Quiz 1 Patho

Idiopathic

cause is unknown

Etiology

cause of disease

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation characterization of tumor cells degree of anaplasia

Hydropic swelling

cellular swelling due to accumulation of water (reversible)

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years" Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

cigarette smoking

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

Extreme cold injuries cells by all the following except

decrease blood viscosity

Atrophy

decrease in cell size

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

Pathogenesis

development of disease from initial stimulus to signs and symptoms

Epidemic

disease spread to many people at the same time

Dyplasia

disorganized appearance of cells, size, shape, and arrangement

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia

a disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

endorphins and enkephalins

endogenous opioids, raise pain threshold, produce sedation and euphoria

the primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

energy and repair

Somatic death refers to death

entire organism

Types of necrosis

fat (pancreas), caseous (lungs), liquefactive (brain), coagulative- most common(heart)

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight response increases heart rate widens bronchial passage decreases movement of large intestine vasoconstriction causes pupil dilation raises blood pressure activates sweat glands

Alarm stage

fight or flight; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Allostasis

helps the body adapt to stressors to regain homeostasis

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

the effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

allostatic overload

inability to maintain homeostasis

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

growth hormones

increases during stress to enhance immune function

epinephrine

increases heart beat, increase cardiac output, elevates blood glucose levels

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

insulin

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations

Reperfusion injury to cells

involves formation of free radicals

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. This, the tumor

is malignant.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells

a patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called ____ stage.

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

the effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

oxytocin

moderates stress response

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

necrosis

Irreversible cell damage

necrosis

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age

Exhaustion

point where body can no longer return to homeostasis

cortisol

primary glucocorticoid

indicators that individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

carbon monoxide injuries cells by

reducing oxygen levels on hemoglobin

Homeostasis

remaining stable internally while adjusting to changing external conditions; a stable of balance

Metaplasia

replacement of one cell type with another

Metaplasia

replacement of one cell type with another.

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention

Clinical Manifestations

signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective) and syndrome (etiology of s/sx has been determined)

Prolactin

similar to growth hormone

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

after suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

General Adaptation Syndrome seyle stages (GAS)

the process the body goes through when exposed to stress

Pathophysiology

the study of abnormal changes in body function

Epidemiology

the study of how diseases occur in different populations

the nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity

true

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor

the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt lymphoma

latrogenic

Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

the cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

immune cytokines

Enhance immune system response

intracellular accumulation

Excess accumulation of substances in cells. (reversible)

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. (secondary level)

familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

what are neurohormonal mediators of stress and adoptation

Norepinephrine, epinephrine(adrenaline), adrenocortical steroids, cortisol, aldosterone, endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines, sex hormone, growth hormones, prolactin, oxytocin.

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

Streptococcal infection

paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involves excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excess amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

calcium

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas

malignant neoplasms of epithelial are known

carcinomas

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53

aldosterone

Primary mineralocorticoid Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water Increases blood pressure

Resistance

activity of the nervous& endocrine systems returning the body to homeostasis

Stressers

agents/conditions that can produce stress

all the following stress induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

risk factors

conditions or situations that increase possibility of encountering stressors

Norepinephrine

constricts blood vessels, raise BP, reduce gastric secretion, increase vision

adrenocortical steroids

critical to maintain homeostasis, cortisol, & aldosterone