Quiz 11- Substance Abuse/ Sex and Gender DIsorders
Is the lack of orgasm during intercourse abnormal for female?
No, its not abnormal it is normal it a women doesn't have an orgasm during sexual activity
what is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
characterized by a lack of interest in sex and little sexual activity
what is delayed ejaculation
characterized by a repeated inability to ejaculate or by a very delayed ejaculation after normal sexual activity w/ a partner
what is exhibitionistic disorder
characterized by arousal from the exposure of genitals in public setting, person wants to shock or suprise
disorders of desire
consists of an interest in or urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attration to others; 2 dysfunctions affect this phase; male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, female sexual interest/arousal disorder
A psychological explanation for substance abuse could be someone who is trying to ________ with stressful life situations
cope
A woman who experiences little sexual response to erotic cues and physical stimulation is MOST likely experiencing: A) sexual interest/arousal disorder. B) hypersexuality. C) vaginismus. D) gender dysphoria.
A) sexual interest/arousal disorder.
When a fetishist imagines the object of the fetish, then immediately imagines an aversive stimulus, the behavioral approach used is _____ sensitization.
covert
Having a positive relationship with one's mother is associated with ______ in women. A) positive orgasm outcomes B) hypoactive desire C) hyperactive desire D) paraphilia
A) positive orgasm outcomes
_____________ is usually severe and involves a substance disorder.
Addiction
Replacing a bad substance with something that mimics the same feeling without the harmful effects is known as what kind of treatment?
Agonist treatment.
A person's thoughts, actions, feelings, or impulses being in conflict with their core beliefs, personality, and/or self-image is called:
Ego-Dystonic
What is Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT)?
It is a comprehensive treatment program that involves the long-term prescribing of methadone as an alternative to the opioid on which the client was dependent.
What is an hallucinogen?
It is a substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations. Also called psychedelic drug.
What are some of the dangers of Heroin?
It is one of the most addictive drugs and overdose is common. Easy to contract things like AIDS/HIV, Hepatitis C through use of needles. Mix with other cheap substances like battery acid or cyanide can be deadly.
The peak of subjective euphoria while injecting cocaine occurs when in relation to the dopamine-using neuron activity?
It occurs at about the same time as the peak of dopamine-using neuron activity
Monica has been experiencing recurrent pain during sexual intercourse with her partner, although she does not lack interest and can become adequately aroused. Monica MOST likely suffers from:
dyspareunia
What chemical substance has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties, produces euphoria, cognitive distortions, produces feelings of intimacy and well-being?
ecstacy
The principle or technique in sexual dysfunction treatment where the sex therapist helps the patients identify and express upsetting emotions tied to past events is called:
emotional identification
Measuring nocturnal penile tumescence is an important part of determining whether _____ has a biological cause or is rooted in psychological factors.
erectile disorder
Measuring nocturnal penile tumescence is an important part of determining whether or not _____ has a biological cause or is rooted in psychological factors.
erectile disorder
Disorders of the orgasm phase include all of the following EXCEPT:
erectile dysfunction
disorders of excitement in men
erection of the penis
Since the birth of her son almost 2 years ago, Darja has had little interest in sex with her husband. She almost never initiates sexual activity, and experiences little excitement and sensation when they do have sex. Darja is MOST likely suffering from:
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
The campus "bra bandit" steals women's underwear from the campus laundry and then masturbates with the stolen undergarments back in his room. The MOST accurate diagnosis for this person would be _____ disorder.
festishistic
Medical science has developed several medications to help men who suffer from erectile difficulties. Which is NOT one of these medications?
fluxenafil
what is sensate-focus
focus on everything but sex
erectile disorder treatment
focus on reducing a mans performance anxiety, increasing stimulation -
Pedophilia
for 6 months, wanting sex with someone 1 years of younger -5 year age range
Robert has an unusual sexual interest. He gets tremendous sexual satisfaction out of putting himself in crowded situations (elevators, subways, public buses) and rubbing his genitals against unsuspecting strangers. Robert might BEST be diagnosed as suffering from:
frotteuristic disorder
what is acquired type
got it sometimes
Low dosages of Sedative-Hypnotic drugs ....
have calming and sedative effects
Greg suffers from _____ type pedophilia. On his computer, he keeps photographs only of early pubescent girls.
hebephilic
Biological Therapy treatments
help people withdraw from substances, abstain from them, maintain level of use without further increasing -helpful when combined with other approaches -detoxification, antagonist drugs, drug maintenance therapy
self-instruction training
helps patient change their negative reactions to sex -learn to replace negative statements during sex with "coping statments"
A biological explanation for substance abuse could be h_________________ i_____________ or genes
hereditary influence
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; female orgasmic disorders; biological
hormone therapy or use of sildenafil (Viagra)
Dr. Rein is treating a few patients with excessive sexuality or _____. Although this disorder is not listed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Dr. Rein supports adding it in the future.
hyper sexuality
Biomedical research seeking an explanation for gender dysphoria has found some evidence that the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) in the _____ of those with gender dysphoria is markedly similar to that of people of the opposite gender.
hypothalamus
An exhibitionist exposes himself to a bystander. Which response would be the LEAST satisfying by the bystander for the exhibitionist?
ignoring the exhibitionist
what's a covert sensitization
imaginary, thinking about it
There are many possible psychological causes of disorders of desire. Many cognitive theorists suggest that a belief that sex is _____ is a common attitude that contributes to this type of sexual dysfunction.
immoral or dangerous
Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorder
includes hallucinations and delusions
Nonmedical Use of OxyContin in the US
increased dramatically over the past decade (annual new users in 1995 = 21; 2003 = 721)
Nonmedical use of prescription drugs by 18-25yos
increasing every year Any - 25% Vicodin, Lorcet, Hydrocodone -around 17% Perocet, Perocodan, Tylox, Oxycodone - 10% or less OxyContin - 5%
High dosages of Sedative-Hypnotic drugs...
induce sleep; hypnotics
What chemical substance involves use of chemical vapors found in common household items like aerosol cans, solvents, etc, and are most common among 12-17 year old males, can impair coordination and judgement, cause euphoria, and leads to oxygen deprivation in the brain?
inhalants
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
involuntary contractions of the vaginal muscles typically involves two approaches; practices tightening and releasing the muscles of the vagina to gain more voluntary control, overcome fear of penetration through gradual behavioral exposure treatment
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder:
involves persistent difficulties with: -vaginal penetration during intercourse -marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during intercourse or attempts -marked fear about pain in anticipation of intercourse -marked tensing or tightening of the pelvic floor muscle during attempted intercourse -about 15% of women report recurrent pain during intercourse
Low dosage of cannabis...
joy and relaxation -may become anxious, suspicious, and irritated
A sociocultural explanation for substance abuse could be the __________ and how it is portrayed through it
media
The process of covert sensitization for fetishism involves:
mentally pairing a fetish object with an aversive stimulus
what are the general features of sex therapy
modern sex therapy is short-term and instructive 15-10 sessions, centered on specific sexual problems rather than on broad personality issues
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; desire
most difficult to treat because of many issues that feed into them, affectual awareness, self-instruction training, behavioral techniques, insight-oriented exercises, and biological interventions such as hormone treatments
What decreases in effect of substance occurring after chronic use, where a person needs more of a substance to get the same effect?
tolerance
Male-to-female gender dysphoria: autogynephilic type and _____ are often confused.
transvestic disorder
Drug maintenance therapy
people with addiction are given laboratory opioid methadone as a substitute for heroin -become dependent on methadone, but is maintained under safe medical supervision
Ramone and Jolie have been instructed by their therapist to focus on sexual pleasure that can be achieved without demands to have intercourse or reach orgasm. They have been told to refrain from intercourse for now and to focus on kissing, hugging, and sensual massage. Ramone and Jolie's therapist is MOST likely trying to eliminate:
performance anxiety
Which is not a physical reason for erectile dysfunction?
performance anxiety
what is a lifelong type
person has always had it, doesn't know anything else, never not had a problem w/ it
The procedure of constructing a functioning penis in a sex-change operation is called:
phalloplasty
What is known as the state of adaption that occurs after chronic exposure to a substance?
physiological dependence
what are clinicians administering SSRI's for
to reduce the compulsion-like sexual behaviors
Aspirin uses what kind of reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement.
Tolerance and withdrawal will affect anyone who has a what?
Substance abuse disorder.
Disease model
people are biologically incapable of using a substance w/o abusing it
what are paraphilias
people who initiate sexual contact w/ children warrant a diagnosis of pedophilic disorder regardless of how troubled the individuals may or may not be over their behavior
types of synthetic hallucinogens
-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) -Bath salts (stimulant) -MDMA (ecstasy)
What do you call the act of gambling your money in the hopes of replacing what you lost?
"Chasing"
Sex, food, and drugs all stimulate what kind of activity in the nucleus accumbens?
Dopamine activity.
main types of paraphilias:
*voyeurism- gaining sexual pleasure from watching people undress without their knowledge *exhibitionism- gaining sexual pleasure by exposing oneself to others unexpectedly *sexual sadism/masochism- sexual pleasure from giving/receiving pain *pedophilia- sexual attraction/arousal from children =association with danger, thrill, and risk are important factors
Substance use over time
+ Among college students, use peaked in the 70s + Alcohol consumption continues to be high + Recent spike in abuse of prescriptions (Aderall, Vicodin)
Costs of substance use
+ In the US, $240 billion in accidents, loss of productivity + Alcohol associated with over HALF the deaths in traffic accidents and homicides and 30% of suicides of prescriptions e.g., Aderall, Vicodin
What are some of the dangers of marijuana?
- Can cause panic reactions - Can cause automobile accidents - Fail to remember things even if recently learned so they are at a high disadvantage in school and work - May lead to lung disease - Contains more tar and benzopyrene than tobacco and both cause cancer - Abnormal ovulation or less sperm amongst smokers.
What are sociocultural methods for treatment of Substance Abuse Disorder?
- Self-help and residential treatment programs. - Alcoholics anonymous is a self-help organization that provides support and guidance for persons with alcoholism. -Residential treatment center is a place where formerly addicted persons live, work and socialize in a drug-free environment (therapeutic community).
aversion therapy
- a type of behavioral therapy based on classical conditioning -people are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug, after repeated pairings people react negatively to substance and lose craving for it -mostly applied to alcohol
What substances are classified as depressants?
- alcohol - sedative-hypnotic drugs - opioids
What substances are classified as stimulants?
- caffeine - amphetamines - cocaine
What substances are classified as mixed chemical substances?
- nicotine - cannabis - inhalants - ecstasy
Aversive classical conditioning
- taking drugs like disulfiram. Expose to alcohol and allow to be ill - develop classically conditioned response to alcohol
Covert sensitization
- use imagery to create associations between unpleasant thoughts and alcohol use
Synthetics Opiods
-"narcotics" -difference strength, speed of action, and tolerance level
Delirium tremens
-"the DTs" -withdrawal symptoms that can be fatal (may experience seizures, loss of consciousness, suffer a stroke, or even die) -consists of terrifying visual hallucinations that begin within 3 days after they stop using -small percentage of alcohol-dependent people
Associated features of pedophilic disorder:
-90-95% are male -incestuous males may still be aroused by adult females -pedophiles are not aroused by adult females -most rationalize their behaviour -engage in moral compensatory behaviour (eg. church)
Three most widely used Depressant drugs
-Alcohol -Sedative-hypnotic drugs -opiods
What is a drug?
-Any substance other than food that affects out body/mind -Causes temporary changes in behavior, emotion, and thought.
What is BAC affected by?
-Blood Alcohol Content/Concentration -affected by: weight, sex, food, meds,
What are the types of Catatonia?
-Catatonic excitement- move excitedly sometimes wildly wailing arms and legs. -Catatonic stupor- stop responding to environment and remain motionless and mute for days in bed. -Catatonic rigidity- remain rigid for hours and resist to be moved. -Catatonic posturing/waxy- awkward bizarre positions for long period of time.
What are the 4 most common stimulants?
-Cocaine -Amphetamines -Caffeine -Nicotine
4 phases of Human sexual response cycle
-Desire -Excitement -Orgasm -Resolution * dysfunction happens within the first 3 phases
Female Orgasmic Disorder
-Disorder of Orgasm -~25% of women (10% or more have never reached orgasm; 9% reach orgasm rarely) 1. presence of one of the symptoms during almost all occasions of sexual activity lasting 6+ months 2. significant distress or impairment
Early/Premature Ejaculation Disorder
-Disorder of Orgasm -~30% of men experience rapid ejaculation at some time -younger males experience this one 1. during almost all occasions of sexual acitivty with a partner, ejaculation within one minute of beginning the acitivty and before the person wishes it 2. difficulty lasts 6 months or more 3. significant distress or impairment
Delayed Ejaculation Disorder
-Disorder of Orgasm ~80% of males -related to performance anxiety and spectator role 1. Marker delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during almost all occasions of sexual activity with a partner. Last 6+ months 2. Significant distress or impairment
What are the 3 disorders of Orgasm?
-Early/Premature Ejaculation -Delayed Ejaculation -Female Orgasmic Disorder
Human sexual response cycle
-Excitement (male- erection; female- swelling clitoris, vaginal lubrication) -Plateau (increase muscle tension and blood flow to genitals) -Orgasm (sudden discharge of accumulated sexual tension) -Resolution (return to unaroused state)
Characteristics of Cannabis
-Hemp plant (hashish, marijuana) -active ingredient- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects
Which group has a higher rate of alcohol abuse and dependence?
-Native American males-- higher rate of alcohol abuse and dependence than any groups - same for White Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans
Treatment for Substance Use Disorder
-Psychodynamic Therapy -Behavioral Therapy -Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -Biological Therapy -Sociocultural Therapy
What is the difference between Type I and Type II Schizophrenics?
-Type I is dominated by postitive symptoms -Type II displays more negative symptoms
What are the two disorder of Sexual pain?
-Vaginismus- involuntary contractions of the muscles of outer third of the vagina -Dyspareunia-severe pain during sexual activity
Efficacy of psychosocial interventions for paraphilias:
-about 70-100% of cases show improvement -poorest outcomes: rapists and multiple paraphilias -most run a chronic course -relapse rates are high
Overview of sexual dysfunctions:
-affect desire, arousal, and/or orgasm -pain associated with sex can lead to further dysfunction -affects about 28% of women and 18% of men
Characteristics of withdrawal from Opiods
-anxiety, restlessness, later twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, weight loss from dehydration -one of the most difficult withdrawals to experience
Causes of paraphilias:
-associated with sexual and social problems and deficits -inappropriate arousal/fantasy learned early in life -operant conditioning? -high sex drive + suppression of urges/drive
Behavioral Therapy
-aversion therapy -effective only when individuals are motivated to continue with them -work best in combination with other therapies
What are some examples of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
-baribiturates -benzodiazepines -xanax and valium
Opiods
-can be natural (opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone) or synthetic (methadone) -addiction in suburbs of Chicago (Naperville) -used for pain relief and relaxation
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
-cause relaxation and drowsiness -include Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
Nature of gender dysphoria:
-causes are unclear -gender identity develop early (18-36 months) -60% genetic vulnerability -prevalence 0.005-0.01%
relapse prevention therapy for alcohol use disorder
-clients keep track of their drinking behavior by writing down the times, locations, emotions, bodily changes, and other circumstances -clients learn coping strategies to use when risky situations arise (techniques that control rate of drinking and relaxation techniques -clients plan ahead of time , predetermine how many drinks are appropriate, what to drink, and under what circumstances -lower frequency and intoxication/binge drinking
Assessing sexual behaviour and dysfunction:
-comprehensive interview (history of sexual behaviour, lifestyle, etc) -medical examination (must rule out medical causes of sexual dysfunction) -psychological evaluation (exposure to erotic material, pattern or sexual material, penile strain gauge, vaginal photoplethysmograph)
Desire phase of human sexual response cycle
-consists of an interest or urge to have sex, sexual attractions to other, and sexual fantasies
Characteristics of Alcohol
-contains ethyl alcohol absorbed into blood through stomach lining -alcohol helps GABA (inhibitory messenger) shut down neurons to "relax" the drinker -depends on BAC -effects of alcohol subside only after alcohol is metabolized in the liver
Categories of substances used and studied
-depressants -stimulants -hallucinogens -cannibis -Polydrug use
Psychological assessment of paraphilias:
-deviant patterns of sexual arousal -desired sexual arousal to adult content -social skills and the ability to form relationships
Synesthesia
-different senses can cross -colors may be "heard" or "felt"
Psychological treatment of sexual dyfsunctions:
-education alone (surprisingly effective) -Masters and Johnson's intervention (50-70% improvement rates) -squeeze technique (for premature ejaculation) -masturbatory training (female orgasm disorder) -use of dilators -exposure to erotic material (low sexual desire)
premature ejaculation
-ejaculation before the man or partner wishes to -occurring within 1 minute following vaginal penetration -9-21% of adult males meet diagnostic criteria -common in younger, inexperienced males -associated with diminished self esteem, sense of lack of control, and adverse consequences for partner relationships -early pornographic experiences? -genetic contribution?
Characteristics of Cocaine
-euphoric rush of well-being and confidence -increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin -"freebasing" --> heated and inhaled -crack form of freebase- boiled down for smoking in a pipe; makes crackling sound as it is inhaled -depression like letdown ("crashing")
2 disorders of desire
-female sexual interest/arousal disorder -male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
relapse-prevention therapy
-goal of this approach is for clients to gain control over their substance-related behaviors -individuals are taught to identify high=risk situations, change dysfunctional lifestyles, and learn from mistakes and lapses
Psychodynamic Therapy
-guide clients to uncover and work through the underlying needs and conflicts that they believe have led to the substance use disorder -tend to be of greater help with other approaches
Overview and defining features of orgasm disorders:
-have adequate desire and arousal -unable to achieve orgasm -rare in adult males -25% of adult females report difficulty achieving orgasm -50% of adult females report experiencing regular orgasms
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
-help clients identify and change the behaviors and cognitions that keep contributing to their patterns of substance misuse! -help clients develop more effective coping skills -relapse prevention therapy
What are some possible explanations of gender dysphoria?
-higher levels of testosterone or estrogen during fetal development? -non-binary gender? -cultural shifts?
Characteristics of Stimulants
-increase activity of CNS (blood pressure, heart rate, alertness; fasting behavior and thinking)
Prevalence of erectile disorder:
-increase after age 50 -about 13-21% of men between 40-80 years old -50% of men older than 60 may struggle
Cirrhosis
-irreversible condition in which liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional due to long term excessive drinking -accounts for more than 29,000 deaths each year
Classification of sexual dysfunctions:
-lifelong vs. acquired -generalized vs. specific -psychological factors alone -psychological factors combined with medical conditions
Sexual interest/arousal disorder diagnostic criteria and symptoms:
-little or no interest in any type of sexual activity -reduced or absent excitement/pleasure during sexual activity -masturbation, sexual fantasies and intercourse are rare -accounts for half of all complaints at sexual clinics -prevalence about 22% of women and about 6% of men
Associated features of erectile disorder:
-low self esteem, low self confidence, decreased sense of masculinity, depressive symptoms -fear and/or avoidance of sexual encounters
Problems with Barbiturates
-many problems with barbs -abuse, dependence, and overdose -convulsions, addiction -were replaced with benzos because of accidental/suicidal overdoses -can result in sedative-hypnotic use disorder
Defining features of erectile disorder:
-marked difficulty obtaining or maintaining an erection -marked decrease in erectile rigidity
Medical treatment of pedophila:
-medication (=chemical castration, often used for dangerous sex offenders) -drugs greatly reduce sexual desire, fantasy, and arousal -relapse rates are high following medication discontinuation
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
-men persistently lack or have reduced interest in sex and display little sexual activity -rare in men, more common in women (16% of men) 1. persistent or recurrent deficiency of sexual thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity, lasting 6+ months 2. significant distress of impairment
Psychosocial interventions for paraphilias:
-most are behavioural -target deviant and inappropriate sexual associations -covert sensitization: imagining aversive consequences -orgasmic reconditioning: masturbation with appropriate stimuli -family/marital therapy -coping and relapse prevention: self control, risk management
Sociological view of substance use disorder
-most likely to develop substance use disorders when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions -17% of unemployed; 8% of full-time employed; 11.5% of part-time employed -families/social environments where substance use is valued or accepted
Hallucinogens
-natural and synthetic -produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes -substances that cause powerful changes in sensory perception, from strengthening a person's normal perceptions to inducing illusions and hallucinations -psychedelic drugs -include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA (Ecstasy)
Statistics of Alcohol
-nearly 7% of people over 11 are heavy drinkers -5 drinks on at least 5 occasions -3:1 ratio for men:women -binge drinking episodes -80% of teenage pregnancies are from being drunk
Social and cultural contributions to sexual dysfunctions:
-negative scripts about sexuality -erotophobia: learned negative attitudes about sexuality -negative or traumatic sexual experiences -poor interpersonal relationships, lack of communication
High dosages of cannabis...
-odd visual experiences, changes in body image, and hallucination
Overview of pedophilic disorder:
-pedophiles: sexual attraction to young children -incest: sexual attraction to one's own children -victims are typically children or young adolescents -rare but not heard of in females
Psychodynamic views of substance use disorder
-people with substance use disorder have powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their early years -when parents fail to satisfy a young childs need for nurturance -more dependent, antisocial, impulsive, novelty-seeking, and depressive
Gender dysphoria overview and features:
-person feels trapped in the body of the wrong sex -assume identity of desired sex -strong desire for physical and social characteristics of other gender -strong desire to be treated as opposite gender
Biological contributions to sexual dysfunctions:
-physical disease and medical illness -prescription medications -use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs
Erectile Disorder
-pre- DSM-5 "impotence"
Tolerance and withdrawal of Hallucinogens
-rare -risk persisting perception disorder "flashback" (can occur years after drug use)
frotteuristic disorder
-recurrent sexual arousal from touching or rubbing non consenting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviours -may occur in up to 30% of adult males in general population
Characteristics of Benzodiazepines
-relieve anxiety without drowsiness -can still lead to dependence
Sociocultural therapies
-self-help programs, culture-and gender sensitive programs, and community prevention programs
Assessment and diagnosis of sexual dysfunctions:
-semi structured interview -partner factors (partner sexual problems, health status) -relationship factors (poor communication, desire discrepancies) -individual vulnerability factors (poor self image, history of sexual or emotional abuse) -psychiatric comorbidities (depression, stress) -cultural/religious factors -medical factors
Ecstasy affects which neurotransmitter?
-serotonin -causes euphoria and then depression/anxiety
Dysparenunia
-severe pain during sexual activity -~14% of women and 3% of men -usually a physical cause in women (most commonly from injury in child birth)
Treatment of gender dysphoria:
-sex reassignment surgery -75% report satisfaction with new identity (1-7% regret, 2% attempt suicide following surgery) -adjustment is better for female to male transitions -psychological treatment includes realigning gender with sex
Nature of paraphilia disorders:
-sexual attraction or arousal focused on inappropriate people/objects -often multiple paraphilic patterns of arousal -high comorbidity (anxiety, mood, and substance use)
2 categories of sexual disorders
-sexual dysfunctions -paraphilia
Depressants
-slow down the central nervous system (CNS) -reduce tension, inhibitions -affect judgement, motor activity, and concentration
What causes substance use disorder?
-sociocultural, psychological, biological explanations
Relation between sexual sadism and rape:
-some rapists are sadists -most rapists do not show paraphilic patterns of arousal -rapists show sexual arousal to violent sexual and consensual sexual material
Biological Views of substance use disorder
-substance use disorders may have biological causes like genetic predispositions and specific biochemical processes -drug is increasing NT activity, release of NT by the brain is less necessary -increases dopamine
Different ways to take narcotics?
-swallow -inhale (snort) -injected by needle just under the skin ("skin popped") -injected directly into the bloodstream ("mainlined") -smoked --injections quickly bring "rush" (spasm of warmth and ecstasy, orgasmic) --spasm is followed by several hours of pleasurable feelings ("high" or "nod")
Psychological contributions to sexual dysfunctions:
-the role of "anxiety" vs. "distraction" -the nature and components of performance anxiety -psychological profiles associated
polysubstance use
-using more than one drug at once -using a combination of substances
Medical treatments of erectile disorder:
-viagra -injection of vasodilating drugs into penis -penile prothesis or implants -vascular surgery -vacuum device therapy
Typically a person who is going to receive an operation to "reassign" their biological gender's sexual characteristics takes hormones for _____ prior to surgery.
1 to 2 years
About what percent of the population over age 11 shows cocaine abuse or dependence in a typical year?
1%
Asexual
1% of human population may be asexual -its not a choice, its just how you are -not attracted to men or women sexually -people that don't want to have sex or have no interest in having sex
CNS depressants
1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturates 3. Benzodiazepines 4. Inhalants
The effects of alcohol
1. Alcohol enhances GABA in the septal/hippocampal system to sedative effects 2. Also affects serotonin mood changes 3. Rich in neurons
Psychopharamcology
1. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines: (Reduce withdrawal symptoms and mood swings) 2. Antagonist drugs: (Block or change effects of addictive drug; Naltrexone and naloxone - opioid antagonists; Disulfiram) 3. Methadone: (Synthetic opioid, given for life methadone clinics
Classes of Substances
1. CNS depressants 2. CNS stimulants 3. Opioids 4. Hellucinogens and PCP 5. Cannabis (marijuana) 6. Club drugs (ecstasy)
CNS stimulants
1. Cocaine (crack, meth) 2. Amphetamines 3. Nicotine 4. Caffeine
Long-term effects of alcohol
1. Delirium tremens??? 2. Korsakoff's syndrome??? 3. Fetal alcohol syndrome
5 positive symptoms of Schizophrenia:
1. Delusions- firmly held false beliefs 2. Persecution- being tormented/spied on 3. Hallucinations- the experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. 4. Heightened perceptual sensitivity- senses flooded 5. Inappropriate affect- display of emotions don't suit topic/situation
Biological risk factors for substance dependence
1. Family history 2. Twin studies 3. People with greater stimulative effect of alcohol higher risk 4. Greater reward sensitivity in children of alcoholics, but takes more alcohol for them to feel effects
What are the four symptoms that will effect someone who has a dependence disorder?
1. Fever. 2. Chills. 3. Nausea. 4. Pains.
Other classes of substances
1. Hallucinogens and PCP??? 2. Cannabis 3. Club drugs
Opioids
1. Heroin 2. Morphine 3. Painkillers High potential intoxication and dependency potential Low risk of damage/death
Personality risk factors
1. Impulsivity 2. Low impulse control 3. Antisociality 4. Poor emotion regulation skills
Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective on substance abuse
1. Operant conditioning: drug tension reduction reinforced 2. Positive expectancies for alcohol's effects associated with greater risk for abuse 3. Cues are very important! classical conditioning Opponent-process model???
What are the 3 categories for Schizophrenia?
1. Positive symptoms 2. Negative symptoms 3. Psychomotor symptoms
What are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
1. Poverty of speech (Alogia)- reduction in speech/speech content is slow 2. Blunted/flat affect- show little/no emotions 3. Abolition- apathetic and drained of energy/lack of drive 4. Social withdrawal
Motivational Interviewing Stages (Carl Rogers)
1. Pre-contemplation (not considering change) 2. Contemplation (thinking about it/ambivalent about change) 3. Preparation (has decided for change imminently) 4. Action (actually make changes) 5. Maintenance (stopped substances and stayed strong) 6. Relapse (the norm)
What are the three phases of Schizophrenia?
1. Proaromal- functioning deteriorates but no symptoms of schizophrenia. 2. Active- symptoms are full/complete inability to function 3. Residual- functioning returns to proaromal level, negative symptoms remain.
What strategies does Relapse Prevention Training?
1. Therapists have clients keep track of their drinking behavior by writing down times, locations, emotions, bodily changes and other circum. Of their drinking. 2. Therapists teach clients coping strategies to use when risky situations arise, such as techniques that control the rate of drinking and relaxation techniques. 3. Teach to plan ahead of time and predetermine how many drinks are appropriate, what to drink and under what circum.
Under what 4 conditions are recovery most likely for people with Schizophrenia?
1. Type I (+ symptoms) 2. Good premorbid functioning 3. Onset later in life 4. Acute onset related to life stress
What is the duration of Schizophrenia?
> or equal to 6 months
What is Token Economy?
A behavioral program in which a person's desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically throughout the day by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods.
What is Relapse Prevention Training?
A cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions.
As many as _____ percent of women suffer from female orgasmic disorder.
25
While it is difficult to know precisely the number of individuals who suffer from sexual dysfunctions, one large study found that about _____ percent of men and about _____ percent of women in the United States suffer from a sexual dysfunction at some point in their lives.
30; 45
Between _____ percent and _____ percent of all women report having seen or had direct contact with an exhibitionist.
33; 50
For binge drinking, women intake how many drinks during an episode?
4 or more drinks
In one study, when one identical twin had gender dysphoria, there was approximately a _____ percent chance the other twin did too.
40
What percentage of 90-year-old men still masturbate?
40
Alcohol use among undergraduates
44% college students report binge drinking in the last month (5+ drinks in one sitting) obviously a major cause of accidents and sexual assaults
For binge drinking, men intake how many drinks during an episode?
5 or more drinks
What % of Anorexia Nervosa cases are fatal due to medical issues or suicides?
5%
What percentage of 19-year-olds in North America use condoms?
50
To be diagnosed with a disorder of desire, the individual has to have few or no sexual thoughts for how long?
6 months
What is Gambling Disorder?
A disorder marked by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems. Defined by addictive nature of behavior.
What is a sedative or hypnotic drug?
A drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep. Also called anxiolytic drug (these include barbiturates and benzodiazepines.)
What is an enmeshed family pattern?
A family system in which members are overinvolved with each other's affairs and over-concerned about each other's welfare.
What is Milieu Therapy?
A humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity.
What is a para-professional?
A person to whom a particular aspect of a professional task is delegated but who is not licensed to practice as a fully qualified professional.
What is a day-center?
A program that offers hospital-like treatment during the day only. Known as day hospital as well
What is a half-way house?
A residence for people with schizophrenia or other severe problems, often staffed by paraprofessionals. Also known as a group home or crisis house
What is Psychosis?
A state in which a person loses contact with realty in key ways.
Which of the following would a qualified sex therapist be LEAST likely to say to a client? A) "Focus on your performance as if you were a spectator." B) "Try to figure out what events in the past might be impacting your sexual behavior." C) "Maybe if you work on your marital happiness, your sex life will improve." D) "You need to talk more with your partner about what you like and don't like sexually."
A) "Focus on your performance as if you were a spectator."
How does Viagra work? A) It increases blood flow into the penis. B) It draws blood flow out of the penis to create a vacuum. C) It increases testosterone levels. D) It creates new cognitions about sex.
A) It increases blood flow into the penis.
No matter the country—whether it is the United States, Japan, or Russia—women say casual sex is significantly less acceptable than men say it is. These results reflect which of the following regarding gender, country of origin, and sexual attitudes? A) One's gender is the most important determinant. B) One's country is the most important determinant. C) The interaction between sex and country is the most important determinant. D) One's personal history is the most important determinant.
A) One's gender is the most important determinant.
A man awakens after eight hours of normal sleep, and has an unbroken "snap gauge" band. There's a good chance that the man has: A) a physical basis for his erectile problems. B) a case of socioculturally related erectile disorder. C) a case of psychologically related erectile disorder. D) a normal sex life.
A) a physical basis for his erectile problems.
During which period does frotteurism typically develop? A) adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood
A) adolescence
During which period does pedophilia typically develop? A) adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood
A) adolescence
If you were instructed to imagine sexual scenes in order to identify when in the sexual encounter your anxiety about sex first arose, you would be engaging in a therapeutic technique called: A) affectual awareness. B) systematic desensitization. C) orgasmic reorientation. D) sexual satiation.
A) affectual awareness.
Which of the following drugs, used at low levels, may raise the sex drive? A) alcohol B) cocaine C) amphetamines D) pain medication
A) alcohol
Attitudes about women's sexuality are more liberal now, yet the rates of female orgasmic disorders have remained the same. This trend: A) argues against a purely sociocultural cause of female orgasmic disorder. B) suggests that the Victorians were incorrect in their assumptions about clitoral orgasms. C) implies that biological factors are at the root of orgasmic dysfunction. D) means that there must be an interaction of many factors that produce sexual dysfunction.
A) argues against a purely sociocultural cause of female orgasmic disorder.
The view that modern researchers hold about clitoral orgasms is that they are: A) as healthy as vaginal orgasms. B) felt only by sexually dysfunctional women. C) the result of fixation on neurotic infantile needs. D) superior to vaginal orgasms in terms of sexual gratification.
A) as healthy as vaginal orgasms.
Research shows that parents who want to decrease the likelihood that their young daughters will experience orgasmic disorder as adults should: A) be affectionate with each other. B) expose them to liberal religious training. C) make sure they have early sexual experiences. D) punish them for masturbation.
A) be affectionate with each other.
While inflicting pain, perhaps unintentionally, on an animal or person, a teenager may become sexually aroused and later turn out to be a sadist. The theory that BEST describes this example of the development of sadism is: A) behavioral. B) psychodynamic. C) sociocultural. D) biological.
A) behavioral.
What are opioids?
Drugs that include opium or drugs that derived from opium. These include morphine, heroin, and codeine.
A recently married, physically healthy man expresses great love for his new spouse, yet feels almost no sexual desire for her. One likely cause of his condition is: A) belief in a cultural double standard about women. B) decreased testosterone output due to drinking on his wedding night. C) increased estrogen output now that he has "settled down." D) a relationship that is too positive and healthy.
A) belief in a cultural double standard about women.
If someone receives "modern" sex therapy, chances are that the therapy will: A) center on specific sexual problems. B) center on specific personality problems. C) deal with broad biological/cultural issues. D) deal with broad personality issues.
A) center on specific sexual problems.
SSRIs successfully treat paraphilias, MOST likely because of paraphilias' similarity to: A) compulsive-like disorders. B) sexual dysfunctions. C) depression. D) schizophrenia.
A) compulsive-like disorders.
What is thought to be the cause of vaginismus (the involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles)? A) conditioning of a fear response B) nervous system damage from diabetes C) neurological damage in the cerebellum D) a learned aversion to sexual behavior in general
A) conditioning of a fear response
When a fetishist imagines the object of the fetish, then immediately imagines an aversive stimulus, the behavioral approach being used is: A) covert sensitization. B) relapse-prevention training. C) aversion therapy via classical conditioning. D) aversion therapy via operant conditioning.
A) covert sensitization.
In females, the labia swells during which phase of the sexual response cycle? A) desire B) arousal C) orgasm D) resolution
A) desire
What is another name for genital pain during sexual activity? A) dyspareunia B) premature ejaculation C) postmature ejaculation D) male orgasmic disorder
A) dyspareunia
A person who (unfortunately) had the following disorders—clogged arteries, diabetes, kidney failure—would be at special risk for: A) erectile disorder. B) sexual aversion. C) dyspareunia. D) vaginismus.
A) erectile disorder.
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in either low or high levels? A) estrogen B) prolactin C) testosterone D) progesterone
A) estrogen
What were once referred to as frigidity and impotence are dysfunctions that occur during the ______ phase of sexual arousal. A) excitement B) orgasmic C) desire D) resolution
A) excitement
What problem did early behavioral therapists focus on when treating sexual dysfunction? A) fear B) depression C) aggression D) conflict resolution
A) fear
Which of the following pairs are MOST analogous (comparable)? A) female-to-male gender dysphoria and male-to-female gender dysphoria: androphilic type B) female-to-male gender dysphoria and male-to-female gender dysphoria: autogynephilic type C) male-to-female gender dysphoria: androphilic type and male-to-female gender dysphoria: autogynephilic type D) female-to-female gender dysphoria and male-to-male gender dysphoria
A) female-to-male gender dysphoria and male-to-female gender dysphoria: androphilic type
What is the term for the use of and attraction to inanimate objects as a preferred method of achieving sexual excitement? A) fetishism B) pedophilia C) voyeurism D) exhibitionism
A) fetishism
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may contribute to hypoactive sexual desire because someone with this disorder: A) finds contact with body fluids and odors unpleasant. B) compulsively seeks sexual partners. C) obsesses about having no sexual partners. D) is too afraid to enjoy sexual activity.
A) finds contact with body fluids and odors unpleasant.
If someone felt assigned to the wrong sex and identified with the other gender, that person would MOST likely receive a diagnosis of: A) gender dysphoria. B) homosexuality. C) fetishism. D) sexual dysfunction.
A) gender dysphoria.
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? A) graduated cylinders B) masturbatory satiation C) orgasmic reorientation D) aversion therapy
A) graduated cylinders
An otherwise healthy man reports almost no interest in sexual activity, and has had very few sexual experiences in the past several years. That person MOST likely is experiencing: A) hypoactive sexual desire. B) paraphilia. C) sexual aversion. D) sexual repulsion.
A) hypoactive sexual desire.
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder differs from male hypoactive sexual desire disorder MOST notably in that it: A) includes difficulties in both the desire and arousal stages of the sexual response cycle. B) leads to reproductive difficulties. C) is much more likely to be physically caused than psychologically caused. D) is much more difficult to treat.
A) includes difficulties in both the desire and arousal stages of the sexual response cycle.
Studies of patterns of teenage sexual behavior today compared to such behavior a generation ago show today's teens having: A) intercourse younger, and using condoms more. B) intercourse younger, and using condoms less. C) intercourse at about the same age, and using condoms more. D) intercourse at about the same age, and using condoms less.
A) intercourse younger, and using condoms more.
If a woman had never experienced normal sexual functioning with her husband and had a problem with becoming aroused with him, but found she could be aroused with other men, the type of dysfunction would be: A) lifelong and situational. B) acquired and situational. C) lifelong and generalized. D) acquired and generalized.
A) lifelong and situational.
Terry has been diagnosed as having a paraphilia, specifically transvestic fetishism. Terry is MOST likely to be: A) male. B) gay. C) female. D) elderly.
A) male.
Recent studies of pedophiles show that: A) most have at least one other psychological disorder. B) relapse-prevention training is unsuccessful. C) most victims are boys. D) there is a clear biological cause.
A) most have at least one other psychological disorder.
A woman who can masturbate or be masturbated to orgasm but cannot reach orgasm during sexual intercourse, would be diagnosed with: A) no sexual disorder. B) orgasmic disorder. C) vaginismus. D) dyspareunia.
A) no sexual disorder.
The event that is very likely to result in sexual aversion or hypoactive sexual desire is: A) sexual molestation. B) the birth of a child. C) infertility difficulties. D) conflict in a relationship.
A) sexual molestation
DSM-5 recommends a diagnosis of paraphilia only when associated behaviors, fantasies, or urges last at least: A) six months. B) one year. C) two years. D) three years.
A) six months.
About 90 percent of males in their ______ years masturbate one or two times a week and most have two sex partners A) teenage B) early adult C) middle age D) old age
A) teenage
Most sex therapists are uneasy about recent reliance on drug treatments for sexual dysfunctions because: A) the integrated approach to therapy might be ignored. B) drug treatment is generally not effective. C) of the risk of drug dependence. D) it makes the treatment of sexual disorders more complex than it needs to be.
A) the integrated approach to therapy might be ignored.
Delayed ejaculation appears MOST likely to be caused by disruptions in which of the following? A) the neurological system B) the urological system C) the digestive system D) the muscular system
A) the neurological system
What is the PRIMARY source of sexual excitement for sexual sadists? A) the victim's suffering B) a specific part of the victim's body C) the use of leather to cause suffering D) the intense pain they receive from their partner
A) the victim's suffering
According to Masters and Johnson, the resolution phase is more gradual and less sudden in women when: A) they do not experience orgasm. B) they do not experience arousal. C) they experience a sexual aversion. D) they have experienced multiple orgasms.
A) they do not experience orgasm.
In psychodynamic theory, the therapeutic goal in treating sexual dysfunction is: A) to cause broad personality changes. B) systematically use free association. C) overcoming learned aversion to sexual material. D) keeping a dream diary for dream interpretation.
A) to cause broad personality changes.
A client receives directed masturbation training and self-exploration instruction as part of the client's sex therapy. MOST likely, the client is a: A) woman being treated for orgasmic disorder. B) woman being treated for vaginismus. C) man being treated for erectile dysfunction. D) man being treated for premature ejaculation.
A) woman being treated for orgasmic disorder.
What is hallucinosis?
Alcoholic hallucinosis (or alcohol-related psychosis) is a complication of alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics. They can occur during acute intoxication or withdrawal with the potential of having delirium tremens.
self-help programs
Alcoholics Anonymous -people with substance abuse organize themselves to help one another to recover without professional help -peer support, moral and spiritual guidelines
Which of the following is a specifier of sexual dysfunction disorders? -Acquired -Generalized -Lifelong -All of the above
All of the above
An overdose of what drug can cause hallucinations?
Amphetamines
An overdose of what drug is typically detrimental to one's health?
Amphetamines
What is an agonist drug?
An agonist drug is one that blocks or changes the effects of the addictive drug
What is Korsakoff's Syndrome?
An alcohol related disorder that can cause memory impairment, extreme confusion and other neurological symptoms.
substance
Any natural or synthetic product that has psychoactive effects - it changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors e.g., alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, nicotine, heroin
A person is required to imagine feces in their glass each time they think they would want a drink. What kind of therapy is this?
Aversion therapy
A young woman who formerly had a fairly high sex drive, and who reports no new medical problems, nonetheless experiences an unexpected drop in sex drive. What would be an important question to ask her, before recommending some sort of psychotherapy? A) "Have you been exposed to high levels of testosterone lately?" B) "Have you recently started taking birth control pills?" C) "Have you recently stopped using marijuana?" D) "Have you experienced lower levels of prolactin lately?"
B) "Have you recently started taking birth control pills?"
Based on the likely sociocultural factors related to erectile disorders, the BEST advice you could give to an aging couple would be to: A) "Retire or quit your job or jobs." B) "Provide more intense and lengthy penile stimulation." C) "Focus on intercourse over other forms of sexual expression." D) "Give up; there is no effective treatment."
B) "Provide more intense and lengthy penile stimulation."
Which of the following findings would argue against the idea that hypoactive sexual desire in women is caused by societal treatment of women? A) The same drugs that interfere with ejaculation in men cause hypoactive sexual desire in women. B) A sexually restrictive history is just as common among women with and without hypoactive sexual desire. C) Clitoral orgasms are just as common and pleasurable as vaginal orgasms. D) Erotic fantasies are more common in women with hypoactive sexual desire than in those without it.
B) A sexually restrictive history is just as common among women with and without hypoactive sexual desire.
What is the MOST common outcome of gender dysphoria in childhood? A) It develops into pedophilia. B) It disappears by adolescence or adulthood. C) It is a precursor to transsexualism. D) It is a precursor to transvestite fetishism.
B) It disappears by adolescence or adulthood.
Autoerotic asphyxia is a fatal side effect of: A) taking Viagra. B) a masochistic practice. C) cross-dressing. D) a rope fetish.
B) a masochistic practice.
According to DSM-5, the cut-off point for diagnosing early ejaculation is within _____ of initiating sexual activity. A) 30 seconds B) a minute C) 3 minutes D) 10 minutes
B) a minute
To be classified as having hypoactive sexual desire, one would have a reduced interest in sex and little sexual activity, lasting: A) a week. B) a month C) six months. D) a year.
B) a month
A person who once experienced normal to above-normal levels of sexual desire recently has begun to feel much less than normal sexual desire. A sexual dysfunction following this pattern would be called what type? A) situational B) acquired C) lifelong D) generalized
B) acquired
If an individual had experienced normal sexual functioning for years and then had a problem with becoming aroused only when with her husband as a partner, the type of dysfunction would be: A) lifelong and situational. B) acquired and situational. C) lifelong and generalized. D) acquired and generalized.
B) acquired and situational.
In therapy, a patient is taught to visualize sexual scenes and uncover any negative emotions that occur. The therapist is using: A) self-instruction training. B) affectual awareness. C) aversion therapy. D) performance anxiety.
B) affectual awareness.
An antiandrogen would be MOST appropriate if a paraphilic disorder is caused by: A) too much estrogen in the body. B) an inappropriate sex drive. C) a deficiency in the production of testosterone. D) a hormonal imbalance that occurred during the prenatal period.
B) an inappropriate sex drive.
In males, the penis becomes erect during which phase of the sexual response cycle? A) excitement B) arousal C) orgasm D) resolution
B) arousal
Which of the following theoretical orientations is MOST helpful in understanding the origin of gender identity disorder? A) sociocultural B) biological C) family systems D) cognitive
B) biological
According to DSM-5, all of the excitement disorders have in common the diagnostic requirement that the difficulty: A) begins in adolescence or early adulthood. B) causes significant distress or impairment. C) is apparent in all sexual encounters. D) lasts at least one year.
B) causes significant distress or impairment.
A man experiencing the process of erection and partial elevation of the testes is in which stage of sexual response? A) excitement B) desire C) orgasm D) refraction
B) desire
"It's all right to have sex with children as long as they agree." This is an example of the ______ often experienced by pedophiles. A) depression B) distorted thinking C) anxiety D) close relationships with children
B) distorted thinking
If during intercourse, the female repeatedly stimulates her male partner up to the point when he almost reaches orgasm and then stops, he is probably being treated for: A) erectile dysfunction. B) early ejaculation. C) orgasmic dysfunction. D) dyspareunia.
B) early ejaculation.
When people with gender identity disorder take hormones it is in an attempt to: A) enhance their gender of birth. B) facilitate their living as the other gender. C) reduce their sex drives. D) change their external genitals.
B) facilitate their living as the other gender.
The campus "bra bandit" steals women's underwear from the campus laundry, then masturbates into the underwear. The MOST accurate diagnosis would be: A) no diagnosis: the behavior falls within "normal" limits. B) fetishism. C) transvestic fetishism. D) exhibitionistic fetishism.
B) fetishism.
Hypoactive sexual desire may include all of the following EXCEPT: A) a low level of sexual activity. B) finding sexual activity repulsive. C) a lack of interest in sexual activity. D) normal physical sexual responses.
B) finding sexual activity repulsive.
In a very crowded department store during the Christmas rush, a woman suddenly feels a stranger rubbing his genital area against her thigh. He continues until the crowd begins to break up, then he moves away. The MOST likely diagnosis for this man is: A) pedophilia. B) frotteurism. C) sexual masochism. D) hypoxyphilia.
B) frotteurism.
A woman who is sexually assertive and comfortable with masturbation will MOST likely: A) experience a sexual dysfunction. B) have orgasms more regularly. C) have a partner who experiences premature ejaculation. D) have both an arousal and an orgasmic disorder.
B) have orgasms more regularly.
Symptoms of vaginismus always include: A) an inability to experience orgasm. B) involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles. C) a dislike for and distrust of sexual relationships. D) an emotional detachment from the partner.
B) involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles.
A paraphilia: A) usually involves rape. B) is a response to a socially inappropriate object or situation. C) is an inability to experience sexual arousal. D) is an inability to achieve sexual satisfaction.
B) is a response to a socially inappropriate object or situation.
A man who has never been able to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse would MOST likely be diagnosed with what type of erectile disorder? A) acquired B) lifelong C) situational D) generalized
B) lifelong
Which of the following is a sociocultural cause for male erectile disorder? A) diabetes B) loss of a job C) mild depression D) performance anxiety
B) loss of a job
What does the process of covert sensitization for fetishism involve? A) masturbation while thinking of the fetish object B) mentally pairing a fetish object with an aversive stimulus C) pairing electric shock to the arm or leg with the fetish object D) creating a hierarchy of arousing objects and teaching the patient to relax while thinking of each in turn
B) mentally pairing a fetish object with an aversive stimulus
Which of the following is MOST descriptive of an orgasm? A) vascular congestion B) muscle contraction C) cardio relaxation D) psychological desire
B) muscle contraction
The idea that both partners share the accountability for sexual dysfunction is known as: A) couples therapy. B) mutual responsibility. C) nondemand pleasuring. D) interactionary dysfunction.
B) mutual responsibility.
During the young adult years (18-24), which of the following is LEAST common among women? A) masturbation B) not having had heterosexual contact C) having had sexual contact with a same-sex partner D) having had heterosexual contact
B) not having had heterosexual contact
If someone had a sexual dysfunction, we know that this person would not be having difficulty in which of the following phases of the sexual response cycle? A) excitement B) resolution C) orgasm D) desire
B) resolution
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? A) sensate focus B) sexual aversion C) nondemand pleasuring D) petting
B) sexual aversion
EMTs need to be sure to ask someone who is taking nitroglycerin if that person also has taken: A) estrogen. B) sildenafil. C) testosterone. D) antidepressants.
B) sildenafil.
In treating erectile disorder, the "tease" technique involves: A) three or more episodes of intercourse each night for a month. B) stimulating the penis, but stimulation is stopped once erection occurs. C) stimulating the penis until ejaculation, followed by a pause and then another period of stimulation. D) stimulation of the penis, but before ejaculation can occur, the woman squeezes the penis below the head to prevent ejaculation.
B) stimulating the penis, but stimulation is stopped once erection occurs.
A man who is biologically masculine but considers himself a woman and would like to live as a woman is: A) a pedophile. B) transgendered. C) a transvestite. D) a homosexual.
B) transgendered.
"Cross-dressing" is another term for: A) homosexuality. B) transvestic disorder. C) orgasmic reorientation. D) satiation.
B) transvestic disorder.
A woman who is inserting graduated cylinders into her vagina in a nondemand manner is probably being treated for: A) orgasmic dysfunction. B) vaginismus. C) dyspareunia. D) arousal difficulties.
B) vaginismus.
In looking for a biological cause of an erectile disorder, one would MOST productively look for a: A) neurological problem. B) vascular problem. C) reproductive problem. D) renal problem.
B) vascular problem.
Why do Amphetamine used run an usually high risk of becoming dependent?
Because amphetamines produce drug tolerance very quickly
Why would someone most likely oppose the medical use of THC?
Because of legal or moral reasons
Basic Theory in Motivational Interviewing
Basic theory behind MI is to develop discrepancy in the client between current behaviors (real self) and their life goals/desires (ideal self). What they are doing vs. who they want to be
Cognitive Behavioral
Behavioral: 1. Aversive classical conditioning 2. Covert sensitization therapy 3. Cue exposure and response prevention Cognitive: 1. Identify expectations for drug use 2. Challenge expectations 3. Anticipate problem situation and develop coping skills
What are Delusions of Grandeur?
Believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons.
________ are a common drug that is abused by those who suffer with anxiety.
Benzos
Detoxification
Biological treatment of substance use disorder -systematically and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug -relapse rates are high for people that don't do follow up
In some cases, therapists may inject _____ into problematic vaginal muscles to reduce spasms.
Botox
The study of sexuality that led to a revolution in the treatment of sexual dysfunction was done by: A) Kaplan. B) Freud and Jung. C) Masters and Johnson. D) Friedman and LoPiccolo.
C) Masters and Johnson.
Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion regarding the use of Viagra and related drugs to treat erectile disorders? A) The drugs are safe but not effective in treating the disorders. B) The drugs are safe and effective but should only used after careful assessment of what is causing the problem. C) The drugs work about 75 percent of the time and are often given without first assessing what is causing the problem. D) The drugs are effective, but so unsafe that they are no longer prescribed.
C) The drugs work about 75 percent of the time and are often given without first assessing what is causing the problem.
Why are people who go to strip clubs not generally considered to be voyeurs? A) The nudity of the performers is not complete. B) There is no sense these people who go there are doing something frowned on by society. C) The performers are consenting to being seen by the audience. D) The performers are exhibitionists and it's impossible for someone to simultaneously be an exhibitionist and a voyeur.
C) The performers are consenting to being seen by the audience.
In a person who has an unusually long resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, which of the following is MOST likely? A) The person is a man. B) The person is a teenager. C) The person did not have an orgasm. D) The person was never aroused.
C) The person did not have an orgasm.
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about female orgasm? A) About 50 percent of women experience orgasmic disorder. B) About 25 percent of women have never experienced an orgasm. C) Women who are comfortable masturbating are more likely to experience orgasm. D) Clitoral orgasms are inferior to vaginal orgasms.
C) Women who are comfortable masturbating are more likely to experience orgasm.
A recent study of erectile disorder showed that most cases of erectile disorder are caused by: A) psychosocial factors. B) physical impairment. C) a combination of psychosocial and physical causes. D) causes other than psychosocial or physical ones.
C) a combination of psychosocial and physical causes.
Of the following, which would MOST likely be treated with masturbatory satiation? A) transvestism. B) premature ejaculation. C) a fetish. D) erectile dysfunction.
C) a fetish.
William, a 20-year-old who is having his first sexual relationship, has gone to see a sex therapist about a sexual dysfunction problem. What is William MOST likely suffering from? A) sexual aversion B) inhibited ejaculation C) delayed early ejaculation D) hypoactive sexual desire
C) delayed early ejaculation
If a man has been taught to masturbate almost to orgasm, and then to insert his penis for intercourse, the man is MOST probably being treated for: A) early ejaculation. B) dyspareunia. C) delayed ejaculation. D) gender identity disorder.
C) delayed ejaculation.
If a therapist were seeing patients for treatment of hypoactive sexual desire, the therapist would be MOST likely to find which of the following disorders as well? A) schizophrenia and eating disorders B) substance abuse and anxiety disorder C) depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder D) organic brain dysfunction and personality disorders
C) depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
A male diagnosed with a sexual dysfunction is MOST likely to be diagnosed with: A) erectile disorder. B) orgasmic disorder. C) early ejaculation. D) dyparenuia.
C) early ejaculation.
People experiencing dyspareunia: A) do not enjoy sex. B) are unable to become sexually aroused. C) experience pain during sex. D) are unable to masturbate.
C) experience pain during sex
Which of the following findings BEST argues against the idea that female orgasmic problems are due to society's message to women that they should deny their sexuality? Many women with arousal and orgasmic difficulties: A) had overly strict religious upbringings. B) were punished for childhood masturbation. C) have a history of rape or child sexual molestation. D) received little information about sex and menstruation
C) have a history of rape or child sexual molestation.
A man derives sexual arousal exclusively from dressing in women's clothing. MOST likely, that person would be diagnosed as: A) normal and healthy. B) an exhibitionist. C) having transvestic disorder. D) having gender dysphoria.
C) having transvestic disorder
Which of the following responses from the person he exposed himself to would be LEAST satisfying to an exhibitionist? A) "I'm shocked. You really surprise me." B) screaming C) ignoring the exhibitionist D) hiding one's eyes and gasping
C) ignoring the exhibitionist
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of female sexual interest arousal disorder? A) lack of clitoral swelling B) lack of interest in sexual activity C) inadequate lubrication during sexual activity D) vaginal contractions that prevent penetration
C) inadequate lubrication during sexual activity
One who is experiencing gender dysphoria: A) cross-dresses for the purpose of sexual arousal. B) is content with his or her transgendered experiences. C) is unhappy with his or her biological gender. D) cannot be categorized using current DSM-5 definitions.
C) is unhappy with his or her biological gender.
Women with sexual arousal disorder have difficulty with: A) painful intercourse. B) vaginal spasms. C) maintaining proper lubrication. D) stereotypical female sex roles.
C) maintaining proper lubrication.
Some individuals experience a normal interest in sex but choose not to engage in sexual relations. Such people would be diagnosed with: A) sexual aversion. B) hypoactive sexual desire. C) no sexual dysfunction. D) failure of the sexual response cycle.
C) no sexual dysfunction
A man being treated for a fetish to women's hats first obtains an erection from looking at women's hats, then begins to masturbate while looking at a picture of a nude woman. At the moment of orgasm, he makes sure to be looking at the picture of the nude woman. The behavioral approach being used is: A) covert sensitization. B) masturbatory satiation. C) orgasmic reorientation. D) relapse-prevention training.
C) orgasmic reorientation.
A person who becomes sexually aroused in the presence of stimuli most people in that person's society would not think appropriate is experiencing: A) sexual dysfunction. B) gender identity disorder. C) paraphilia. D) hyperactive sexual desire.
C) paraphilia.
The fact that insurance companies in the United States generally covered Viagra but not birth control pills until required to by state law supports the idea that: A) birth control pills carry more medical risks than Viagra. B) private funds need to cover women's sexual health, but not men's. C) societal standards are different for sexually active men than they are for women. D) the United States lags behind other countries (such as Japan) in recognizing women's sexuality.
C) societal standards are different for sexually active men than they are for women.
A woman's dyspareunia is MOST likely caused by: A) a traumatic psychological event. B) relationship difficulties. C) some physical condition. D) sociocultural expectations related to the female role.
C) some physical condition.
Who is MOST likely to receive phalloplasty? A) someone experiencing premature ejaculation B) someone experiencing erectile dysfunction C) someone experiencing gender identity disorder D) someone who has a homosexual orientation
C) someone experiencing gender identity disorder
A man's sexual partner repeatedly stimulates him to erection, then allows the erection to subside without the man experiencing an ejaculation. The sexual technique is called the: A) phase technique. B) sneeze technique. C) tease technique. D) squeeze technique.
C) tease technique.
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in low, but not high levels? A) estrogen B) prolactin C) testosterone D) progesterone
C) testosterone
Most clinicians would agree that paraphilic activities should NOT be considered a disorder when: A) children are involved. B) the behavior is the exclusive way one becomes aroused. C) the behavior is part of an otherwise typical sex life. D) the behavior is nonconsensual.
C) the behavior is part of an otherwise typical sex life.
Couples in sex therapy who are working on eliminating the spectator role, are generally advised: A) to have sex in as many different settings as they can manage. B) to video their sexual encounters in order to increase fantasy material. C) to refrain from having intercourse and focus on other body pleasure instead. D) to drink small quantities of alcohol in order to relax.
C) to refrain from having intercourse and focus on other body pleasure instead.
What is the MOST common biological cause of erectile failure in men? A) diabetes B) performance anxiety C) vascular problems D) abnormal hormone levels
C) vascular problems
Which types of treatments are used for preparation, action, and maintenance?
CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy)
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic liver damage from a variety of causes leading to scarring and liver failure.
Theoretically, why do SSRIs help treat early ejaculation? A) Men who ejaculate early often become depressed. B) SSRIs reduce serotonin levels, thus increasing arousal. C) SSRIs inhibit the anxiety that is often related to early ejaculation. D) SSRIs reduce arousal and orgasm and help men delay ejaculation.
D) SSRIs reduce arousal and orgasm and help men delay ejaculation.
Which of the following thoughts would likely be MOST arousing to a voyeur in the act of secretly watching a couple have sex? A) I wish those people knew I was watching them. B) I know I am doing this in a way that I can't get caught. C) I'll probably never think about this again. D) The people would be humiliated if they knew I was watching.
D) The people would be humiliated if they knew I was watching.
Why do people object to the use of Viagra and similar drugs being voluntarily covered by health insurance companies, but fail to object to birth control pills not being covered unless mandated by law? A) Viagra is much more expensive than birth control pills. B) The reason is ageism; Viagra is used by older people, while birth control is used by younger people. C) Viagra is a trade drug; birth control pills are largely generic. D) The reason may be the sexual double standard; sex is OK for men but not for women.
D) The reason may be the sexual double standard; sex is OK for men but not for women.
What do androphilia and autogynephilia have in common? A) They are transvestic disorders. B) Those who are diagnosed cross-dress for the purpose of becoming sexually aroused. C) Those who are diagnosed experience gender dysphoria, beginning early in life. D) Those who are diagnosed are genetically male.
D) Those who are diagnosed are genetically male.
A healthy man is likely to have two to five REM periods each night and several penile erections during that time. If he is not experiencing this, he MOST likely has: A) a normal response. B) nocturnal penile tumescence. C) performance anxiety. D) a biologically based erectile dysfunction.
D) a biologically based erectile dysfunction.
If an individual had experienced normal sexual functioning for years and gradually developed a problem with becoming aroused under any conditions, the type of dysfunction would be: A) lifelong and situational. B) acquired and situational. C) lifelong and generalized. D) acquired and generalized.
D) acquired and generalized.
According to Masters and Johnson, performance anxiety may result in a man: A) failing to break a "snap gauge" band. B) breaking a "snap gauge" band. C) experiencing severe depression after sexual activity. D) adopting a spectator role during sexual activity.
D) adopting a spectator role during sexual activity.
Research shows that sexual dysfunctions among homosexual couples: A) are virtually nonexistent. B) generally are more severe than among heterosexual couples. C) include two distinct categories not included among heterosexual dysfunctions. D) are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples.
D) are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples.
Compared to erectile disorder, early ejaculation is: A) common among older men. B) likely to have a physical explanation. C) likely related to a low testosterone level. D) common among men of all ages.
D) common among men of all ages.
n the United States, over the past several decades, the typical duration of sexual intercourse has: A) increased, as has the distress of those suffering from early ejaculation. B) increased, while the distress of those suffering from early ejaculation has decreased. C) decreased, while the distress of those suffering from early ejaculation has increased. D) decreased, as has the distress of those suffering from early ejaculation.
D) decreased, as has the distress of those suffering from early ejaculation.
Exhibitionists engage in that behavior because they: A) were sexually abused as children. B) are trying to solicit sexual contact. C) are unable to experience sexual relations. D) desire a shock reaction from their victim.
D) desire a shock reaction from their victim.
A normal healthy man experiences: A) 20 to 30 minutes of penile erection per night of sleep. B) most nocturnal tumescence during deep (delta) sleep. C) brief, fleeting nighttime erections. D) erections during REM sleep.
D) erections during REM sleep
According to DSM-5, someone who initiates sexual contact with children is: A) experiencing a paraphilia, but only if the person is also mentally ill. B) experiencing a paraphilia but only if the behavior causes the person significant distress. C) experiencing a paraphilia, but only if the behavior is illegal. D) experiencing a paraphilia regardless of how troubled the individual may be.
D) experiencing a paraphilia regardless of how troubled the individual may be.
Women are MORE likely to be orgasmic when they have: A) unhappy marriages. B) a weak emotional attachment to their first sex partner. C) an attraction to their current partner's occupation. D) had a relatively long relationship with their first sex partner.
D) had a relatively long relationship with their first sex partner.
Which of the following disorders is NOT listed in DSM-5, but might be in future DSMs, following additional study? A) pedophilic disorder B) gender dysphoria C) male orgasmic disorder D) hypersexuality
D) hypersexuality
Which of the following occupations is MOST similar to what Masters and Johnson identified as the spectator role in sexual behavior? A) priest B) airline pilot C) actor D) judge
D) judge
If grandma is 90 and healthy, what is the percent chance she still masturbates at least occasionally? A) less than 1 percent B) about 10 percent C) about 20 percent D) over 20 percent
D) over 20 percent
If grandpa is 90 and healthy, what is the percent chance he still masturbates at least occasionally? A) less than 5 percent B) about 20 percent C) about 40 percent D) over 40 percent
D) over 40 percent
The following are all examples of sociocultural causes of hypoactive sexual disorder EXCEPT: A) having a partner lacking in sexual skills. B) loss of a job. C) infertility problems. D) pain medication.
D) pain medication.
In the classic type of pedophilic disorder, those MOST at risk are: A) postpubescent boys. B) boys in early puberty. C) boys of any age. D) prepubescent boys.
D) prepubescent boys.
Clients identify the situations that trigger pedophilic fantasies, and then learn to avoid the situations or cope with them more effectively. The treatment approach being used is: A) orgasmic reorientation. B) antiandrogenic drugs. C) aversion therapy. D) relapse prevention.
D) relapse prevention.
The technique of having a client with pedophilia identify situations in which he performs inappropriate behavior and then teaching him more appropriate coping strategies is called: A) aversion therapy. B) masturbatory satiation. C) orgasmic reorientation. D) relapse-prevention training.
D) relapse-prevention training.
In Victorian times, a woman diagnosed as "insane" was presumed to have a dysfunction of her: A) brain. B) soul. C) heart. D) reproductive organs.
D) reproductive organs.
From a psychological perspective, early ejaculation is usually the result of: A) sexual aversion. B) sexual impotence. C) organic problems. D) sexual inexperience.
D) sexual inexperience.
A woman reports having vivid sexual fantasies, yet is unable to experience either clitoral or labial swelling, or vaginal lubrication. The MOST likely diagnosis for this woman would be: A) vaginismus. B) fridgity. C) female orgasmic disorder. D) sexual interest arousal disorder.
D) sexual interest arousal disorder.
Arnold cannot enjoy sexual intercourse unless he is tied up by his partner and beaten. His behavior is typical of: A) voyeurism. B) frotteurism. C) sexual sadism. D) sexual masochism.
D) sexual masochism.
A woman is perfectly capable of masturbating herself to orgasm, yet is unable to reach orgasm with a partner, either through sexual intercourse or through being masturbated. MOST likely, this type of orgasmic disorder would be called: A) lifelong. B) acquired. C) generalized. D) situational.
D) situational.
"Sensate focus" refers to the technique in which: A) sexual intercourse is encouraged daily. B) eye contact is maintained during sexual activity. C) the genitals are focused on during sexual activity. D) the sexual relationship is rebuilt, concentrating on pleasure.
D) the sexual relationship is rebuilt, concentrating on pleasure.
A person feels most comfortable wearing clothes preferred by the other gender, strongly wishes to be the other gender, and is considering a surgical procedure. The MOST likely diagnosis for this person is: A) transvestite. B) sexual masochist. C) sexual sadist. D) transsexual.
D) transsexual.
All of the following are examples of current trends in sex therapy EXCEPT: A) treating partners who are living together but not married. B) treating the elderly who have sexual dysfunctions. C) treating homosexual people with sexual dysfunctions. D) treating only those who do not have other serious psychological problems.
D) treating only those who do not have other serious psychological problems.
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others as a treatment for orgasmic dysfunction in women? A) creating orgasm triggers B) masturbation training C) positioning that produces clitoral stimulation D) use of the squeeze technique
D) use of the squeeze technique
What is Internet Gaming Disorder?
Disorder marked by persistent, recurrent and excessive internet activity, particularly gaming (internet addiction).
What are psychomotor symptoms?
Disturbance in body movement. Catatonia: a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms found in some forms of schizophrenia which may include catatonic rigidity, catatonic stupor, or catatonic posturing. Remain in fixed state.
A pleasure pathway is typically triggered by what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
What neurtransmitter is affected by opioids?
Endodorphins
What is an example of a disorder of excitement (only 1)?
Erectile disorder
Substance disorders usually interfere with what part of life and functions from those it affects?
Everyday life and function.
What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
Extrapyramidal effects that appear in some patients after they have taken conventional antipsychotic drugs for an extended time.
Distorted facial features is a symtom of what condition?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
_____ disorder is the term for sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving inanimate objects.
Fetishistic
How do we treat people with Heroin Use Disorder?
For heroin use disorder we use treatment of Methadone Maintenance Programs (where Methadone is given as a substitute for Heroin). Recent innovation includes Naloxone (Narcan).
Different forms of cocaine:
Free-based and crack
What neurotransmitter is affected by sedatives/hypnotic drugs?
GABA
Distress in relation to incongruence between a person's sex (assigned gender) and expressed or experienced gender is referred to as:
Gender Dysphoria
Substance-related disorders typically have what kind of risk factor which is commonly activated by drugs?
Genetic risk factor.
Vaginismus
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder of Sexual Pain -involuntary contractions of the muscles of the outer third of the vagine ~20% of women occasionally have pain during intercourse <1% of all women have vaginismus
What is another name for disorders of sexual pain?
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration
What category of substances does LSD belong to?
Hallucinogens
Overdosing (celebrities)
Heath Ledger, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson
What are Community Prevention Programs?
Help prevent substance use before it happens.
Mixed Drugs
High ALL - potential intoxication, dependency, risk of damage/death
Cannabis
High potential intoxication Low dependency potential Low risk of damage/death
Alcohol
High potential intoxication and dependency potential Moderate risk of damage/death
Those on depressants experience impaired what, causing them to not think about the consequences?
Impaired judgement.
What is the role of stimulants to the CNS?
Increase the activity of the CNS. Increased blood pressure and heart rate, greater alertness, and sped-up behavior or thinking.
Psychodynamic Perspective on substance abuse
Individuals have strong dependency needs that can be traced back to their early years
Depressants such as alcohol depress what part of the brain?
Inhibitory center.
What are delirium tremens?
It consists of terrifying visual hallucinations that begin within three days after they stop or reduce their drinking.
Lawrence has decided that he wants to stop having sex, including sexual activity with a partner as well as masturbation. He is not depressed, has no physical limitations with regard to sexual performance, and does feel regular and powerful sexual desire. Which of the following would be the BEST "diagnosis" for Lawrence?
Lawrence warrants no diagnosis of a sexual disorder
Bad students usually drink more while good students with good grades drink ______.
Less
What are loose associations and what are neologisms?
Loose associations- a common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another (derailment). Neologisms- a newly coined word or expression.
What are the symptoms for Substance Use/Addictive Disorders?
MUST HAVE: -Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress. - > or equal to 2 of these symptoms within 1 year: 1. Taken in larger amounts over longer period than expected (pain meds) 2. Desire/failed attempt to control us 3. Cravings 4. Fail to fulfill major role obligations, such as work, school, home 5. Significant time spent to obtain/use/recover (driving 2 hours) 6. Use despite physical/psychological problems 7. Cessation/reduction of other life activities 8. Recurrent use in situations where use poses physical hazard 9. Use despite awareness that use is causing problems 10. Tolerance 11. Withdrawal: neg. effects when lower dosage/stop using
What drug is regarded as being highly reinforcing?
Methamphetamines
Barbiturates and Benzos
Moderate potential intoxication and dependency, risk of damage/death Low risk of long lasting mental change
What are some advantages of the new antipsychotic drugs?
More effective because they reduce both positive and negative symptoms. Cause fewer extrapyramidal effects and are less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia, although some produce significant undesired effects on their own.
DSM Substance Abuse criteria
One or more of the following occurs during a 12-month period, leading to significant impairment or distress: Failure to fulfill important obligations at home, school, or work due to the substance use Repeated use of substances in situations in which it is physically hazardous Repeated legal problems as a result of use Continued use of substance despite repeated social or legal problems due to use
What are the dangers of cocaine?
Overdose, heart irregularities and brain seizures. Miscarriages in pregnant woman, dopamine and serotonin activity is affected. Thyroid size. Attention and learning.
A class of disorders characterized by sexual attraction or interest in activities, persons, or things that are not typically or inherently sexually arousing for most people is called:
Paraphilic Disorders
Biological Perspective on substance abuse
Pleasure centers 1. Begins in ventral tegmental area, goes through nucleous accumbens, and onto the frontal cortex 2. Rich in neurons sensitive to dopamine 3. Stimulants increase availability of dopamine 4. Opiates inhibit GABA, which stops GABA neurons from stopping dopamine
What is polysubstance abuse?
Polysubstance abuse is the abuse of more than one drug at a time.
Which types of treatments are used for pre-contemplation, contemplation and relapse? (1,2,6)
Roerian Client-Centered (Relationship)
Who came up with enmeshed family pattern?
Salvador Minuchin
What neurotransmitter is affected by hallucinogen's?
Serotonin
Hypersexuality is a term sometimes used synonymously with:
Sexual Addiction
What effects do depressants have on the nervous system?
Slows the activity of the CNS. They reduce tensions and inhibitions and may interfere with a person's judgement, motor activity, and concentration.
What are amphetamines?
Stimulant drugs produced in the lab.
What do amphetamines do?
Stimulate the CNS by increasing release of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine.
DSM Substance Dependence criteria
Substance leading to 3 or more of: Tolerance, defined by either Need for greater amounts to achieve effects Diminished effects of the same amount Withdrawal More substance often taken than intended Persistent desire or effort to cut down Great deal of time spent acquiring substance or recovering from effects Important activities Continued use despite persistent problems
What is the age on onset for Schizophrenia? What is the prevalence rate?
Teens-early 30's, and the prevalence rate is 1% with no sex difference.
What feeling does a person usually experience before they carry out an impulse?
Tenseness
What is the main chemical is marijuana?
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
What is tolerance?
The adjustment that the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain drugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects of the drug.
What is expressed emotion?
The general level of criticism, disapproval and hostility expressed in a family. People recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in expressed emotion.
What is the synergistic effect?
The synergistic effect in pharmacology is an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time
What is a schizophrogenic mother?
The term given to the mother of a schizophrenic. It meant "a woman who was blamed by psychiatrists for her child's schizophrenia."
What are Gender-Sensitive Programs?
Therapies that realize men and women need different treatments.
Which group of people in college are more likely to binge drink?
Those in sororities or fraternities, those who pursue a party-centered lifestyle and engage in high risk behaviors such as substance misuse or having multiple sex partners.
What is withdrawal?
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who regularly use drugs stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug.
What are extrapyramidal effects?
Unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness produced, sometimes by conventional drugs.
Which is NOT a "second line" treatment for erectile dysfunction?
Viagra
When is a heroin overdose likely to occur?
When one has been without heroin for a period of time and takes one's usual dose
How are agonists use for alcohol dependence?
When taken before drinking, it will cause such bad effects that it would make the person drinking never want to drink again
Marijuana
a mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops of hemp plant
Gender Dysphoria
a pattern in which people persistently feel that they have been born into the wrong sex and identify with the other gender
A person who is biologically male but considers himself a woman, and would like to live as a woman, is:
a transgender
what biological factors in gender dysphoria
abnormalities in the brain (hypothalamus)
What involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior and loss of control over drug use?
addiction
treatment for disorders of desire
affectual awareness self instruction training
what is trasvestic disorder
aka; transvestism or cross-dressing, characteristic by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex in order to achieve sexual arousal
What depressant can be moderate or heavy in use, has withdrawal symptoms that include headaches, fatigue, sweating, body tremors, and mood changes, and could lead to poisoning?
alcohol
Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a physical cause of dyspareunia in women?
alcohol abuse
what is generalized type
always happens, could of acquired but not lifelong
What stimulant speeds up CNS activity and produces feelings of euphoria and confidence but also agitation, suicidal behavior, and delusions?
amphetamine
treatments for pedophilic disorder
aversion therapy, masturbatory satiation, orgasmic reorientation, and treatment w/ antiandrogen drugs, cognitive-behavioral treatment involves relapse-prevention training, modeled after programs used for substance dependence
Maurice has decided to talk to his physician about the fact that he often achieves orgasm after very minimal stimulation. He reports that this is affecting his marriage, as his wife (though loving and supportive) is getting terribly frustrated about the duration of their sexual encounters. Maurice's doctor decides to take a two-pronged approach to treating Maurice's difficulties with rapid ejaculation: First, he provides Maurice with several referrals to experts in sex therapy, and second, he gives Maurice a prescription for _____, which has been shown to help with the treatment of this frustrating issue.
an SSRI type of antidepressant
Erik has struggled with issues of his own sexual orientation and identity for years. As an adolescent, he felt that he was probably gay, because he was only sexually attracted to other boys. As he grew older, however, he realized that he felt that he should have been a woman, and he was only attracted to heterosexual men. Given this very complicated sexual issue, Erik would MOST likely be diagnosed with male-to-female gender dysphoria: _____ type.
androphilic
what lowers the production of testosterone
antiandrogens
The category of gender dysphoria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is controversial because many people feel that transgender experiences:
are a valid way of experiencing gender identity
MOST pedophilic offenders:
are in jail or are forced into treatment
How many people are currently addicted to opioids?
at least 400,000
In terms of gender dysphoria, autogynephilic means:
attracted oneself as a female
what treatment is used for sexual sadism disorder
aversion therapy
what treatment is used for exhibitionistic disorder
aversion therapy and masturbatory satiation, may be combined w/ orgasmic reorientation, social skills training, or cognitive-behavioral therapy
how is fetishistic disorder treated
aversion therapy, covert sensitization, behavioral treatment is masturbatory satiation- clients masturbate to boredom while imagining the fetish object, orgasmic reorientation-teaches individuals to respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation
what's an example of aversion therapy
bad smelling salts w/ underwear- not easiest thing to do
One study that supports a _____ basis for gender dysphoria found that those with the disorder had heightened blood flow in the insula and reduced blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex.
biological
Possible causes of sex disorders
biological psychological (preconceived notion of what a female should look like; sexual abuse, reason why yo are not getting excited) sociocultural (huge- especially dependent on where you live in the world and in US; double standards)
Unlike vaginismus, dyspareunia is MOST often caused by:
biological issues such as injury
antagonist drugs
biological treatment of substance use disorder -block or change the effects of the addictive drug -proven to be helpful for people who are motivated -attach to endorphin receptor sites- make it impossible for opioids to have their effects- using drug becomes pointless
What stimulant is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and most soft drinks, is most widely consumed, and 90% of North American adults consume it?
caffeine
What chemical substance contains a chemical called THC than can produce stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogenic effects, can impair a person's memory or motor coordination, and can lead to schizophrenia?
cannabis
what is pedophilic disorder
characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual arousal from prepubescent or early pubescent children, child pornography, driven to watching, fondling, or engaging in sexual intercourse w/ children
what is sexual masochism disorder
characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the act or thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer-like having pain inflicted on them, behavioral process of classical conditioning
what are paraphilic disorders
characterized by intense sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors that involve objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms; nonhumans, children, nonconsenting adults, the experience of suffering or humiliation
female sexual interest/arousal disorder is what
characterized by lack of normal interest in sexual activity, rarely initiate sexual activity and may experience little excitement during
what is female orgasmic disorder
characterized by persistent failure to reach orgasm, experiencing orgasms of very low intensity, or dely in orgasm
disorders of excitement erectile disorder (ED)
characterized by persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity
what is premature ejaculation
characterized by persistent reaching of orgasm and ejaculation w/in one minute of beginning sexual activity w/ a partner and before he wishes to
what is voyeuristic disorder
characterized by repeated and intense sexual urges to observe people as they undress or engage in sexual activity-person may masturbate during act of observing or while remembering it later 'peeping tom'
how are fetishistic disorders learned through
classical conditioning
What stimulant is extracted from the cocoa plant and induces feelings of energy and euphoria, has a high potential for addiction, withdrawal symptoms include lethargy and depression, it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and can cause psychosis or hallucinations?
cocaine
What type of therapist believes that people with sexual sadism disorder inflict pain in order to achieve a sense of power and control?
cognitive therapists
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; female orgasmic disorders
cognitive-behavioral techniques, self-exploration, enchancement of body awareness, and directed masturbation training
what is erectile disorder
dysfunction in the excitement phase only
What slows the activity of the CNS down?
depressants
What is the human sexual response cycle?
desire phase arousal stage plateau stage orgasm phase resolution stage
sexual response can be described as a cycle w/ four phases
desire, excitement, orgasm, resolution -no dysfunction in resolution
Which technique used for treating female orgasmic disorder results in about 90 percent of women learning to orgasm?
directed masturbation training
A biological explanation for substance abuse could be the ______________ reward pathway
dopamine
Physicians may prescribe the hormone _____ to male gender dysphoria patients in order to cause breast development and loss of facial and body hair.
estrogen
The _____ phase in the sexual response cycle is marked by changes in the pelvic region and increased heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing.
excitement
Martin enjoys exposing himself to strange women whom he sees in the local park. Martin MOST likely would be diagnosed with _____ disorder.
exhibitionistic
The person MOST likely to receive phalloplasty is someone:
experiencing gender dysphoria
Cue exposure and response prevention
exposed to favorite substance but encouraged not to drink
When people with gender identity disorder take hormones, it is MOST likely in an attempt to:
facilitate their living as the other gender
what is gender dysphoria
feel like they have been assigned to the wrong biological sex
Fransvestic Fetishism
liking to dress like the opposite sex for sexual pleasure -ex: having female underwear on is erotic
For the first half of the twentieth century, the leading approach to sexual dysfunction was:
long-term psychodynamic therapy
Voyeurism
looks at people taking off their clothes "peeping tom" -starts very early
biological cause w/ delayed ejaculation
low testosterone, neurological disease, and head or spinal cord injury
what is sexual behavior
major focus of both our private thoughts and public discussions
Terry has been diagnosed with a paraphilia, specifically transvestic disorder. Terry is MOST likely to be:
male
Cocaine intoxication
mania, paranoia, impaired judgment
Most frequently used illicit drug in the U.S.
marijuana
disorders of excitement
marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing
what is masturbatory
masturbating to object till no longer interesting
Community prevention programs
most effective approach to substance use disorders is to prevent them -may focus on individual, family, peer group, school, community -focusing on more than one of these provides consistent message about drug misuse in all areas of persons life ex: Above the Influence, TheTruth.com
What chemical substance causes both the release of adrenaline and the release of dopamine, withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, anxiety, depressed mood, and irritability and is the single most preventable cause of premature death?
nicotine
A sociocultural explanation for substance abuse could be the fact that the culture we live in sees is at as a ________ or way of life
norm
disorders of desire; biological causes
number of hormones interact to produce sexual desire and behavior, abnormalities in activity can lower sex drive, hormones include prolactin, testosterone, and estrogen for both sexes,
what behavioral principles does transvestic disorder follow
operant conditioning
Cognitive-Behavioral Views of substance use disorder
operant conditioning may play a key role in subsance use disorder
What depressant acts as a pain killing agent that depresses the central nervous system, is highly addictive, produces euphoria and drowsiness, and has sever withdrawal symptoms?
opioids
A social explanation for substance abuse could be ______________ and _________ models that a person looks up to or follows
parental, peer
affectual awareness
patients visualize sexual scene in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerability, and other negative emotions they may have concerning sex
Which paraphilic disorder, if caught, could lead the person to have to register with local police and notify the community that they live nearby?
pedophilic disorder
One of the features of Alcoholics Anonymous is ...
peer support
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
pre-DSM-5 --> "frigidity" -women that lack interest in sex and rarely initiate sexual activity (little excitement during sexual activity) ~33% of women 1. lack of sexual interest and/or arousal, lasting 6+ months with at least 3 symptoms 2. significant distress or impairment
what are the three disorders of the orgasm phase
premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder
A social explanation for substance abuse could be social _______________ from peers
pressure (peer pressure)
sexual dysfunctions
problems with sexual responses ~31% of men ; ~43% of women -very distressing, lead to sexual frustration, guilt, loss of self-esteem and interpersonal problems
what do psychodynamic theorists and behaviorists think
psych-people w/ this disorder are seeking power behav-learned behavior that can be traced to a chance and secret observation of a sexually arousing scene
What kind of substances alter moods, thought processing, or other psychological states?
psychoactive substances
what treatment is best for paraphilic disorders
psychological and sociocultural have been available the longest but professionals today are also using biological interventions
What kind of receptors are effected?
receptors that usually receive endorphins (NT that helps relieve pain and reduce emotional tension) pleasurable feeling
what is frotteuristic disorder
recurrent and intense fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person-person like to rub up against someone and fantasize about relationship
what is fetishistic disorder
recurrent intense sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object, often to the exclusion of other stimuli
The difference between a person who cross-dresses as a symptom of transvestic disorder and one who does so as a symptom of gender dysphoria is that transvestic disorder:
refers to those who cross-dress for the purpose of sexual arousal, while those who suffer from gender dysphoria cross-dress to satisfy a deeper need to occupy the role of the opposite gender
One widely applied treatment for pedophilic disorder is _____-prevention training, which is modeled on the therapy of the same name in substance-abuse treatment. In such treatment, offenders are taught to identify situations when their inappropriate fantasies and impulses might be stimulated, and then to avoid such situations.
relapse
Renaldi has been diagnosed with pedophilic disorder. He is currently undergoing treatment in which he learns which situations trigger his sexual arousal, and then develops strategies to avoid those situations. Renaldi is receiving:
relapse prevention training
Paraphilia
repeated and intense sexual urges/fantasies to socially inappropriate objects of situations
what is orgasmic reorientation
replacing w/ something else they like
Which is NOT a phase of normal sexual response?
residual
Frotteurism
rubbing your genitals against the person and doing a quick grab with unexpected strangers
What depressant have calming effects and are used in treating agitation, muscle tension, insomnia and anxiety?
sedatives
One significant problem related to sexual dysfunction is the anxiety that such difficulties bring. An individual may become so worried about the problem reoccurring that they actually cause it to happen again (a principle known as performance anxiety). One technique that therapists suggest to help counter this problem is called _____, or nondemand pleasuring.
sensate focus
what is vaginismus
severe cases can prevent a women from having intercourse
what are the two general categories of sexual disorders
sexual dysfunctions; problems w/ sexual responses paraphilic disorders; repeated and intense sexual urges and fantasies in response to socially inappropriate objects or situations
disorders of orgasm
sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as the muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically'; men-semen is ejaculated women-outer third of vaginal walls contract
A number of rapists and sexual murderers exhibit _____ disorder.
sexual sadism
What is the rate of metabolism?
slightly less than 1 standard drink/hour
Hashish
solidified resin of the cannabis plant
disorders of sexual pain
some women w/ genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder experience involuntary contractions of the muscles of the outer third of the vagina
A psychological explanation for substance abuse could be someone who is under a lot of __________ turns to substances to make them feel better
stress
Fetishism
strong preferene for non=living object that you get dome sort of a sexual pleasure/gratification from
exhibitionism
strong sexual urges to expose genitals to public, unexpected strangers
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; premature ejaculation
successfully treated by behavioral procedures such as the "stop-start" or "pause" procedure, use SSRI's or serotonin enhancing antidepressant drugs
Jim enjoys engaging in activities that cause his partners intense humiliation, pain, or suffering during sexual encounters. Despite the fact that his partner occasionally enjoys these activities, Jim continues to do them even when his partner is not willing. In fact, Jim has gotten to the point where sex without these "extras" is simply boring and unsatisfying. MOST likely, Jim:
suffers from sexual sadism disorder
disorders of excitement in women
swelling of the clitoris and labia and vaginal lubrication
Harm reduction model
teaches responsible use of alcohol (RAMP - responsible alcohol management program)
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; delayed ejaculation
techniques to reduce performance anxiety and increase stimulation, physical; may include drug to increase arousal of the sympathetic nervous systme
Physicians may prescribe the hormone _____ to female gender dysphoria patients in order to cause them to appear more male.
testosterone
what techniques are applied to particular dysfunctions; erectile
treatments for ED on reducing a man's performance anxiety and/or increasing his stimulation, may include sensate-focus exercises such as the "tease technique", biological approaches gained great momentum w/ development of sidenafil (Viagra), gels, suppositories, penile injections, and vauum erection device (VED) "second-line treatment"
when should paraphilic disorder be applied according to DSM-5
urges, fantasies, or behaviors cause significant distress or impairment OR when the satisfaction of the disorder places the individual or others at risk of harm
what is situational type
usually doesn't happen but in certain situations it does
what is sexual sadism disorder
usually male, repeatedly and intensly aroused by the physical or psychological suffering of another individual-like creating pain on others, classical conditioning and/or modeling
At a regular checkup with her gynecologist, Lauryn mentions that she has significant difficulties in her sexual activity with her boyfriend. "It is the strangest thing, doctor," Lauryn reports. "When we are trying to have sex, sometimes it feels like the outer part of my vaginal walls are spasming and clenching, and sometimes Brian and I cannot have intercourse because of it. Why do you think that is?" Given that these symptoms seem to be distressing to Lauryn and are interfering with her relationship, Lauryn's diagnosis would MOST likely be:
vaginismus
Based on the advice of her therapist, Gina has been practicing tightening and relaxing her vaginal muscles, and then inserting graduated dilators into her vagina. She is MOST likely receiving treatment for:
vaginismus
Involuntary contractions of the outer third wall of the vagina are called:
vaginismus
Ken derives sexual arousal exclusively from dressing in women's clothing. MOST likely, Ken would be diagnosed:
with transvestic disorder
What are adverse physical and psychological symptoms that occur after reducing or ceasing substance intake?
withdrawal
What percent of men will have difficulties with an erection during some point in life?
~10% of men and nearly 1/2 of all men
How long do the effects of Marijuana last?
~3-5 hours (mood changes may occur)