Quiz # 9 Study Guide Chapter 12 (from page 450) & Chapter 13

According to the text, people who have low MAOA gene expression tend to demonstrate a)high levels of implicit prejudice b)more aggression when provoked. c)low levels of subtle prejudice. d)tend to behave in a less aggressive manner.

b)more aggression when provoked.

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by a)resistance. b)exhaustion. c)an alarm reaction. d)low blood pressure.

a)resistance.

Compared with Type B personalities, Type A people are more likely to experience a)low blood sugar levels. b)coronary heart disease. c)low blood pressure. d)increased release of lymphocytes.

b)coronary heart disease.

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity is called a)cognitive dissonance. b)deindividuation. c)social loafing. d)social facilitation.

b)deindividuation.

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for a)personal control. b)harmony. c)minority influence. d)cognitive dissonance.

b)harmony.

People tend to use emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping when they a)believe they cannot change a stressful situation. b)appraise a stressful event as a challenge rather than a threat. c)are dealing with strangers rather than people they know. d)are in a good mood.

a)believe they cannot change a stressful situation.

Before Mark had even heard the details of Allison's car accident, he commented, "Allison is so absentminded, I'm sure it happened because she was probably talking on her cell phone and not paying attention." Mark's response illustrates a)blaming the victim. b)the just-world phenomenon. c)social scripts. d)ingroup bias.

a)blaming the victim.

Jackie is trying to decide which computer to purchase. After reading various articles comparing computers and researching the different types of computers in Consumer Reports, she makes her decision. Jackie's decision illustrates a)central route persuasion. b)peripheral route persuasion. c)cognitive dissonance. d)attribution theory.

a)central route persuasion.

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities? a)cognitive dissonance theory b)attribution theory c)central route persuasion d)fundamental attribution error

a)cognitive dissonance theory

Ben is a self-employed accountant who works overtime during the first two weeks of April to finish his clients' tax forms before the filing deadline. During this time, Ben is most likely to show a(n) a)elevated blood cholesterol level. b)reduction in blood pressure. c)reduction in blood sugar levels. d)increased release of lymphocytes.

a)elevated blood cholesterol level.

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of a)equity. b)social exchange. c)passionate love. d)the mere exposure effect.

a)equity.

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates a)group polarization. b)just-world phonomenon. c)the other-race effect. d)unconscious patronization.

a)group polarization

The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____. a)ingroup; outgroup b)outgroup; ingroup c)ingroup bias; outgroup homogeneity d)overt group; subtle group

a)ingroup; outgroup

When Arturo and Maria visit a local jewelry store to purchase an engagement ring, the store is crowded and there is only one salesperson. When the salesperson finally approaches them, she is irritated by their request for help. Arturo and Maria realize that her behavior is due to the lack of sales help and the number of customers in the store. They are attributing the salesperson's behavior based on a)situational attributions. b)dispositional attributions. c)cognitive dissonance. d)central route persuasion.

a)situational attributions.

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy? a)announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the enemy b)announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise c)announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the enemy d)announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged in an international court of law

b)announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of a)social facilitation. b)normative social influence. c)informational social influence. d)the chameleon effect.

b)normative social influence.

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when a)participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so. b)participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers. c)it is very difficult to make correct judgments. d)judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

b)participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

In research studies, dogs who were able to escape electric shocks experienced a)emotion-focused coping. b)personal control. c)biofeedback. d)an external locus of control.

b)personal control.

Professor Huang is researching the effect of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the speciality area of a)evolutionary psychology. b)psychoneuroimmunology. c)clinical psychology. d)cognitive psychology.

b)psychoneuroimmunology.

Meyer Friedman and his colleagues used ________ to help Type A heart attack survivors reduce their risk of future attacks. a)oxytocin b)relaxation c)the Innovation Time Off program d)biofeedback

b)relaxation

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of a)fight or flight. b)stress appraisal. c)spontaneous remission. d)the general adaptation syndrome.

b)stress appraisal.

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of the river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of a)social exchange theory. b)superordinate goals. c)diffusion of responsibility. d)the bystander effect.

b)superordinate goals.

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated a)social facilitation. b)the chameleon effect. c)social loafing. d)social norms.

b)the chameleon effect.

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates a)cognitive dissonance. b)the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c)the fundamental attribution error. d)central route persuasion.

b)the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

When shopping for a new cell phone, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have familiar brand names. This preference best illustrates the importance of a)social traps. b)the mere exposure effect. c)mirror-image perceptions. d)the reciprocity norm.

b)the mere exposure effect.

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of a)superordinate goals. b)the reciprocity norm. c)the bystander effect. d)diffusion of responsibility.

b)the reciprocity norm.

Providing and seeking support from others during times of stress best illustrates a)the fight-or-flight response. b)the tend-and-befriend response. c)the Type A personality. d)the relaxation response.

b)the tend-and-befriend response.

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called a)cognitive dissonance. b)an attitude. c)an attribution. d)central route persuasion.

c)an attribution.

The passive resignation of learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with a)a Type B personality. b)problem-focused coping. c)an external locus of control. d)the faith factor.

c)an external locus of control.

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of a)social loafing. b)social facilitation. c)deindividuation. d)mood linkage.

c)deindividuation.

A negative behavior describes ________; a negative attitude describes ________. a)prejudice; discrimination b)a social trap; mirror-image perceptions c)discrimination; prejudice d)mirror-image perceptions; a social trap

c)discrimination; prejudice

The best way to increase the production of serotonin is to a)avoid emotion-focused coping. b)develop an external locus of control. c)engage in aerobic exercise. d)receive training in meditation.

c)engage in aerobic exercise.

Ray voices his belief that those who are gay are living immorally, which is an example of a(n) ________ prejudice. Chad disagrees with Ray's attitude toward gays, but does not realize that he makes no effort to meet or make friends with gays, which indicates a(n) _______ prejudice. a)implicit; explicit b)subtle; explicit c)explicit; implicit d)implicit; overt

c)explicit; implicit

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their a)happiness. b)academic competence. c)frequency of dating. d)altruism.

c)frequency of dating.

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. a)amygdala b)hypothalamus c)frontal lobes d)somatosensory cortex

c)frontal lobes

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of a)the reciprocity norm. b)social exchange theory. c)the mere exposure effect. d)GRIT.

d)GRIT.

The fundamental attribution error a)involves underestimating the dispositional factors involved in a behavior. b)refers to the feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way. c)involves underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior. d)occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

c)involves underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.

Kayla has been abused by her husband for years. Feeling that she cannot escape her situation, she has become increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates a)the tyranny of choice. b)the Type B personality. c)learned helplessness. d)problem-focused coping.

c)learned helplessness.

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of a)aggression. b)altruism. c)learning. d)visual perception.

c)learning.

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought a)three others were pulling with them. b)three others were pulling against them. c)no others were pulling with them. d)no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

c)no others were pulling with them.

Mindfulness meditation involves attending to our moment-to-moment experiences in a manner that is a)aimless. b)humble. c)nonjudgmental. d)emotionally arousing.

c)nonjudgmental.

Marshall, who is not a college athlete, thinks that all college athletes behave the same and have the same attitudes toward nonathletes. Marshall's thinking illustrates a)cognitive dissonance. b)ingroup bias. c)outgroup homogeneity. d)the hindsight bias.

c)outgroup homogeneity.

Prisoners allowed to move their furniture and adjust their lighting feel less stress. This best illustrates the value of a)mindfulness. b)aerobic exercise. c)perceived control. d)an external locus of control.

c)perceived control.

Rebecca needs a new car. When she sees her favorite movie star in a car commercial, she decides to purchase the car advertised in the commercial. Rebecca's decision making illustrates a)cognitive dissonance. b)central route persuasion. c)peripheral route persuasion. d)a situational attribution.

c)peripheral route persuasion

When pressured to conform, people may do the opposite of what is expected as a way of increasing their sense of a)social control. b)cognitive dissonance. c)personal control. d)social facilitation.

c)personal control.

It has been suggested that a stable worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with a)an external locus of control. b)biofeedback. c)religious involvement. d)a Type A personality.

c)religious involvement.

Practicing ________ has been observed to reduce temporarily the sugar and brain energy needed for mental focus. a)stress appraisal b)optimism c)self-control d)mindfulness meditation

c)self-control

Dr. Strayer investigates the mental processes we use to make sense of our social environment and form judgments about the characteristics and motives of other people. Dr. Strayer is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a)evolutionary b)clinical c)social d)cognitive

c)social

Michelle, who is a very fast keyboard typist, types faster when others are watching her work. This best illustrates a)automatic mimicry. b)the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c)social facilitation. d)cognitive dissonance.

c)social facilitation.

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in a)social exchange theory. b)the reciprocity norm. c)the bystander effect. d)the mere exposure effect.

c)the bystander effect.

Jorge is a pitcher for his high school baseball team. In the last inning, he gave up a home run, which turned out to be the go-ahead run against his school's biggest rival. When the next batter came up, Jorge hit him with a fastball and was ejected from the game. Jorge's behavior illustrates a)blaming the victim. b)the just-world phenomenon. c)the frustration-aggression principle. d)scapegoat theory.

c)the frustration-aggression principle.

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion characterize the phases of a)the fight-or-flight response. b)the tend-and-befriend response. c)the general adaptation syndrome. d)the immune response.

c)the general adaptation syndrome.

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for a)outgroup homogeneity. b)the other-race effect. c)the scapegoat theory. d)the frustration-aggression principle.

c)the scapegoat theory.

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love? a)social exchange theory b)reciprocity norm c)the two-factor theory d)equity theory

c)the two-factor theory

Compared with monkeys left in stable groups, those who were housed with three or four new roommates each month were more likely to experience a)the tend-and-befriend response. b)reduced blood cholesterol levels. c)weaker immune system responses. d)a decrease in cortisol.

c)weaker immune system responses.

Who is the best example of a Type A personality? a)Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor. b)Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant. c)Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist. d)Andre, a competitive, easily angered journalist.

d)Andre, a competitive, easily angered journalist.

Although she is intelligent, Abigail believes that her low grades in school are reflections of her own intellectual incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates a)problem-focused coping. b)an internal locus of control. c)the tyranny of choice. d)a pessimistic outlook.

d)a pessimistic outlook.

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated a)superordinate goals. b)the mere exposure effect. c)the reciprocity norm. d)altruism.

d)altruism.

Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates a)the Type A personality. b)the faith factor. c)problem-focused coping. d)an external locus of control.

d)an external locus of control.

B lymphocytes mature in the a)adrenal gland. b)brainstem. c)liver. d)bone marrow.

d)bone marrow.

Kathy alleviated the stress of breaking up with her boyfriend in two ways. She avoided contact with her ex-boyfriend and she planned recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates a)mindfulness. b)an external locus of control. c)a Type B personality. d)emotion-focused coping.

d)emotion-focused coping.

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream. a)serotonin b)carcinogens c)lymphocytes d)epinephrine

d)epinephrine

Jonathan, who attends Cloverdale High School, believes that all students at his school are friendlier than those who attend nearby Smith Valley High School. His belief best illustrates a)scapegoat theory. b)the just-world phenomenon. c)social scripts. d)ingroup bias.

d)ingroup bias.

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to ________. a)epinephrine; norepinephrine b)obesity; cancer c)time-conscious; competitive d)irritable; calm

d)irritable; calm

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates a)a social trap. b)the mere exposure effect. c)the reciprocity norm. d)mirror-image perceptions.

d)mirror-image perceptions.

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of a)central route persuasion on decision making. b)peripheral route persuasion on social conflict. c)situational dispositions on behavior. d)role playing on attitude change.

d)role playing on attitude change.

In response to stress, ________ release(s) stress hormones into the bloodstream. a)lymphocytes b)the stomach c)NK cells d)the adrenal glands

d)the adrenal glands

When Christa learned that she did not make the cheerleading team, she stole clothes and toiletries out of the lockers of several cheerleaders. Her behavior is best explained in terms of a)scapegoat theory. b)the just-world phenomenon. c)blaming the victim. d)the frustration-aggression principle.

d)the frustration-aggression principle.

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates a)cognitive dissonance. b)a situational disposition. c)peripheral route persuasion. d)the fundamental attribution error.

d)the fundamental attribution error.

One of the important agents of the immune system is a)serotonin. b)the heart. c)the adrenal gland. d)the macrophage.

d)the macrophage.