Quiz 1 Patho
Idiopathic
cause is unknown
Etiology
cause of disease
Cancer grading is based on
cell differentiation characterization of tumor cells degree of anaplasia
Hydropic swelling
cellular swelling due to accumulation of water (reversible)
Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years" Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is
cigarette smoking
A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?
"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease
Extreme cold injuries cells by all the following except
decrease blood viscosity
Atrophy
decrease in cell size
The primary effect of aging on all body systems is
decreased functional reserve
Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular is
deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types
Pathogenesis
development of disease from initial stimulus to signs and symptoms
Epidemic
disease spread to many people at the same time
Dyplasia
disorganized appearance of cells, size, shape, and arrangement
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia
a disease that is native to a particular region is called
endemic
endorphins and enkephalins
endogenous opioids, raise pain threshold, produce sedation and euphoria
the primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
energy and repair
Somatic death refers to death
entire organism
Types of necrosis
fat (pancreas), caseous (lungs), liquefactive (brain), coagulative- most common(heart)
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response increases heart rate widens bronchial passage decreases movement of large intestine vasoconstriction causes pupil dilation raises blood pressure activates sweat glands
Alarm stage
fight or flight; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Allostasis
helps the body adapt to stressors to regain homeostasis
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy
the effects of excessive cortisol production include
immune suppression
allostatic overload
inability to maintain homeostasis
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
growth hormones
increases during stress to enhance immune function
epinephrine
increases heart beat, increase cardiac output, elevates blood glucose levels
Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
insulin
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
interrupted blood supply
The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is
intracellular accumulations
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. This, the tumor
is malignant.
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
kill rapidly dividing cells
a patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called ____ stage.
latent
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
liquefactive
the effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system
oxytocin
moderates stress response
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis
Irreversible cell damage
necrosis
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
occurs at an earlier age
Exhaustion
point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
cortisol
primary glucocorticoid
indicators that individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
pupil constriction
carbon monoxide injuries cells by
reducing oxygen levels on hemoglobin
Homeostasis
remaining stable internally while adjusting to changing external conditions; a stable of balance
Metaplasia
replacement of one cell type with another
Metaplasia
replacement of one cell type with another.
An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of
secondary prevention
Clinical Manifestations
signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective) and syndrome (etiology of s/sx has been determined)
Prolactin
similar to growth hormone
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical
after suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention
General Adaptation Syndrome seyle stages (GAS)
the process the body goes through when exposed to stress
Pathophysiology
the study of abnormal changes in body function
Epidemiology
the study of how diseases occur in different populations
the nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity
true
The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
tumor necrosis factor
the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
tumor necrosis factor
Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including
Burkitt lymphoma
latrogenic
Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
DNA
the cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
DNA
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
immune cytokines
Enhance immune system response
intracellular accumulation
Excess accumulation of substances in cells. (reversible)
Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?
It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. (secondary level)
familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
what are neurohormonal mediators of stress and adoptation
Norepinephrine, epinephrine(adrenaline), adrenocortical steroids, cortisol, aldosterone, endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines, sex hormone, growth hormones, prolactin, oxytocin.
C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is
Streptococcal infection
paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involves excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excess amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is
calcium
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as
carcinomas
malignant neoplasms of epithelial are known
carcinomas
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
P53
aldosterone
Primary mineralocorticoid Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water Increases blood pressure
Resistance
activity of the nervous& endocrine systems returning the body to homeostasis
Stressers
agents/conditions that can produce stress
all the following stress induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone
Proto-oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that promote growth
risk factors
conditions or situations that increase possibility of encountering stressors
Norepinephrine
constricts blood vessels, raise BP, reduce gastric secretion, increase vision
adrenocortical steroids
critical to maintain homeostasis, cortisol, & aldosterone