related to life, disease research, scientific advances in treating life threatening conditions.
Stage 3: Preschool (4-6)
Initiative vs guilt.
Stage 6: Young Adulthood (20-44)
Intamacy vs isolation.
Genitourinary system age related changes
Kidney function decreases, water capacity decreases, incontinence sometimes occurs, estrogen levels decline in women, enlargement of the prostate gland in men.
Musculoskeletal problem that causes the individual to stoop forward
Kyphosis.
Programmed aging theory - biologic
More and more cells no longer have the capacity to regenerate themselves.
Which element of the integumentary system become brittle and thick
Nails.
disengagement theory - pyschosocial
Older adults and society gradually withdraw from eachother.
Genetic factors theory - biologic
People inherit a genetic program that determines their specific life expectancy.
Continuity theory - psychosocial
Personality remains the same, and behavior becomes more predictable as people age.
In the older population the skin is at risk for
Pressure ulcers.
Exchange theory - psychosocial
Reduced interaction between older adult and society.
Endocrine system age related changes
The levels of hormones secreted and the response of body tissue to hormones change with age.
Reproductive system age related changes
There are diminished levels of male and female hormones. There is diminished sexual function. Menopause in women decreases vaginal secretions and the pH becomes more alkaline.
Nervous system age related changes
There is a decline in the number of peripheral nerve cells and fibers, as well as brain cells. Nerve impulse transmission in the nervous system slows, resulting in slower reaction time. Autonomic nervous system changes include decreased efficiency in maintaining normal body temperature and in the pulse returning to normal after exercise or stress
Musculoskeletal system age related changes
There is a reduction in the number and size of active muscle fibers with decreased muscle strength. Joints become less elastic and flexible with the loss and calcification of cartilage. Demineralization of bone leads to osteoporosis. Changes in the spine bone structure and compression of intravertebral discs result in postural changes such as kyphosis.
Biologic theories of aging
They attempt to explain why the body ages.
Respiratory system age related changes
Tissues of lungs and bronchi become less elastic and more rigid with age. The chest wall is less able to expand because of changes in the skeletal system. Muscles associated with respiration are weakened, so that lung expansion and vital capacity are decreased. Overall, the older person's air exchange is reduced, and secretions remain in the lungs.
What will help prevent pressure ulcers
Turning every 2 hours.
Disease that is increasing in incidence among older adults
Type 2 diabetes.
Standing in one place for long periods of time causes
Venous stasis.
Sensory perception age related changes
Visual impairment Hearing impairment Touch and position
Erickson's stages of psychosocial development
[formation of identity] trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v role confusion, intimacy v isolation, generativety v stagnation, integrity v despair.
Presbycusis
age related hearing loss.
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing.
respite care
give caregivers a break.
presbyopia
impaired vision as a result of aging.
functional urinary incontinence
inability of usually continent person to reach toilet in time to avoid unintentional loss of urine.
Stage 4: School Age (7-11)
industry vs inferiority.
Removal of what helps the individual with pneumonia
secretions.
Stage 1: Infancy (birth - 1)
trust vs mistrust.
Polypharmacy
use of multiple medications.
