Quizbowl random terms

Brownian motion

On an m-dimensional Riemannian manifold, the characteristic operator of this process is one half the Laplace-Beltrami operator. Lévy's condition describes the conditions necessary for a continuous process to be one. On long timescales it is well described by the Langevin equation and the workings of this Weiner process in fluids was the subject of a 1905 paper by Albert Einstein. For 10 points, first discovered by looking at pollen grains under a microscope, name this phenomenon, the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid?

Franz Liszt

On his triumphant first tour of England, he premiered the New Grand Overture and its associated opera Don Sanche. His four years in Switzerland and Italy with Countess d'Agoult are remembered in his three volumes for solo piano "Years of Pilgrimage." This virtuoso composed a cantata for the Beethoven Festival of 1845, five years after his return home spurred an interest in Roma music that led to his nineteen-part nationalistic series of piano pieces. For 10 points, name this piano virtuoso and composer of the Hungarian Rhapsodies.

Tigris River

On this river lies the controversial Il?su Dam and the endangered ancient city Hasankeyf. Ctesiphon and Seleucia sit on opposite banks of this river downstream from Samarra. Its tributaries include the Great and Little Zab Rivers, which flow down from the Zagros Mountains. At Qurna, it joins a more western river to form the Shatt-al-Arab. Along this river, Nineveh lies across from Mosul, and Tikrit lies farther downstream. It comprises Syria's easternmost border with Turkey, and a brief stretch of Syria's border with Iraq, whose capital, Baghdad, straddles this river's banks. For 10 points, name this river, Mesopotamia's second-longest, which joins the Euphrates.

The burial of Count Orgaz

One figure wearing a yellow robe in this painting holds a string from which two keys dangle; he is positioned behind a woman wearing a characteristic blue mantle over a red dress. At the apex of this painting is a traditional Deisis; the upper part of this painting generally obeys more Venetian compositional principles. One man depicted in the upper half of this painting, where the clouds are parted, is King Philip II. Two figures in this painting according to legend are saints Stephen and Augustine; they are dressed in gold. For 10 points, name this depiction of the interment of the title noble, painted by El Greco.

Lincoln

One poem describes a woman "beloved in life of" this man. That poem mentioning this man is about Anne Rutledge and is found in Spoon River Anthology. One elegy for this man laments the "great star" in the "western sky in the night." Another elegy for him proclaims "the ship is (*) anchor'd safe" and that for this person "they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning." For 10 points, name this President, whose death was lamented in Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!"

mesophyll

One region of it is composed of palisade parenchyma located beneath the upper epidermis; the parenchyma is made of columnar cells oriented perpendicular to the leaf surface. For 10 points—name this spongy layer of plant tissue, also known as the ground tissue system, in which photosynthesis takes place.

Thus Spoke Zarathustra

One section of this work features a murderer haunted by his crime, the pale criminal. The central character repeats the refrain "remain true to the earth" and describes a "dancer" before he witnesses a tightrope walker plummet to his death. This work describes a metamorphosis of the spirit, which becomes a camel, a lion, and, finally, a child. At its conclusion, a character holds a feast and embraces eternal recurrence. The title character, a herald of lightning and the Ubermensch, destroys himself by descending from the mountain to bring gifts to mankind. For 10 points, name this work featuring the title prophet, written by Friedrich Nietzsche.

Marc Chagall

One work by this man sees a crowd gather around a red circle while a blue angel carries a man in the foreground. In another work, a man in blue adjusts the white veil of a woman in a red dress while a goat plays a violin. In addition to The Creation of Man and La Mariee, he created stained glass windows at Notre Dame de Reims and painting in which a burning synagogue is at the right of the title event. A green man and an upside-down woman are major elements of another work. For 10 points, identify this artist of White Crucifixion and I And The Village.

Newton

One work by this man was revised to include an essay entitled General Scholium, in which this man famously stated I frame no hypothesis. The Cavendish experiment confirmed the value of a constant first proposed by this man, who names a law that is used to find an object's impulse. The conservation of momentum was derived from another law named for this man which states that every action has an opposite and equal reaction. For 10 points, identify this British pioneer of calculus who famously formulated three laws of motion.

friction

The Painleve paradoxes appear when considering this phenomenon for rigid bodies. Along with gravity and particle shape, the angle of repose of granular materials depends on the arctangent of this value in a situation to that of a block on an inclined plane. Common approximations for this phenomenon state that it is independent of contact area and relative velocity, so a simple equation for this force sets it equal to mu times the normal force, and that coefficient may be static or kinetic. For 10 points, name this force that opposes motions.

velocity

The Peclet number is equal to the ratio of this quantity for convection to that for diffusion. A Pitot Tube is used to measure this quantity in gases, while its value in liquids can be determined using a Venturi Meter. Both of these devices make use of the idea that, like volume, as pressure increases, this decreases, a principle known as Bernoulli's Equation. When this is constant, acceleration is zero. For 10 points, name this kinematic quantity, the derivative of position, whose magnitude is equal to speed.

Donatello

The base of one work by this artist is inscribed with "The victor is whoever defends the fatherland." Another work by this man is located in front of the Church of Saint Anthony in Padua, and features a man nicknamed "Honeyed Cat." His other works include a wood statue of (*) Mary Magdalene, and a relief that used the technique stiacciato, St. George and the Dragon. For 10 points, name this Italian sculptor of Gattamelata who depicted a figure wearing a laurel-trimmed hat and standing near the severed head of Goliath in his bronze statue of David.

Pictures at an Exhibition

The composer of this work intended for a minor setting of its opening theme to depict pale light radiating from skulls, and its penultimate movement includes continuous 16th note triplet tremolos in its andante section as well as series of rising octaves in its allegro sections, which depict a witch's flight. Staccato grace notes represent unhatched chickens in this work's fifth movement, and its "Promenade" theme features alternating bars of 5/4 and 6/4 time. This work was notably orchestrated by (*) Maurice Ravel, and includes movements such as "The Hut on Fowl's Legs" and "The Great Gates of Kiev." Viktor Hartmann's paintings inspired, for ten points, which piano suite composed by Modest Mussorgsky?

photoelectric effect

The cross section of this phenomenon is proportional to atomic number raised to the fifth. One way to measure this phenomenon experimentally is to measure the stopping potential. This phenomenon is used for the function of night-vision goggles. A plot of the energy of this phenomenon graphed against frequency has an x-intercept at the threshold frequency, a y-intercept at the negative work function, and a slope of Planck's constant. It was first demonstrated by Heinrich Hertz, and Einstein won a Nobel Prize for explaining it. For 10 points, name this effect in which electrons are ejected from a metal when light is shined on it.

neutrons

The electron dipole moment of this particle is at most three times ten to the negative 26th, and would violate CPT-symmetry if it is non-zero. This particle has a half-life of 881 seconds, and can break up into a proton, an electron and an electron antineutrino via beta decay. This particle is composed of one (*) up and two down quarks, and nuclear fission is initiated by the bombardment of this particle. The number of this particle dictates what isotope an atom is, and they have mass roughly equal to that of a proton. James Chadwick discovered, for ten points, what particle found in the nucleus, which, as its name suggests, has a net charge of zero?

Stalin

The end of this man's rule included the Night of the Murdered Poets, and he invented the fictitious Doctor's Plot. His policies caused the holodomor famine in the Ukraine, and this liquidator of the kulaks was denounced in a "Secret Speech" by Khruschev. This developer of Five-Year Plans and "socialism in one country" drove out Leon Trotsky. For 10 points, name this Soviet leader who instigated the Great Purge and fought Hitler in World War II after succeeding Lenin.

a dream deferred

The poem "Likewise" muses "Sometimes I think / Jews must have heard / the music of" this entity. A poem beginning "Good morning, daddy!" describes the "boogie-woogie rumble" of this entity, and appears in a collection titled "montage of" it. In another poem, the speaker wonders if this entity "sags like a heavy load," stinks "like rotten meat," or crusts and sugars "over / like a syrupy sweet?" Most famously appearing in the first line of the poem "Harlem," for 10 points, name this entity compared to "a raisin in the sun" by Langston Hughes.

Maupassant

This author wrote about Constance's confirmation ceremony and merriment at a brothel in "La Maison Tellier." One of his characters, Father Chantavoine, is a priest of Urville who refuses to ring the church bells; that character hides Rachel the Jewess after she kills the effeminate officer Mademoiselle Fifi. In another work featuring [*] Cornudet, passengers traveling to Le Havre pressure the prostitute Elizabeth Rousset into sleeping with a Prussian officer. The author of "Ball of Fat", for 10 points, what French writer is best known for describing Mathilde's jewelry in "The Necklace"?

Sartre

This author wrote about Hugo's assassination of the Illyrian politician Hoederer in Dirty Hands. His first novel sees the title "sweetish sickness" brought about by memories of the protagonist's former lover Anny and regular meetings with Ogier. In addition to writing about Antoine Roquentin in (*) Nausea, this author wrote about Joseph, Estelle, and Ines getting locked in a room for eternity, prompting the claim that "hell is other people." For ten points, name this French existentialist author of No Exit.

Robert Louis Stevenson

This author wrote about Keawe, a Hawaiian who buys a magic wish-granting bottle on the stipulation that he must sell it for less than he bought it for, in his story "The Bottle Imp." He focused on family rivalries, such as between Archie and Lord Hermiston and Henry and James Durie, in novels like The (*) Master of Ballantrae, and he wrote the poetry collection A Child's Garden of Verses. Another of his novels begins at the Admiral Benbow Inn, where Billy Bones is given the Black Spot by Long John Silver. For 10 points, name this author of Treasure Island.

Amorphous

The radial distribution functions for these substances lack sharp peaks at large distances, and metallic examples can be made via the splat technique. W. H. Zachariasen first diagrammed the random-network model of these substances that are often produced by laser glazing, melt spinning, or another rapid-quench method. Beryllium diflouride can be- come a rare ionic example of one of these solids, and the thin films in solar cells consist of silicon in this form. Showing no long-range order at the atomic level, identify this term for solids like polystyrene and window glass that do not have a crystalline lattice structure.

The Garden of Earthly Delights

The right side of this work shows people fleeing from a burning city emitting diagonal beams of light. A hooded man with an arrow between his buttocks climbs down a ladder from the Tree Man, who is situated in front of two ears with a knife between them. On the left, a flock of birds flies around a spiral shaped tower. Men ride horses and unicorns around a pool in the central panel. Adam looks on as Jesus holds Eve's hand in the left panel, representing Eden, while the other two panels represent hell and the title area. For 10 points, name this triptych painted by the Netherlandish artist Hieronymous Bosch.

electric field

The splitting of spectral lines by one of these is known as the Stark effect. This quantity may be crossed with its duality transform to give the Poynting vector. The cross of susceptibility and this quantity times the permittivity of free space is the (*) polarization. Its flux through a closed surface is proportional to the amount of enclosed charge by Gauss's law. For 10 points, give this quantity, the gradient of the electric potential, equal to charge over radius squared.

All Quiet on the Western Front

The squadron featured in this novel gets its revenge on Himmelstoss, first by beating him up before being sent to the front and later when he proves a coward himself. Among the few things surviving by the end of the story are a pair of boots passed down from Kemmerich to Müller to the narrator, all classmates who left school to fight for Germany in World War I. The tale ends when Paul Baumer is finally killed while reaching for a butterfly - the newspaper report for that day providing the novel's title. For 10 points, name this novel by Erich Maria Remarque.

Hemingway

This author wrote about the smuggler Harry Morgan in To Have and Have Not. "The American" pressures Jig into getting an abortion in this man's short story "Hills Like White Elephants." His collection In Our Time includes many short stories about (*) Nick Adams, and a novella by this man sees Santiago struggle with a giant marlin. For 10 points, identify this American author of A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea.

Harry "rabbit" Angstrom

This character briefly worked as a linotypist, and he saved his granddaughter Judy from drowning after their boat capsized. He lived for a time with Jill and her convict boyfriend Skeeter, and he also ran a Toyota dealership. Earlier, this character ran away from his wife Janice, whom he later blamed for the death of his infant daughter Rebecca. He engaged in an affair with his daughter-in-law Pru in the last novel he appeared in, and he was Remembered in a novel after that. Name this former basketball player, the title character of five novels by John Updike.

Prague

This city was formed around the Vysehrad Castle, and a rebellion started here following news of the death at Lake Constance of Jan Hus. During that rebellion, this city's Vitkov Hill saw the defeat of Emperor Sigismund by peasant rebels led by Jan Žižka. This city's nearby White Mountain saw a Hapsburg victory during the Thirty Years War, and it later experienced a period of relaxation under Soviet rule in its namesake spring of 1968. For 10 points, name this city on the Vltava River, the capital of the Czech Republic.

Johann Sebastian Bach

This composer used strings to accompany the words of Jesus, creating a so-called "halo" effect, in his setting of the sufferings of Christ. This composer wrote fifteen Two-Part Inventions for his pupils, as well as choral works such as the St. Matthew Passion. Glenn Gould specialized in playing works of this composer, such as The Art of the Fugue [FYOOG] and the Goldberg Variations. For 10 points, name this eighteenth-century German composer of The Well-Tempered Clavier [kluh-VEER] and the Brandenburg Concertos.

Constantine

This emperor gained full control of his empire after his victory at the Battle of Chrysopolis against Licinius. This emperor was responsible for calling the Council of Nicaea. This ruler crushed the forces of Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. Before that battle, this emperor supposedly had a vision that eventually led to his Edict of Milan, which extended religious toleration. For 10 points, name this leader of the Roman Empire who became the first to become a Christian.

Ottoman Empire

This empire achieved control of its north-westernmost province at the Battle of Esztergom, and it successfully aided the Count of Enghien in capturing the city of Nice from the Duke of Savoy. One ruler of this empire was assassinated by the Serbian Milo Obilić at the Battle of Kosovo, while later, this empire was defeated by the timely arrival of Jan III Sobieski and a force of Polish hussars. This empire was known for its sipahi cavalry, and after the Auspicious Incident, it was forced to disband its janissary corps. For 10 points, name this "sick man of Europe," ruled by sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent from Istanbul.

Han Dynasty

This empire first became an independent state after fighting against the Chu-state leader Xiang Yu in the Battle of Gaixia, and the Vietnamese Trung sisters revolted against its rule. Another revolt in this dynasty was led by the Red Eyebrows, and Sima Qian completed The Records of the Grand Historian under this dynasty. It was divided into (*) "Western" and "Eastern" portions after an interruption from the Xin Dynasty led by Wang Mang, and Liu Bang founded this empire after the conclusion of the Qin Dynasty. For ten points, name this 208 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. Chinese Dynasty which also names the dominant ethnic group of China.

Bolivar

This man argued for the system of government "that is most likely to succeed" and attempted to rally British and American support in his "Letter from Jamaica." This leader's chief of staff won the battles of Pichincha and Ayacucho. This man won one battle with his future vice president, Francisco Santander, at Boyocá, and this leader also commanded Antonio José de (*) Sucre. This ruler was the first president of a country he created, Gran Colombia. For 10 points, name this man who worked against Spanish rule as "The Liberator" in South America.

Mussorgsky

This man left unfinished operas based upon the writings of Nikolay Gogol, Gustave Flaubert, and Alexsandr Pushkin. Maurice Ravel omitted the Promenade in an arrangement of this man's most famous work, a 10 movement piano suite dedicated to architect Viktor Hartmann. A member of the group of Russian musicians known as The Five, his Night on Bald Mountain was included in Disney's Fantasia. For 10 points, identify this composer of Boris Gudonov and Pictures at an Exhibition.

Otto Von Bismarck

This man was challenged to a duel involving Trichinella-infested sausages by Rudolf Virchow, which he declined. Sickness and old age insurance laws were passed under his "practical Christianity" program. Adalbert Falk administered several restrictions on the clergy that Virchow termed the May Laws, which were part of this man's (*) Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church. He gave the "Blood and Iron" speech in support of a larger war budget, which was used for conflicts that he instigated through a dispute over Schleswig Holstein and by editing the Ems dispatch. For ten points, name this "Iron Chancellor" who helped unify Germany in the 19th century.

Brahms

This man wrote a "Funeral Hymn" for a five-voice chorus, winds, and timpani based on Weisse's Begräbnisgesang. One six-movement work which he wrote for a chamber nonet is his first Serenade, and, like Rachmaninoff, he composed a series of variations on a theme of Paganini. Karl Reinthaler added the aria "I know that my redeemer liveth" to his German Requiem, and he balanced a "tragic" work with one thanking the University of Breslau for his degree. For 10 points, name this composer of the Academic Festival Overture and a certain lullaby.

James K Polk

This man's Postmaster General, Cave Johnson, is credited with the introduction of postage stamps and street corner mailboxes. This president's Congress passed the Walker Tariff, and he had earlier defeated John Bell in a bid for Speaker of the House. This man's administration negotiated with Lord Aberdeen, resulting in the abandonment of the "54-40 or fight" slogan for control of the Oregon Territory. After John Slidell failed to purchase California and New Mexico, the Mexican-American War was fought during this man's presidency. For 10 points, name this "dark horse" winner of the Election of 1844 who was nicknamed "Young Hickory" and succeeded John Tyler.

Sitting Bull

This member of the Silent Eaters group was a key organizer of a meeting at Rosebud Creek. The movements of John Gibbon led this leader to participate in one battle, though he later died following an altercation at Standing Rock due to fears that he would endorse the Ghost Dance movement. He was a participant in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, and his greatest success came after Major Reno failed to provide reinforcements. For 10 points, name this Lakota leader and medicine man who briefly led his tribe into Canada and allied with the Cheyenne to defeat Custer at Little Bighorn.

existentialism

This movement's treatment of the intersubjective self discussed lovers experiencing each other as ambiguous subjects and others, and the look that brings self-awareness of being-for-others. One of its early thinkers urged a leap to faith to overcome despair, a state of sin. Rejecting the Cartesian ego, a proponent of this movement described the authentic being-for-itself as a being who rejects bad faith and creates its own meaning in an absurd world through its own existence. That idea is expressed in this movement's maxim "existence precedes essence". For 10 points, name this philosophy espoused by Soren Kierkegaard, Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Love in the Time of Cholera

This novel includes one character's announcement that he and Leona have "killed the tiger," symbolizing their overcoming of their sexual tension. That same character eats flowers and drinks perfume in order to ingest the scent of his beloved, leading to vomiting. One major event sees Dr. Urbino dying after falling while trying to get his parrot out of a mango tree. Detailing the love of Florentino Ariza for Fermina Daza, for 10 points, name this novel in which the yellow flag of the titular sickness is raised over a boat, a novel by Gabriel García-Marquez.

Charles Guiteau

This man started the newspaper The Daily Theocrat after John Humphrey Noyes kicked him out of the Oneida community. On the day of his death, this man composed and recited the poem "I am Going to the Lordy." This man wrote the speech "Grant vs. Hancock," which led him to request an ambassadorship to Vienna and Paris as payment. This man accused Dr. William Bliss of medical malpractice at his (*) trial, and he purchased a gun with an ivory handle because it would look good in a museum. The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed after this man's most notable action, during which he shouted "I am a Stalwart and Arthur is president now" after firing two shots in the Baltimore and Potomac Terminal. For 10 points, name this assassin who killed James Garfield.

Hadrian's wall

This place was adjacent to a well where the water goddess Coventina was worshiped. Information about this place was found on the Rudge Cup. The creation of this place is referenced in a limerick which prompted its designer to write "I don't want to be a Florus, please." A revolt near this structure signaled the beginning of the Great Conspiracy, which was put down by Count Theodosius. A birthday invitation was found on one of the Vindolanda tablets, which were unearthed near this structure. The creator of this structure later established the Panhellenion in Greece and put down the Bar Kokhba revolt. This structure was intended to stop Pictish raids from Caledonia. For 10 points, name this fortification supplemented by one built by Antoninus Pius, a wall in northern Britain sponsored by a "good" Roman emperor.

The Charge of the Light Brigade

This poem describes a passage "thro' the jaws of Death, back from the mouth of Hell," and claims that the title group "Flash'd all their sabers bare, flash'd as they turn'd in air." The title group is described as facing "Cannon to the right of them, cannon to the left of them, cannon in front of them," though "Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred." It asserts (*) "theirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why," and begins "half a league, half a league, half a league onward." For 10 points, name this Tennyson poem about a failed cavalry charge.

If

This poem originally appeared as the poem following "Brother Square-Toes" in the collection Rewards and Fairies. It warns that truths can be "twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools" and suggests that one's "heart and nerve and sinew" can be made subject to "the Will which says to them: 'Hold on'". This poem, which was inspired by the exploits of Leander Starr (*) Jameson, describes the "two imposters" of "triumph and disaster". It also encourages the addressee to "fill the unforgiving minute / with sixty seconds' worth of distance run" and to "keep your head when all about you / Are losing theirs and blaming it on you". For 10 points, name this Rudyard Kipling poem that lays out the conditions by which "you'll be a Man, my son!"

Bernoulli's Principal

This principle, which can be derived from Euler's [OY-ler's] continuity and momentum equations, is used to explain the Venturi effect. This applies to inviscid [in-VIH-sid] situations, meaning a lack of viscosity, and can be derived from the Navier-Stokes equation. This principle is based on the conservation of energy along a streamline, including the energy attributable to pressure. Identify this equation named for a Swiss scientist showing that a decrease in pressure leads to an increase in speed for fluid flow.

Margaret Sanger

This reformer's work includes writing about a plan to have Congress adopt Wilson's 14 points and having them study the problems of population. She witnessed Sadie Sachs's death, and got John Rock and Gregory Pincus funding to develop a hormonal pill. However this author of Family Limitations violated an act named for the head of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, Anthony Comstock, and founded the American Birth Control League. For ten points, name this woman who founded Planned Parenting and advocated birth control as a form of negative eugenics.

snell's law

This relationship predicts the existence of creep waves, which are less useful than Rayleigh waves for nondestructive testing. The boundary conditions of Maxwell's equations, along with Fermat's principle of least time, may be used to derive it, and a quantity named for Brewster can be calculated from this law assuming complete reflection. Involved in the derivation of the critical angle, this relationship predicts an angle of fifty degrees will produce total internal reflection at a water-air boundary. For 10 points, identify this relationship which determines how the angle at which light enters and exits a boundary changes due change in refractive index.

Louis XIV

This ruler fought the War of Spanish Succession in an attempt to place his grandson Phillip V on the throne of Spain. William III of Orange and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I created the League of Augsburg to oppose this man, who revoked the rights given to Protestants in his country with his Edict of Fontainebleau. Advised by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Cardinal Mazarin, this ruler moved his court from the Louvre to the Palace of Versailles. For 10 points, identify this long-ruling King of France known as the "Sun King".

Louis XIV

This ruler survived a rebellion lead by the Parlements [PAR-l'-mahn] as a child, and his armies were victorious at the Battle of the Dunes. This man acquired Franche-Comte through the Treaty of Nijmegen, and he began the War of Devolution, which led to the dissolution of the League of the Rhine. He dealt with the Fronde during his reign, and this participant in the War of Spanish Succession repealed the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this French monarch who built a palace in Versailles and was known as the "Sun King."

Nernst equation

This statement can be derived from the statistical definition of entropy or by using Boltzmann factors for a redox reaction. One version of it uses the electron charge and Boltzmann's constant to account for molecular quantities. When this equation is used at STP, the ideal gas and Faraday's constants are normally replaced by a factor that accounts for the quotient of the two constants. For 10 points, identify this equation, stated as E equals E naught minus RT over nF times the natural log of Q, that calculates voltage at nonstandard conditions of an electrochemical cell and is named for a German scientist.

Jung

This thinker devised two "perceiving functions," sensation and intuition, and two "judging functions," thinking and feeling. This author of (*) Psychological Types claimed that humans share a body of unconscious motifs. His book Psychology of the Unconscious introduced his concept of the libido that caused a rift with Sigmund Freud. He coined the terms "archetype," "introvert," and "extrovert." For 10 points, name this Swiss psychologist who theorized the "collective unconscious."

Descartes

This thinker outlined ways to correctly think about philosophy and focused on the scientific method in his Rules for the Direction of the Mind. He also wrote about light and the existence of corpuscles, while another of his ideas asserts that since senses come naturally, the outside world must exist. This author of Le Monde theorized that the (*) pineal gland was the connection between the mind and the body, now considered his namesake dualism. For 10 points, name this French thinker who wrote Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy and stated "I think, therefore I am."

radians

This unit must be used for one of the quantities so that the small oscillation restoring force of a pendulum can be approximated as mass times little g times theta. This unit also must be used for the common Taylor series approxima- tion x minus x cubed over six plus x to the fifth over one hundred twenty, etcetera. One way to define this unit is arc length divided by radius, which is why numbers measured in these units can be multiplied by numbers in other units without changing those other units. This unit can be thought of as the number of radii that would fit along the arc in- scribed in an angle, and it equals approximately 57.3 degrees. Give this unit that can be converted to by multiplying pi over one hundred eighty times the number of degrees.

1812 overture

This work includes the children's folk song "U vorot" and the song "At the Gate, at my Gate," and opens with strings playing the Troparion of the Holy Cross, "God Preserve thy People." This work debuted at the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, and it commemorates a (*) defense against Napoleon. The anthem "La Marseillaise" is heard in, for 10 points, what festival music by Tchaikovsky that features cannonfire?

Eleanor Roosevelt

United States History Along with her friends Nancy Cook, Marion Dickerman, and Caroline O'Day, she founded Val-Kill Furniture and bought Todhunter School, where she taught. In addition to these projects during the 1920s, she was a major supporter of Alfred E. Smith. During the 1930s, she started writing a newspaper column titled My Day, and during the 1940s she became the head of the United Nations Human Rights Commission. Name this woman who in 1905 married her fifth cousin once removed, a man who would become President.

Elizabeth Bennet

Towards the end of the novel in which this character appears, this character states that another "knows enough of her frankness to believe me capable of that." That is said to another character who had earlier called this character, "tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me." This character stays with the Gardiners and moves into (*) Pemberley at the end of the novel in which she appears. This best friend of Charlotte Lucas feuds with Lady Catherine de Bourgh and admires Wickham until she learns of his infidelity. This sister of Jane and Lydia rejects a proposal from Mr. Collins and ends up marrying Mr. Darcy. For 10 points, identify this protagonist of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.

Kristallnacht

| This event resulted when a seventeen-year-old attempted an assassination at an embassy in Paris. Although his original target was not present at the time, he was able to kill Ernst vom Rath. Orders released on the fifteenth anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch called for the damage and looting of Jewish property. The position of the government at the time was that these were "spontaneous demonstrations," even though this event was planned in advance by Hitler's Chief of Propaganda, Goebbels. For 10 points, name this two-day event where Germans destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues.

women's suffrage

A popular banner supporting this cause urged "Kaiser Wilson" to "take the beam out of [his] eye." Sweden adopted a limited form of this right for taxpaying guild members during the Age of Liberty. Emmeline Pankhurst delivered her "Freedom or Death" speech in support of this right. New Zealand was the first modern country to adopt an unrestricted form of this right in 1893 while it was part of South Australia. The denial of this right was the first grievance listed in the Declaration of Sentiments drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention. For 10 points, name this right established in the Nineteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

Diego Velazquez

A radiating figure in an orange cloak approaches a group of metalworkers in in one of this man's works, while another depicts a man who drops his cane and nearly falls over as his sons show him a coat. This painter of The Forge of Vulcan and Jacob's Tunic depicted a youth holding a flask above the title dish in Old Woman Frying Eggs. In another work, this man depicted the title goddess gazing into a (*) mirror held by her son Eros, and he showed Justin of Nassau delivering a set of keys to Ambrosio Spinola, in the pikemen-dominated historical work The Surrender at Breda. This painter of the Rokeby Venus painted a work in which a background mirror reflects the image of Philip IV, who gazes at the infanta Margarita. For 10 points, name this Spanish painter who included a self-portrait in his Las Meninas.

Porifera

Animals in this phylum have a rudimentary immune system mediated by grey cells, and their choanocytes digest nutrients. Organisms in this phylum can have asconoid, syconoid, or leukonoid body plans, and they take in food through the ostium. These hermaphroditic organisms can reproduce sexually or asexually by budding. They contain a gelatinous substance called mesohyl, and calcium carbonate spicules serve as their skeletons. Adults in this phylum are asymmetric, sessile invertebrates that eat by filter feeding. For 10 points, name this phylum containing sponges.

Han Dynasty

Ban Chao was a general during this dynasty, which faced the Rebellion of the Seven States. Its emperor Wudi defeated the Xiongnu Confederation, and this dynasty was founded when Liu Bang defeated the state of Chu. The Red Eyebrow Rebellion helped depose Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty and restore rule to this dynasty, which also faced a Taoist revolt called the (*) Yellow Turban Rebellion. It was preceded by the Qin Dynasty and followed by the Three Kingdoms, and this dynasty might have contacted its contemporary Roman Empire via the Silk Road. For ten points, identify this dynasty named after China's majority ethnic group.

chromosomes

Calvin Bridges sketched a specific type of these structures that contain diffuse regions called Balbiani rings and puffs. Many plants and fungi contain extra "B" examples of these structures. In a widely-used technique, G-banding stains these structures. The two arms of these structures are denoted with the letters "p" and "q." Salivary glands in Drosophila are home to over-sized, (*) "polytene" examples of these structures. Miller-Dieker syndrome and cri-du-chat are examples of abnormalities in these structures, called "aneuploidies." Three of these structures are present in trisomies like Down syndrome, and can be easily visualized in a karyotype. For 10 points, name these DNA-containing structures that humans have 23 pairs of.

election of 1980

Candidates who ran for nomination in this election include Howard Baker and the first candidacy of Ben Fernandez. In addition, this election featured the first openly gay man to run for President, David McReynolds, as well as Ed Clark, who netted the Libertarian Party over one percent of the vote for the first time. Despite three Presidential debates being planned, only two of them occurred and only the last one featured both major candidates, as the Democratic nominee refused to debate the independent candidate John Anderson. The interest rate crisis and the Iran Hostage Crisis were primary issues, in, For 10 points, what election, which saw a Republican landslide by Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter?

Don Giovanni

Charles Gounod commented on how the time signature indicates two beats in a bar but instead was marked as Adagio in the "Trio of Masks" scene in this opera. The titular baritone and the soprano peasant girl sing the aria "We'll hold hands there". The "Catalogue" aria and the aria "I work night and day" are sung by the title character's servant. Masetto is the lover of the previously mentioned soprano Zerlina. Fiance Don Ottavio vows to avenge the murder of his fiancée Donna Anna's father, Il Commendatore also known as Don Pedro, however this opera concludes with the eponymous character being dragged into Hell by a statue. For 10 points, name this opera by Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart taken from Tirso de Molina's play The Seducer of Seville which is based on the legend of Don Juan.

golgi body

Enzymes in this structure are responsible for palmitoylation of the Ras superfamily, and this structure is also responsible for O-linked glycosylation. This structure allows the production of glycosaminoglycans, which help comprise the extracellular matrix. The acrosome is a derivative of this organelle. This organelle is capable of targeting the lysosome via application of a mannose-6-phosphate tag to proteins at its "cis" region. COPII-coated vesicles transport proteins from the ER to this structure, where they are targeted. For 10 points, name this organelle usually made up of flattened disks known as cisternae, responsible for protein processing and packaging.

Secretary of State

Federal law requires that if the President resigns, he must do so in a letter addressed to the holder of this office. President William Howard Taft appointed Philander C. Knox to this cabinet position. During Andrew Jackson's first term, Martin Van Buren held this position. Madison and Monroe both held this position before becoming President, and Henry Clay was given this job by John Quincy Adams in the "corrupt bargain." For 10 points, name this cabinet office first held by Thomas Jefferson and now held by Hilary Clinton, which is in charge of foreign affairs.

Paganini

Franz Liszt created six piano etudes based on works by this man, including "La Campanella." This man commissioned Berlioz's Harold in Italy, but refused to play it because there were too many rests. His twenty-fourth caprice in A minor served as the basis for both Brahms's books of Variations named after this man and Rachmaninoff's (*) Rhapsody on a Theme of this man. This man's ability was later attributed to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which increases joint flexibility, rather than a deal with the Devil. For 10 points, name this legendary nineteenth century Italian violin virtuoso.

prions

In a 2010 study, it was found that the cleavage of these entities in peripheral nerves causes the activation of myelin repair in Schwann cells. These entities can cause Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome and a disease that leads to sleeplessness, fatal familial insomnia. These entities are formed from mutations in the PrP protein, which creates (*) amyloid folds of beta-pleated sheets instead of the normal alpha helices. These entities can cause kuru, scrapie, and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. For 10 points, name these misfolded and infectious proteins which cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, as well as mad cow disease.

Sinclair Lewis

In a novel by this man, a banker faces a mob after discovering that he is partly of African-American descent. In addition to writing Kingsblood Royal, this author wrote about an engineer who sells the Revelation Automobile Company and a college football star who falls in love with evangelist Sharon Falconer after being ordained as a priest. This author of Dodsworth and Elmer Gantry created the fictional town of Zenith, where May Arnold has an affair with Paul Riesling, and Tanis Judique has an affair with a real estate broker. Name this author of Babbitt.

Stoppard

In a play by this author, a character drifts offstage, presumably dead, with the line, "Now you see me, now you --", and often ends the phrase "give us this day our daily-" with words like "week" and "mask". In one of this man's plays, a 13-year-old savant trying to prove Fermat's Theorem to her tutor Septimus Hodge is named Thomasina Coverly. The Rape of the Sabine Women, or, rather, woman, or, rather, Alfred, is announced by the Player in his best- known play. That work begins with a coin landing heads up ninety times in a row and features two characters from Hamlet. For 10 points, name this playwright of Arcadia and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.

labyrinths

In a work named after one of these constructs, the narrator meets Alvaro de Luna and can see only two out of three wheels of Fortune. In addition to titling the magnum opus of Juan de Mena, another of these structures is home to Asterion. The pachuco, an expression of mimetisimo, fails to escape one of them in a work that includes the sections "The Sons of La Malinche", "Day of the Dead", and "Mexican Masks". The King of Babylonia dies in one of sand and Ts'ui Pen constructs a temporal one. These structures title a work about the solitude of Mexico written by Octavio Paz and a collection of short stories by Jorge Luis Borges. For 10 points, name these lonely mazes.

Australia

In one novel from this country, Mrs. Ruth Godbold and her children watch the destruction of Xanadu, a house previously owned by Miss Hare. That novel is Riders in the Chariot. One author from this country described the murder of the Healy and Newby families in The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith. One author from this country wrote about Laura Trevelyan and the title German explorer's attempt to cross an entire continent in Voss, and another author from this country wrote about a bet centered on transporting a glass cathedral in Oscar and Lucinda. For 10 points, name this country home to Thomas Keneally, Patrick White, and Peter Carey.

Tennessee Williams

In one play by this author, Chance Wayne tries to blackmail Princess Kosmonopolis with a tape of her discussing smuggling hashish into the United States. In another of his plays, a condom embarrassingly falls out of Alvaro's pocket after he shows body art to Serafina. In addition to (*) Sweet Bird of Youth and The Rose Tattoo, this author also wrote a play about the Pollitt family's patriarch Big Daddy and the relationship between Brick and Maggie. For 10 points, name this American playwright of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

South Africa

In this country, eight people who planned a rebellion were convicted in the Rivonia trial. A student protest of this nation's refusal to teach them in English prompted the Soweto Massacre. This nation adopted a policy claiming HIV did not cause AIDS. F.W. de Klerk led the Transvaal in this country before becoming prime minister and overseeing a Xhosa (ko-sa) future president's release from jail. This nation's pass laws were part of the Afrikaaner-created program of apartheid. For 10 points, name this home to the Zulus that was led by Nelson Mandela.

The Sun Also Rises

In this novel, Count Mippipopolous espouses the philosophy of getting your money's worth and knowing when you have. The prostitute Georgette Leblanc tries to hide her rotting teeth in this novel, and the hotel owner Montoya provides support for those who show promise as "the real thing" in this novel. The wounded World War I veteran (*) Jake Barnes is the protagonist of this work in which the matador Romero slays a bull in Pamplona. For 10 points, name this book about members of the Lost Generation living in Spain in the 1920s, a novel by Ernest Hemingway.

Anna Karenina

In this novel, the titular character has a son Seryozha and a daughter out of wedlock, Anna. Dolly's sister Kitty eventually marries Konstantine Levin in this novel which begins "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." The protagonist's husband refuses to consider a divorce because it will soil their reputation but that doesn't stop that character from meeting Count Vronsky. In the end, she feels that Vronsky has lost interest in her and throws herself in front of a train. For 10 points, name this book written by Leo Tolstoy.

Wren

He declined a royal commission from Charles II to direct the refortification of Tangier on grounds of health. He based his design of the Chelsea Hospital on the Hôpital des Invalides in Paris, and, with Sir Jonas Moore, designed the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. He proposed a dome for the building he is most associated with one week before it was burned down in 1666, and later headed its reconstruction that took him 36 years to finish. For 10 points, identify this British architect who rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire of London.

Hawaii

Lorrin Thurston led a group in this polity known as the Committee of Safety, which worked with U.S. Minister John Stevens. In the mid-1800's, it was briefly occupied by the British in the Paulet Affair. Walter Gibson was one of the chief proponent's of its 1887 constitution known as the (*) "Bayonet Constitution." Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report to investigate abuses in this polity, although its overall conclusion would be rebuked by the later Morgan Report. Sanford Dole was the first governor of this polity, using his power to establish large pineapple plantations. For 10 points, name this polity annexed as a U.S. territory in 1898 following the overthrow of Queen Lili'uokalani.

polarization

Malus's Law gives the intensity of a light ray after it is subjected to this process. This process is often performed in commercial products through the use of dichroic materials, and commonly comes in circular and linear types. It also occurs by reflection when the incident light ray comes in at Brewster's angle. (*) For 10 points, name this process by which a light ray's waves are made to oscillate in only one direction, which is commonly done using Polaroid filters.

Edwin Arlington Robinson

A sonnet by this author condemns the "squeamish and emasculate crusade" against the "grim dominion" of Emile Zola's art. This author's poem urging a man to "go to the western gate," "Luke Havergal," is set in this author's fictional village of Tilbury Town. The title character of one of this author's poems eyes a (*) "khaki suit with loathing," and instead loves the Medici and "the days of old. Another of this author's title characters is "admirably schooled in every grace" and "richer than a king," but "one calm summer night / Went home and put a bullet through his head." For 10 points, name this American poet of "Miniver Cheevy" and "Richard Cory."

Isis

A temple to the cult of this goddess is located in region VIII of Pompeii, where she was worshiped primarily by women and slaves hoping for eternal life. Rituals in the cult often required water from the Nile. Seen as a universal mother goddess, perhaps in part due to her ability to conceive Horus with a man who had already been killed, For 10 points, name this Egyptian goddess and wife of Osiris.

kidneys

Although not the lungs, antibodies target a structure in these organs in Goodpasture's syndrome. They detect decreased oxygen levels and release erythropoietin, stimulating erythrocyte generation. Their failure is characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, as well as increased createnine serum levels. This organ responds to vasopressin which increases fluid retention. It filters blood through nephrons, and dialysis performs this organ's function. The adrenal glands are located above, For 10 Points, what structures connected to the bladder by the ureter.

Friction

An inconsistency between Newtonian restitution and a common model of this phenomenon was known as the Painlevé [pawn-luh-veh] paradox. The velocity named for this concept, also known as shear velocity, is used in the Bagnold formula. This is mapped in chemical force microscopy, a type of atomic force microscopy. Some of its qualities are covered by laws named after Amontons [ah-mohn-tohn] and Coulomb, such as its independence of area and speed, and the magnitude of this force is proportional to the normal force. It may be classified as static or kinetic. Name this resistive force that slows down objects.

Klimt

Art/Archictecture A work by him at the National Gallery of Art shows a pale baby lying in a very colorful cradle. Some of his well-known paintings include trees, such as Fruittees, Large Poplar, Birch Forest, and Apple Tree. At the beginning of the 20th Century, he went through a golden phase during which he used gold leaf in his paintings, and many of his paintings highlighted female sexuality. Name this artist who created The Kiss.

Socialism

Cläre [KLAR-uh] Tisch supported this system in a namesake calculation debate against Ludwig von Mises and other members of the Austrian school of economics. Joseph Schumpeter asked whether this system can work in a book about capitalism, this system, and democracy. People wanting a gradual transition to this system started the Fabian Society. Vietnam claims to be this type of republic, and the Soviet Union claimed to be a union of this type of republics. This was a stage that would precede the common ownership of communism according to Marxists. Name this planned economy in which the means of production can be controlled by the government.

Phillipines

Galleons named for this modern-day country's capital city traded with Acapulco in New Spain. One politician from this country was assassinated upon arriving at the national airport after a three year exile; the man who ordered that assassination was ousted from the presidency of this country in the (*) People Power Revolution. One conflict in this country saw a fleeing general declare "I shall return" before the forces he left behind suffered through the Bataan Death March, while another saw the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo. For ten points, identify this island nation formerly led by Ferdinand Marcos, where Benigno Aquino now rules from Manila.

The Barber of Seville

Haydn's "Seasons" provides the melody for the "Zitti Zitti" found in this opera, and at its premiere, the strings broke on two guitars, and a cat was chased around by three different characters. One figure pretends to be a drunk soldier, and a substitute teacher while pursuing his love interest, and confusion abounds at the end of Act II after the police change their behavior. In order to keep the ruse from being exposed, Basilio is given a bribe, and Lindoro, in reality Count Almaviva, ends up marrying Rosina with the help of the title character, much to the chagrin of Bartolo. For 10 points, identify this opera about a Spanish stylist by Gioachino Rossini.

Janus

He is the husband of Juturna and the father of Fontus, who are the goddess and god of springs, fountains, and wells respectively. He was typically invoked before any other god in regular liturgies, and his festival of Agonium took place in the 9th day of his namesake (*) month. His temple was kept open during war in honor of him causing a hot spring to erupt which trapped the Sabines for Romulus to capture. Lacking a Greek counterpart, For 10 points, name this Roman god of doors, gates, and beginnings, famous for having two faces.

Khomeini

Hitoshi Igarashi was killed by this leader's forces. Mike Wallace asked this leader if he was crazy in a segment on 60 Minutes, which occurred weeks after his first PM, Bazargan, resigned. At this man's state funeral, upset mourners seized the body and nearly tore it to shreds. This non-Chinese leader carried out a Cultural Revolution with his Basij paramilitary. The "Guardianship of the Jurist" was explained by this politician after he returned from exile in Paris for opposing the White Revolution. He was Time magazine's person of the year in 1979 after he oversaw a 444-day hostage crisis. For 10 points, name this Supreme Leader and Ayatollah, leader of the Iranian Revolution.

Kim Jong Un

In October 2013, the University of Malaysia awarded this world leader an honorary doctorate in economics. He was visited by an escaped sushi chef who had previously served his father. This figure's first public speech was converted into the hymn "Onwards Toward the Final Victory." His government once threatened to "strike mercilessly without notice" in a fax to a neighboring country. In December 2013, this leader executed his (*) uncle, who had been his second-in-command. This "Supreme Leader" is currently the youngest head of state in the world. For ten points, name this current leader of North Korea who came to power after the death of his father Kim Jong-il.

Lymph node

In a physical exam, usually five sets of these bean-shaped organs located submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal, and popliteal are palpated. Extending from the enclosing fibrous capsule are trabeculae or septa that separate the organ into various sinuses or chambers. For 10 points—name this anatomical structure important in the creation of new immune cells during an infection and notably swells when infected.

The Death of Marat

In an Edvard Munch painting of this name, a naked woman with red hair stands in front of a blue bed, which the title figure lies on. In another painting of this name, a green sheet appears behind a square wooden stool holding ink and a quill. That painting of this name includes a bloody knife in the lower left corner, as well as the dangling right arm of a corpse whose right hand grasps a petition from Charlotte Corday. For 10 points, name this Jean-Louis David painting of the assassination of a leader of the French Revolution.

Titian

In one of this artist's paintings, the inclusion of a stag's skull foreshadows the fate of a man who glances past a red curtain at a group of women around a stone bath. In that work's follow-up, a woman shoots a bow at a figure being devoured by hounds. In another work, this painter of Diana and Actaeon showed a constellation above a ship fading in the distance as one figure jumps from a chariot drawn by two cheetahs. In one of his paintings, Cupid stirs the water of a (*) sarcophagus between one nude and one clothed woman. The painter of Bacchus and Ariadne and Sacred and Profane Love showed a dog curled at the feet of a reclining nude in another work. For 10 points, name this painter of Venus of Urbino.

Neruda

In one poem, this man calls his love a "pit of debris" and repeats the phrase "deserted like the dwarves at dawn;" that poem by this man repeats the phrase, "in you everything sank!" This man also lamented his lost love in "Tonight I can write the saddest lines." This poet included (*) "The Heights of Macchu Picchu" in his Canto General (hen-eh-RAL). For 10 points, name this Chilean poet of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.

Margaret Mead

In one work, this author examines the tribes of Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli and studies the link between sexual characteristics and cultural conditioning. Besides Sex and Temperament in Three Societies, she wrote another work in which she tries to determine the source of disturbances that vex teenagers as being caused by the nature of adolescence or by civilization. Franz Boas, her advisor, wrote the foreword to that work. For 10 points, identify this American anthropologist and author of Coming of Age in Samoa.

Durkheim

In one work, this man asserted that crime is "a useful prelude to reforms" and viewed criminal ingenuity as an expression of individuality. He discussed the maintenance of organic solidarity in the transition of societies, citing the need for moral regulation of the industrial world in The Division of Labor in Society. In another work whose inferences statisticians have criticized for an apparent "ecological fallacy," this man probes differences between Protestants and Catholics and categorizes the titular phenomenon into egoistic, fatalistic, altruistic, and anomic types. For 10 points, name this French sociologist and author of On the Normality of Crime, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, and Suicide.

Rousseau

In one work, this philosopher debunks the conception of children as essentially being small versions of adults. In another work, the collective of all citizens is viewed as a separate body from the government known as the state when passive and the sovereign when active. In that work, this philosopher stresses the importance of expressing the general will and states that citizens secure liberation from the state of nature by entering in the titular agreement. For 10 points, name this French author of Emile and The Social Contract.

ATP

In the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the binding of this molecule allows myosin to detach from actin. The second messenger cyclic AMP is synthesized from this molecule by adenylyl cyclase. Pyruvate kinase is involved in the transfer of a phosphate group from PEP to ADP, which yields one molecule of this as well as one molecule of pyruvate in glycolysis. For 10 points, name this molecule which is a primary energy source for cells.

El Greco

In the upper right of one of this artist's paintings, a man in a purple robe with an orange sash stands out in a sea of figures in grey and yellow. In lieu of a signature, many of his paintings show a hand gesture where the middle and ring fingers are held together and the other two splay out. This man showed a blue-clad St. John raising his arms to heaven on the left of his Opening of the Fifth Seal, and showed the gold-robed saints Stephen and Augustine by the title armor-clad nobleman in Burial of the Count of Orgaz. For 10 points, name this Spanish Renaissance painter of elongated figures, who painted his adoptive home in View of Toledo after emigrating from Crete.

Mongolia

In this country, children may be given names meaning "No name" or "Don't know" to ward off evil spirits. The saline Uvs Lake lies mostly in this country, which encloses the ancient Lake Khovsgol. In this country south of Tuva, the Tuul River is held sacred. This country lies northwest of a similarly named, rare earth metal-rich, and desertifying region in another nation, called "Inner [this country]."The ger is a round, portable dwelling found in this country, whose namesake ethnicity invented the yurt. This country's south lies in the Altai Mountains and Gobi Desert. For 10 points, name this landlocked steppe country between Russia and China.

The Nightwatch

In this painting, a drummer stands on the extreme left and looks at the viewer. One figure in this painting holds a large blue and yellow flag, while another wears red and is loading a musket. This painting also shows a brightly-lit girl with a chicken on her back. That girl, who is wearing gold, is behind a man in gold and another man in a red sash. Given its nickname because of the dark varnish covering it, for 10 points, name this Rembrandt painting of a militia company.

Pygmalion

In this play, one character inherits a fortune after a millionaire is convinced that he is the "most original moralist" of England. In an earlier scene, a young lady pays a shilling in Wimpole Street to be able to work in a flower shop; that character later marries (*) Freddy Eynsford Hill. This play begins in Covent Garden, where an interpreter of Indian dialect, Colonel Pickering, accepts a bet with a phonetics professor that the latter can change a cockney-speaking girl into a proper woman. For ten points, identify this play in which Eliza Doolittle betrays Henry Higgins, written by George Bernard Shaw.

One Hundred Years of Solitude

In this work, a Belgian named Gaston spends his last three years waiting for a hydroplane to arrive. A creature called the Wandering Jew is scapegoated to stop a heat wave. A patriarch mistakes a block of ice for a giant diamond. One man fathers seventeen sons that all share his name and have ash markings on their foreheads. Many men have children by a prostitute who reads the future through cards, Pilar Ternera. A dead gypsy, Melquíades, brings a cure for the insomnia plague. It rains for almost five years after three thousand workers are massacred by the banana company. Úrsula, many José Arcadios, and many Aurelianos appear in, For 10 points, what novel chronicling the Buendía family in Macondo, by Gabriel García Márquez?

Thomas Pynchon

In two of his short stories, Meatball Mulligan throws a party and Bongo-Shaftsbury kills the spy Porpentine. Stories such as "Entropy" and "Under The Rose" appear in his short story collection Slow Learner, and in one of his works the story of two colonial men is told by Wicks Cherrycoke. In addition to Mason & Dixon, this man wrote a novel in which the secret society Tristero attracts the attention of Oedipa Maas, while his best-known work follows the promiscuous protagonist's quest for the secrets of the Schwarzgerat and the V2 rockets, lieutenant Tyrone Slothrop. For 10 points, name this reclusive author of The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow.

Vivaldi

Much of his employment was in the artistic faculty of the foundling home Ospedale della Pieta. His innovations include the regular use of the ritornello form and standardizing the "fast, slow, fast" structure of the concerto. "The Hunt" and "Storm at Sea" are among the lesser works from his cycle The Contest Between Harmony and Invention, which also depicts such images as heat-induced fatigue and freezing rain in such movements as "La Primavera." For 10 points, name this Italian composer of the calendar-themed "The Four Seasons."

Eroica

Music The first movement, labeled Allegro Con Brio, contains a longer Development and Coda than previous pieces. It also has three horns, rather than the customary two, and begins with two staccato E Flat Major chords. The second movement is a funeral march, and there are four movements in total. Completed in 1803 or 1804, it is viewed by some people as the first Romantic composition. Name this Beethoven work that was almost dedicated to Napoleon.

Fauvism

One artist from this movement painted yachts preparing for a race on the French Riviera, Regatta at Cowes. Another artist from this movement is known for four depictions of the River Thames, including one in which five blue boats float below a train on Charing Cross Bridge. Including Raoul Dufy and Andre Derain, this movement got its name after the Salon d'Automne, which Louis Vauxcelles described with the phrase "Donatello among the wild beasts". For 10 points, name this early 20th century art movement which emphasized vivid colors and was led by Henri Matisse.

Shia Islam

One branch of this religious sect is the Zaidis. Members of this sect believe in eight practices in place of the five pillars. Another of its sects believes that Muhammad al-Mahdi is the twelfth imam, is alive and hidden, and will help Jesus bring the day of judgement. That sect, this religion's largest, is the Twelvers. Its adherents believe Ali was the true successor to Muhammad. Many adherents are found in Azerbaijan and Iraq, and it is the dominant religion in Iran. For 10 points, name this second largest branch of Islam after Sunni.

Boiling point

One can calculate this quantity from the Clausius Clapeyron equation given the vapor pressure and heat of vaporization. A mixture for which this property is lower than for either of the constituent parts is called a positive azeotrope. This property can be bypassed by a process analogous to supersaturation, which can lead to violent eruptions upon adding nucleation sites. This colligative property can be defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to ambient pressure. For ten points, name this phase transition which involves changing from a liquid to a gas, and happens in water at 100 degrees Celsius.

Don Giovanni

One character in this opera asserts in the aria "Non mi dir" that she cannot yet marry Ottavio, and the title character sings about hosting a wedding party in "Fin ch'han dal vino," the champagne aria. One character switches cloaks to mislead a murderous mob led by Massetto, who is infuriated by the treatment of his new wife Zerlina, and earlier Elvira learns about the title figure's history in Leporello's "catalogue" aria. The statue of the Commendatore drags the title character down to Hell at the end of, for 10 points, what opera about a womanizer, by Mozart?

La Boheme

One character in this opera tells her life story in an aria beginning "Mi chiamano," followed by her name. In this opera, the elderly Alcindoro becomes the escort of Musetta, who attempts to make her lover Marcello jealous. This opera, which also contains the aria "Che gelida manina," ends in a garret where Rodolfo cares for a bedridden Mimì, who is dying of tuberculosis. The basis for the musical Rent, this is, for 10 points, what opera about poor Parisians living in the Latin Quarter, written by Giacomo Puccini?

Zoroastrianism

One cultic fire for this faith was called Farnbag and was transported to Kabulistan. The spherical primal man in this faith is Gayomart, and one heresy in this faith believes that time created the two major gods and is called Zurvanism. The founder of this faith wrote the hymns the Gathas, and the Parsi followers of this religion place their dead on dakhmas, or towers of silence, instead of using burial or cremation. With the holy text called the Avesta, for 10 points, name this Persian religion focusing on the evil Ahriman and his counterpart Ahura Mazda.

Michael Faraday

One law named for this man states that mass equals Q over F times molar mass over valency. Optical isolators are based on an effect named for this man governed by a law in which the path length and flux density are related to the angle of rotation by the Verdet constant. He stated that the mass of substance transformed at an electrode is proportional to the applied charge in one of his two laws of electrolysis. Another law named for him subsumes (*) Lenz's law due to the presence of a minus sign, and states that the voltage is equal to the time derivative of the magnetic flux. That law is used to find the EMF around a loop of current-carrying wire. For 10 points, name this English physicist and namesake of a law of electromagnetic induction.

Franz Joseph Haydn

One of this composer's oratorios follows the farmer Simon, who watches his daughter Hanne over the course of a year. This composer wrote twelve symphonies for Johann Peter Salomon. The six string quartets in his opus twenty, Sun Quartets, helped earn him the nickname "the father of the String Quartet." His ninety-fourth symphony takes its name from a (*) sudden fortissimo note on the timpani in the middle of the soft second movement, which was allegedly included to wake up sleeping members of the audience. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Surprise Symphony.

Chopin

One of this composer's works features only sixteen measures of the second theme in the dominant key of D-flat major and, except for measure sixty-six, is played only using the black keys of the piano. One of his works, sometimes called "The Shepherd Boy," got another nickname from Robert Schumann. This composer wrote pieces subtitled "Aeolian Harp," "Winterwind," and "Tristesse." This composer tried to depict a dog chasing its tail in a piece that oddly takes about ninety seconds to play titled The Minute Waltz. For 10 points, name this piano virtuoso who wrote The Revolutionary Etude and many mazurkas and polonaises.

Opium Wars

One side of these conflicts used the steam-warship Nemesis to great effect. The authority of trials conducted by Charles Elliot was one issue in these conflicts; another was an outflow of silver from the invaded party. The seizure of the pirate ship Arrow began the second of these wars. The first "unequal treaty" resolved one of these conflicts after threats to bombard Nanking. Lin Zexu [ze-SHOO] wrote an open letter to Queen Victoria about stamping out a popular vice prior to, for 10 points, which conflicts in which the United Kingdom fought over the Canton trade system in China and the smuggling of an addictive drug?

The Birth of Venus

One version of this painting includes five putti flying over the central character, who is reclining on the sea, and was painted by Alexandre Cabanel. The rightmost figure in this painting is a horae who extends a red flowered cloak to the title figure. In this painting, Chloris is clinging to Zephyrus, who blows the central character to shore. That character in this painting holds her orange hair by her hips, and stands on a clamshell. For 10 points, name this painting in which the goddess of love emerges on a shore, a work by Sandro Botticelli.

de Goya

One work by this artist, depicting a mental asylum with its inhabitants, is The Madhouse, while a boy with a blindfold holds a wooden spoon in his Blind Man's Bluff. He created a series of cartoons for the royal tapestry factory, and created a set of 80 aquatint prints called Los Caprichos. He depicted a woman in the same pose both clothed and unclothed, and his Black paintings included Saturn Devouring his Sons. For 10 points, name this Spanish painter who depicted a line of prisoners awaiting execution in The Third of May, 1808.

Raphael

One work by this man depicts Saint Thomas with a girdle and the coronation of Mary, while his first commission was painted with Evangelista di Meleto. The artist of The Fire in the Borgo and The Mass at Bolsena, in addition to the Oddi Altar and Baronci Altarpiece, this artist was a pupil of Pietro Perugino. One work by this man depicts two figures surrounded by Saints Barbara and Sixtus, while another shows Plato, Socrates and other philosophers gathering on some steps. For 10 points, name this Renaissance artist of the Sistine Madonna and The School of Athens.

The Long Parliament

Panic over the Shrule massacre distracted this entity from the arrest of a group including Arthur Haselrig and Denzil Holles, and it rather presumptively auctioned off foreign lands to would-be "Adventurers." This entity saw William Lenthall's control usurped by John Pym and sought to ensure its authority with the Triennial Act, passed shortly before it witnessed the executions of Thomas Wentworth and William (*) Laud. The Solemn League and Covenant saw it ally with Scottish forces in the wake of the Bishops' Wars, two years after issuing the Grand Remonstrance. Henry Ireton and Thomas Pryde ejected much of this body, leaving a remnant dubbed "Rump." For 10 points, identify this parliament whose clash with Charles I triggered the English Civil War, named for its unusual eight-year duration.

Vitamin C

Primates need to eat this nutrient because they are missing the GULO [goo-loe] enzyme. Because this blocks some effects of hydrogen peroxide, it reduces the risk of cancer. This nutrient is necessary in the formation of tendons because this oxidizes proline [PROE-leen] to create collagen [KAHL-luh-jen]. A lack of this nutrient causes muscle pain, gum disease, and weak scar tissue. This vitamin is also known as ascorbic [uh-SKOR-bik] acid, and a lack of this causes scurvy. Name this vitamin concentrated in berries and citrus fruit.

Voodoo

Special alcoves are placed on tombs in a festival in this religion that "feeds the dead", and the tambú drum is played at its religious services. Practitioners of this religion believe in entities like luga-rou and baka and claim that people have two inner forces, the gros bon ange and ti bon ange. Female and male priests in this religion are known as (*) Mambos and Houngans, respectively. While this religion acknowledges the supreme god Bondye, lesser entities like the tuxedo-wearing Baron Samedi and the crossroads guardian Papa Legba, known as loa, are the primary means of communication. For ten points, identify this Haitian syncretic religion that has namesake dolls.

The Messiah

The composer of this piece re-used the music from his earlier duet "No, di voi non vo fidarmi" in one movement. In Mozart's re-orchestration of this piece, a difficult clarino trumpet solo is transferred to the horn. The first choral movement of this piece closes with a plagal cadence on the words "hath spoken it." This piece includes an instrumental Pifa interlude which is sometimes referred to as a (*) "Pastoral Symphony." The first aria in this piece promises to make "The crooked straight and the rough pieces plane" and is titled "Every Valley Shall Be Exalted." Part 3 of this work opens with the soprano aria "I know that my redeemer liveth." For 10 points, name this oratorio by George Frideric Handel which includes the "Hallelujah Chorus."

waves

The defining equation named for these things is conventionally written "u sub tt equals c times u sub xx". These things can be bounded by envelopes and may have distinct group and phase velocities. The behavior of these things at a barrier is characterized by transmission and reflection coefficients. When these things are spatially localized, they are called "packets". Those that propagate transversely may possess polarization. De Broglie showed that particles have properties of these things. For 10 points, name these things that are generically oscillatory motions, typically characterized by an amplitude and a frequency.

The Creation of Adam

The man on the left of this painting has a concave pose very similar to that of a Roman cameo of Augustus riding on a Capricorn. A figure on the right of this painting places his right arm around a woman in order to touch an infant, leading many scholars to identify the pair as Mary and Jesus. Frank Lynn Meshberger argued that the shape of a human brain is created in this painting by the mass of drapery and (*) figures on the right. To the right of this painting is the scene of the water being divided from the earth. The title man in this painting is shown after formation and enlivenment but before animation. For 10 points, name this scene painted by Michelangelo for the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel where God is about to touch the first man's finger.

The Ring of the Nibelung (or the Ring Cycle)

The title object of this musical composition is forged by Alberich. Its composer built a theater in Bayreuth [bi-ROYT] specifically to host this work, which takes 16 hours to perform over four nights. It ends with Brunnhilde riding into a (*) funeral pyre and the burning of the Hall of the Gods. Das Rheingold [RINE-gold], Die Walküre [dee VAL-koor], Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung make up, for 10 points, what epic four-opera "cycle" written by Richard Wagner [ree-kart VAHG-ner]?

The Metamorphosis

The younger sister of the main character of this novella plays the violin for three lodgers in the parlor whereupon they view the "monstrous vermin," refuse to pay the rent, and leave the next day. The family then locks their son, who is unable to speak, in his room where he willingly dies of starvation with an apple lodged in his back. For 10 points name this novella by Franz Kafka about Gregor Samsa who wakes up one morning from unsettling dreams to find himself changed into a large bug.

Marbury v. Madison

This Supreme Court case resulted in Section 13 of a fourteen year old Judiciary Act being called unconstitutional. That section allowed the Court to write writs of mandamus, for which the plaintiff in this case asked so that he could receive a commission as a justice of the peace. That commission had been one of the "midnight appointments." For 10 points, name this 1803 case decided by John Marshall in favor of the Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson, which created the concept of judicial review.

garcia Marquez

This author fictionalized "La Violencia" in a novel featuring a Doctor, Mayor, and Father Angel. Such stories as "The Saint" and "I Only Came to Use the Phone" are collected in his Strange Pilgrims, whose themes are recapitulated in Memories of My Melancholy Whores. He wrote of Pelayo and Elisenda's discovery of "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings," as well as a novel about the murder of Santiago Nasar. For 10 points, name this author of Chronicle of a Death Foretold and No One Writes to the Colonel, who created Macondo and the Buendía family in One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Stoppard

This author wrote a one-act play in which Moon and Birdboot are drawn into play set in Muldoon Manor. In another play, several scholars discuss a possible duel involving Lord Byron while in the past Thomasina Coverly discusses the nature of entropy with her tutor Septimus Hodge. This author's most famous work includes the question game and a section where one character flips a coin which lands on heads every time. That play focuses on a group of Tragedians and two minor characters from Hamlet. For 10 points, name this British playwright of The Real Inspector Hound, Arcadia, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.

Faust

This character mistakes the lemures digging his grave for workers from his land reclamation project. That vision occurs after the "Midnight" scene where Care's breath blinds him. After this character kills Valentine and causes his lover to poison her mother, his lover drowns their newborn child. The death of Euphorion causes another of his lovers, Helen of Troy, to vanish. For seeking the "eternal-feminine", this character's soul is rescued by angels and led into heaven by the soul of Gretchen. For 10 points, name this character who in search of pure happiness makes a deal with Mephistopheles in a two-part play by Goethe.

Rimsky-Korsakov

This composer arranged a symphonic poem, "Night on Mount Triglav," based on his opera in which the title character leads Yaromir up that mountain. In addition to writing the opera Mlada, this composer included two "Alborada" movements in a work which ends with a "Fandango Asturiano," his Capriccio Espagnol. A theme representing the Sultan opens "The Sea and Sinbad's Ship" from a symphonic suite by this composer, who notably wrote an interlude with violins and flute playing chromatic sixteenth note runs in his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Scheherazade and "Flight of the Bumblebee."

Edvard Grieg

This composer included an "Air" marked "andante religioso" as well as a "Sarabande" and "Gavotte" in his suite celebrating the playwright Ludvig Holberg. A timpani roll leads to an A minor chord to start the only piano concerto of this composer of Lyric Pieces. This composer wrote a movement depicting trolls in a suite that also includes "Anitra's Dance" and "Morning Mood" For 10 points, name this composer who included "In the Hall of the Mountain King" in his Peer Gynt Suite, a Norwegian.

John Cage

This composer's String Quartet in Four Parts drew on the Indian association of the seasons to different creative forces. His collection Sonatas and Interludes requires placing screws, bolts, and pieces of rubber inside the piano, a technique he developed called the "prepared piano." He created a piece played by twelve radios tuned to random stations, the fourth of his Imaginary Landscapes. One of his works for piano was inspired by his visit to Harvard's anechoic chamber, and consists of a performer sitting at a piano and not (*) playing for the title length of time. For 10 points, name this avant-garde American composer of 4'33'' (four minutes and thirty-three seconds).

Aztec

This empire's capital was divided into districts called calpulli and contained buildings called calmecacs. Many of this empire's inhabitants were killed in a massacre at the Templo Mayor. One conflict involving this empire fought the Flower Wars against Cholula and Tlaxcala, and this empire's downfall began during an event called La Noche Triste. This empire was betrayed by a woman named Malinche, and their final leader was killed when rocks were piled on top of him. For 10 points, Hernan Cortez oversaw the defeat of what Mesoamerican empire, ruled from Tenochtitlan by Montezuma.

Shiva

This god consumed Halahala, a poison from the Ocean of Milk, and gained a blue throat as a result. The bull Nandi is the mount of this deity who killed the god Kama. One aspect of this god is the cosmic dancer Nataraja; the Ganges flows from his hair, and his primary residence is Mount Kailash. This father of elephant-headed Ganesha and husband of Parvati has a third eye. For 10 points, name this destroyer deity in the Hindu Trimurti.

Mozart

This man's first opera was a parody of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Le decin du village, or The Village Soothsayer, in the form of a German singspiel. In addition to Bastien and Bastienne, he used the Italian opera seria form for a work which sees the titular king of Crete refuse to sacrifice his son to Neptune, while another work features the aria "Martern aller Arten," sung by Constanze, who has been kidnapped by Pasha Selim. This composer's other operas see a statue dragging the title character to hell, as well as the Queen of the Night aria. Name this Austrian composer ofIdomeneo, The Abduction from the Seraglio, Don Giovanni, and The Magic Flute.

Sweden

This nation, which defeated Count Tilly at the 1631 Battle of Brietenfeld, was led by Axel Oxenstierna in victory over Wallenstein at Lutzen. Later, this nation was defeated by Russia at the 1709 Battle of Poltava, largely because King Charles XII was injured. The loser of the (*) Great Northern War against Russia, it fought in the Thirty Years‟ War under Gustavus Adolphus. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country whose capital is Stockholm.

The Red and the Black

This novel refers to prison reformer Benjamin Appert, claiming that he is only interested in blaming others and attracting media attention. He visits a ninety-year-old priest who teaches Latin to the protagonist of this work. That protagonist is then hired as a tutor, but he only accepts the position after the mayor promises to treat him better than a servant. Some of the tensions between characters in this novel foreshadow the July Revolution. The protagonist falls in love with Mathilde de la Mole and Madame de Rênal. Name this work about Julien Sorel written by Stendhal.

Edouard Manet

This painter depicted a mustachioed man behind two white-clad women holding closed-up umbrellas in one work, and the green shoes of a trapeze artist in the upper-left in another. In one of his works, a reclining nude accepts a bunch of flowers from a black servant, while three figures lounge near a blue tablecloth and some food while a nude woman bathes herself in a creek in the background in another. For 10 points, name this painter of The Balcony, A Bar at the Foiles-Bergeres, Olympia, and Luncheon on the Grass.

The Nightwatch

This painting depicts a shield on an arch bearing the name of the eighteen men who commissioned it, and it features a man waving a gold and blue flag. A banister in this painting was hidden when its edges were trimmed in 1715, and dog barks at a [*] drummer at the lower right. One of the two central figures of this painting is dressed in bright yellow, matching the girl with the chicken in her belt; the other is in black with a white collar and a red sash across his chest. After restoration, it was revealed that this painting did not actually depict an evening scene. For 10 points, name this painting showing some Dutch militia men by Rembrandt.

The Death of Socrates

This painting shows a figure at the end of a hallway, likely the main character's wife, who is being led away by two men. The right side of this painting is dominated by five men, several of whom either turn away or cover their eyes from the central scene. A broken shackle appears under the bed that the titular event takes place on, and a guard holds a cup with his right hand while an orange-clad Crito grabs the title person's thigh. That person, a bearded man pointing his index finger up in the air, looks away from the person at the foot of the bed, Plato. Name this painting in which a Greek philosopher is about to fatally drink hemlock, a 1787 work by Jacques-Louis David.

Winston Churchill

This person headed the Landships Committee that promoted tank warfare after he saw the importance of breech-loaded weapons while fighting in the Malakand Field Force. His speeches were collected in the book The Unrelenting Struggle. This man served as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Prime Minister Baldwin after rejoining the Conservative Party, and he wrote the four-volume A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Between his terms as prime minister, this person gave a speech at Westminster College that popularized the phrase "Iron Curtain". Name this prime minister who led the United Kingdom during World War Two.

uranium

This resource is produced by the Cameco corporation on the McArthur river and at a namesake "city" on Lake Athabasca, both in northern Saskatchewan. This resource, called leetso in the Diné language, was found at Church Rock on Navajo land. This resource caused an evacuation in Dauphin County, (*) Pennsylvania. The sale of this material from Niger (nih-JAIR) in the form of an oxygen-containing powder was investigated by Joseph Wilson, the husband of CIA agent Valerie Plame. For 10 points, name this metal which is refined into yellowcake, and which melted down at Three Mile Island while serving its common role as nuclear reactor fuel.

The Wasteland

This work notes that "Dry bones can harm no one" before a rooster crows, "Co co rico co co rico". Another section of this work describes a character who "was once handsome and tall like you" but is now "a fortnight dead", named Phlebas the Phoenician. The phrases "Unreal city" and (*) "HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME" repeat in this poem, which features sections like "What the Thunder Said" and "The Burial of the Dead". This work ends with a triple repetition of the Sanskrit word for peace, "Shantih, shantih, shantih". For ten points, identify this 434-line modernist poem written by T.S. Eliot which opens with the line, "April is the cruellest month".

Albinism

Toss-Up #5 In frogs, this condition can be cured by a pituitary hormone injection, but the condition is usually fatal in plants as chlorophyll is necessary to make food. In humans, it is often characterized by light colored hair, a tendency to squint, and eyes which appear pink because the retinas are visible. For ten points, what is this condition caused in humans by an absence of the pigment melanin?

The Road Not Taken

When this poem was written, the poet had in mind a friend named Edward Thomas who was al- ways hard on himself. People's interpretation of the work depends on whether or not they attach a positive connotation to the word "sigh" and to the last word of the poem, which is "difference". This poem states, "I shall be telling this with a sigh somewhere ages and ages hence." The poet and Thomas often went for walks in London, though the poem just says that it is set in a "yellow wood". Name this Robert Frost poem, whose narrator went a way that was "grassy and wanted wear".

Thor

While in the land of giants, this deity once failed to lift a cat in a feat of strength and lost a wrestling match against an old woman. This god disguises himself as Freya and pretends to marry a giant to retrieve a stolen possession. This deity's chariot is pulled by two goats that he regularly eats and resurrects. This deity and the world serpent Jörmungandr are fated to kill each other during the events of Ragnarok. In addition to his belt and iron gloves, he wields a hammer that returns to its owner after being thrown, Mjolnir. For 10 points, name the Norse god of thunder.

Saarinen

| This man moved to the United States because his father got a job at the University of Michigan. After studying abroad, he returned to teach at the Cranbrook Academy of Art and collaborated with graduate Charles Eames on an exhibit titled Organic Design in Home Furnishings. He went on to design chairs for Knoll Associates, and the majority of his projects are sculpture-like. His buildings include a hockey rink at Yale and the GM Technical Center. He also designed the John Deere headquarters and Dulles International Airport. For 10 points name this Finnish architect of the TWA Terminal at JFK and the Gateway Arch.

Hess's law

A 2008 paper saw improved accuracy on the Shafizadeh model when this law was applied to Sri Lankan waste disposal in determining biomass yield, and its formulator notably showed that the oxidation of sugars leads to saccharic acids. This law holds because the quantity it concerns equals the sum of internal energy and pressure times volume, two state functions, meaning that quantity is path-independent, and when applied, this law necessitates that reversal of reactions leads to a change in sign. For 10 points, identify this law, which holds that the enthalpy change of a reaction may be calculated from the enthalpies of a series of intermediate reactions.

Bartleby the Scrivener

A character in this work, who owes another twelve dollars, gives him thirty-two instead but is aghast to return the next day to find the money untaken. The narrator of this work loves to repeat the name of the late John Jacob Astor and pays off the grub-man at the Tombs to procure his friend dinner. The subject of this story supposedly once worked in the (*) Dead Letter Office, and this story ends with a lawyer exclaiming "Ah, humanity!" The narrator of this story employs Turkey and Nippers in addition to the title character, who repeats that he "would prefer not to" do anything. For 10 points, identify this short story about a lazy copyist by Herman Melville.

The Death of Socrates

A lamp atop a pedestal can be found near the center of this painting, in which three figures are ascending a staircase in the background. In this work, the inscription "L.D." is marked on a bench, on which sits a follower of the title figure. Another robed follower in this painting is placing his hand on the title figure's knee as he prepares to down the deadly contents of a cup. For 10 points, name this Jacques-Louis David painting in which the title philosopher is pointing his finger upward as he prepares to drink hemlock.

Julius Caesar

A major early collection of medieval French prose relates "ancient history until" this man. In a literary appearance, this man is unmoved by Theodotus's pleas about burning books and is given dates by Rufio while waiting in a lighthouse during a siege in Egypt. This figure ascends into heaven at the close of Ovid's Metamorphoses. In one of Shaw's Three Plays for Puritans, this man receives a rug that conceals the other title character rolled up inside. This subject of Lucan's Pharsalia is targeted by a man with a "lean and hungry look" in a namesake Shakespeare play. For 10 points, name this Roman who cries, "Et tu, brute?" after being stabbed in the Senate.

Dali

A muscular arm grabs a breast in his Soft Construction with Boiled Beans. This artist's Temptation of St. Anthony features a procession of elephants with long, spindly legs, and he painted a tiger leaping out of the mouth of a giant fish in midair, springing towards a reclining nude woman with a rifle to her neck. His controversial Crucifixion features Christ on a multidimensional cross, and he worked on films like L'age d'or and Un chien andalou with Luis Bunuel. For 10 points, name this artist who depicted some melting clocks in his The Persistence of Memory.

Abel

According to Armenian legend, this person planted a long kiss on his mother's arm when ordered to bite it. In some Islamic sources, this person was born at the same time as Kelimia, and was slated to marry Lubda. In the Book of Matthew, Jesus compared the death of this person to the death of Zachariah son of Barachiah. The first shepherd, he sacrificed to God the firstlings of his flock, and the result drew the ire of his brother. This is the first person to die in The Bible. Name this second son of Adam and Eve, the brother of Cain.

Romulus

According to one story, this man was carried up to the heavens during a storm, but not before commanding the people to worship him as Quirinus. According to legend, he saw twelve vultures when his brother only saw six, and he grew furious when his brother jumped over his wall. He killed Amulius and restored his grandfather Numitor to the throne of Alba Longa. He was the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, and was fed by a she-wolf as a child. For 20 points, name this brother of Remus and founder of Rome.

Ideal Gas

According to the equipartition theorem, a molecule from one of these has an average kinetic energy of three halves times Boltzmann's constant times temperature. Two quantum mechanical equivalents of these are named for Fermi and Bose, and they exhibit a compressibility factor of one. The product of the pressure and volume of one is equal to the product of the number of moles, temperature, and a namesake constant. For 10 points, name this theoretical mixture of point masses without intermolecular forces in a certain state of matter.

vikings

After one event, these people were blasted by Alcuin in a letter addressed to Bishop Hygbald. These people hid Edmund the Martyr's head in a hedge under the command of Ivar the Boneless. They comprised the personal bodyguard of Basil II as the Varangian Guard, and regularly collected preventative tributes called the Danegeld. These people formed the Great Heathen Army after razing Lindisfarne. They explored Newfoundland under Leif Ericson using their characteristic longships. For 10 points, name these Scandinavian people who carried out devastating namesake "raids" and are erroneously depicted wearing horned helmets.

Ho Chi Minh

After the August Revolution, this man became Chairman of the Provisional Government. As a chef in France, he approached U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference, asking for help to remove the French from his home country, but was rejected. In 1954, his generals won a 54-day siege on the stronghold of (*) Dien Bien Phu, and he led the Viet Minh Indepedence Movement from 1941 onwards. His namesake trail was used by the Vietcong to launch the Tet Offensive. For ten points, name this Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader and founder of North Vietnam.

Sikhism

Among the cardinal sins recognized by this religion are Lobh, or greed, and Moh, or attachment. Its emphasis on community service is reflected in langar, free meals offered to people of all faiths at its places of worship. A wooden comb, an iron bracelet, and a strapped sword are among the five items that must be worn by its followers at all times. The Panj Piare, the first followers of Khalsa, sacrificed their lives for this faith, while the naming ceremony for children born into this faith involves Hukams of the Guru Granth Sahib. For 10 points, name this fifth-largest religion in the world centered on the Golden Temple in Amritsar in the Punjab.

Garuda

An independent Upanishad and Purana are dedicated to him, and he is known as Periya Thiruvadi in Tamil Vaishnavism. He is identified with the constellation Aquila, and is represented today by the Brahminy kite. He is called Syena in the Vedas, which tell of his bringing nectar to earth from the heavens, and in Buddhism, a race of divine creatures who are at war with the snakelike Nagas shares his name. Krishna invokes his name on the battlefield in the Bhagavad Gita, though the fullest account of his life comes from the Mahabharata, where he is said to be the son of Kashyapa and Vinata. He was said to have defeated an entire host of gods in full battle array while on his quest to steal the amrita, or elixir of immortality, but made peace with both Indra and Vishnu, to whom he became a loyal servant and mount. Said to have burst forth from his egg as a raging inferno and to be large enough to block out the sun, this is, For 10 points, what Hindu bird deity, whose flapping wings chant the Vedas?

Augusto Pinochet

Archbishop Raul Silva Henriquez brokered an agreement that allowed for the succession to this man's regime, and he was succeeded by Patricio Aylwin Azocar (ALE-win AH-zoh-kar). This man oversaw Operation Columbo and his government coordinated with other regional countries in Operation Condor. He was arrested in Great Britain in 1998 when Spain requested his extradition. For 10 points name this man who overthrew the government of Salvador Allende to become the longtime dictator of Chile.

1783 Treaty of Paris

Article 2 of this document used the somewhat inaccurate Mitchell Map. It was part of a larger process that saw the losing side gain the Indian city of Nagappattinam but give up Tobago. On one side, the Comte de Vergennes agreed to separate negotiations for the various countries, while another side faced political instability as the new prime minister died and was replaced by Lord Shelburne. In the end, fishing rights were granted to one side in Newfoundland. It is the subject of a painting that famously has one delegation missing and negotiations for it proceeded after Lord North's government was overthrown following the Battle of Yorktown. For 10 points, identify this 1783 treaty that ended the American Revolution.

Daniel Webster

As Secretary of State, this man welcomed Lajos Kossuth in exile. This man, who is not Lincoln, originated the term "of the people, by the people, for the people" in his "Second Reply to Hayne" defending high tariffs. In one legal defense he invoked the Contract Clause, saying "and yet there are those who love it" in reference to Dartmouth College. He resolved the Aroostook War and the US-Canada border in a treaty he negotiated with Ashburton. For 10 points, name this member of the Great Triumvirate along with Calhoun and Clay, a Senator from Massachusetts.

Don Giovanni

At the opening of this work, the main character kills Pedro, the father of Anna, in a duel as he tries to escape. Anna is betrothed to Ottavio, and along with them, the young couple Masetto and Zerlina vow vengeance on the title character, but almost attack his assistant disguised as him instead. That man, Leporello, is also charged with occupying Elvira by singing about his master's conquests in the "Catalogue Aria." Ending with a statue of Pedro, or the Commendatore, dragging the title character to Hell, for 10 points, name this Mozart opera about a womanizer.

Nat Turner

Before his famous action, this person confided in Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam. That action would have taken place on July 4th had this man not gotten sick. He claimed he was fighting against the Serpent when he described his actions to Thomas R. Gray. Born just before the death of Gabriel Prosser, who had a similar experience to this man, he claimed to find signs such as blood and hieroglyphics on stalks of corn. He unsuccessfully tried to lead his followers to Jerusalem, Virginia, after they had killed the Travis family and several others, but he was eventually captured and executed. Name this slave who gave his "Confessions" after leading an 1831 slave rebellion.

Luncheon on the Grass

Claude Monet poked fun at this painting in a work set in the Fontainebleu forest that includes a woman in a large yellow dress and a man reclining on the ground. One figure in this painting rests her head on her fingers and looks directly at the viewer. A yellow hat(*) with a blue ribbon and a basket of fruit are among the items discarded at its lower left, and a woman reaches into the water in the background. This work caused a scandal for its depiction of a nude women in the company of two clothed men, one of whom wears a fur hat and holds a cane. For 10 points, name this painting whose figures are engaged in the title repast, by Edouard Manet.

koalas

Crusader Cup 2005 Round Seven Questions by UIUC Academic Buzzer Team, UTC Academic Competition Team, Charlie Steinhice, and James Washick. Editing by Charlie Steinhice and James Washick Toss-Up #1 Probably because of thousands of years with no natural predators, it has the smallest adrenal gland relative to body weight, and thus has almost no ability to muster the fight/flight response in its own defense. Life-threatening "stress" can be triggered by a dog barking at the base of its tree, which it seldom leaves and from which it receives its hydration as well as food. For ten points name this marsupial dependent on a few species of eucalyptus trees.

Seminoles

Current scholarship designates this Muskogean-speaking group as a tri- racial conglomerate, since a large portion of it was comprised of escaped slaves and white frontiersmen. They tenaciously resisted all Anglo-European incursions into their swampy home until 1842, when the most of the members were defeated, captured, and forced to resettle in Arkansas. For ten points, name the fiercely independent tribe whom Andrew Jackson defeated in a series of namesake wars in the process of annexing Florida for the United States.

Alexander the Great

During one victory for this general, the opposing army unsuccessfully tried to rescue Queen Sisygambis, and this general allied with Taxiles during a battle that took place near the modern Jhelum River. This man killed his general Cleitus the Black during a drunken fight, and generals of this figure included Parmenion and Philotas. Dying in the city of Babylon, this ruler's empire was divided among the Diadochi. For 10 points, identify this victor at the Battle of the Granicus River and the battles of Issus and Gaugamela, a son of Phillip II of Macedon.

Jainism

Followers believe in the teachings of 24 special conquerors known as Thirthankars, the last of whom lived in 6th century BC. They believe that every living being has an eternal soul, which are equal as they all possess the ability to be liberated and gain Moshka. Living a life of usefulness and compassion for all life forms are also central tenets, while both monks and lay followers are required to become strict vegetarians. For 10 points, name this religion originating in ancient India, which emphasizes the rule of conduct of non-violence known as Ahimsa, and whose members are followers of Jinas.

The Messiah

Following an introductory instrumental, the first of its three sections opens with the tenor recitative "Comfort ye my people". Based on a libretto by Charles Jennens, it spans both the Old and New Testaments, but unlike among its composer's other oratorios, it has no named characters. It premiered at the New Music Hall in Dublin in April of 1742, but today it is usually performed around Christmastime. For 10 points, what is this oratorio about Christ by George Handel that climaxes with the "Hallelujah Chorus"?

quartz

High temperature polymorphs of this mineral include tridymite (TRIH-dih-mite) and cristobalite (KRIS-toe-ball-ite). The alpha form of this mineral has a trigonal structure, while its beta form is hexagonal. When microscopic crystals of it are intermixed with mogánite, chalcedony (chall-SEE-dun-ee) results. Citrine is a yellow colored type of this mineral, and (*) amethyst is a purple one. Each of its oxygen atoms is part of two tetrahedrons. This mineral exhibits the piezoelectric effect. For 10 points, name this mineral that has an overall formula corresponding with silicon dioxide, and has a hardness of seven on the Mohs scale.

Glorious Revolution

Immediately prior to this event, its target suspended the penal laws against dissenters and recusants through a Declaration of Indulgence. During this, the Convention Parliament derided the forced disarmament of Protestants and the creation of a court for Ecclesiastical [eh-KLEE-see-as-tih-kul] Causes, later outlawed via a Bill of Rights. This was precipitated by the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, and this ended the reign of the last Catholic English monarch. Name this event which saw the overthrow of James the Second and the ascension of William & Mary to the English throne.

ascend into heaven

In 1580, a Chinese woman named Tanyangzi did this action in broad daylight. Of the Pandavas, only Yudhisthira completes this action, during which he is followed by a dog. Simon Magus injured himself while attempting this task, which some believe Enoch did at the end of his life. During a whirlwind, Elijah is said to have undergone this phenomenon accompanied by chariots and horses of (*) fire. The Mi'raj refers to the event when Mohammed did this action, accompanied by Gabriel, at a location marked by the Dome of the Rock. The doctrine of the Assumption teaches that the Virgin Mary did this under God's power. Jesus performed this action forty days after the resurrection. For 10 points, name this kind of action in which holy people enter the afterlife without dying first.

Oregon Trail

In 1839, Thomas Jefferson Farnham led a failed early use of this by the Peoria Party. Its popularity spiked in 1843 when over 800 people used it to reach the Willamette Valley, most beginning near (*) Independence, MO. Its use declined in the 1870s as railroad connections reached Portland. For 10 points, name this route used by pioneers in Conestoga wagons to travel to a namesake state in the Pacific Northwest.

Bacon's rebellion

It was perpetrated in part in revenge for the death of a man at Curles, and, like Pontiac's revolt, it involved a battle called Bloody Run. An attempt to satisfy its demands at the Long Assembly failed. The immediate cause was an attack on the estate of Thomas Matthews by Doegs and dissatisfaction over Governor William Berkeley's Indian policy. For 10 points, name this uprising that burned Jamestown, composed of farmers in 1676 Virginia.

Protons

Its antiparticle was first discovered by Chamberlain and Segrè, and the Tevatron is used to accelerate these particles to relativistic speeds. Grand unified theories have predicted that this particle has a half-life of ten to the thirty second years, although its decay has never been observed. Hydrogen is used in its namesake NMR spectroscopy, and they are composed of a down quark and two up quarks. These particles are bound together by the strong nuclear force, and the atomic number denotes the number of these in an atom. For 10 points, name these positively charged particles in the nucleus.

Goldberg Variations

Its composer later wrote an additional fourteen canons using part of its motif. It follows six partitas, an Italian overture and a French concerto, and a book for organ in a series of works published under the same name. Glenn Gould chose it for his 1955 debut recording, and its format was used for his 1993 biopic. The second movement and every third thereafter all require hand- crossing virtuoso performance, and each is followed by a canon at a greater interval, except for the quodlibet thirtieth. For ten points, what name is commonly given to this final book of the Clavierübung, set of thirty-two short pieces using the same bass and chord progression by Johann Sebastian Bach?

alkanes

Ketones and aldehydes are reduced to these by the Clemmensen reduction and similar Wolff-Kishner reduction. The presence of torsional strain and van der Waals strain can be determined by their conformations shown in Newman projections. Other methods of synthesis include the reduction of alkyl halides and hydrogenation of alkenes, and all of their carbons are sp3 hybridized, leading to their general formula of CnH2n+2 [C en H two en]. For 10 points, name these saturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane.

Maxwell's Demon

Leó Szilárd's 1927 paper pointed out that this is impossible because acquiring information re- quires expending energy. Another theory about this uses analysis of the choices it makes to refute its exis- tence, as Léon Brillouin proposed in 1950, concluding that the paradox is not actually paradoxical. Boltzmann's work led up to this idea, but it was Lord Kelvin who introduced the name for this creature. The argument for it relies on gas molecules of the same temperature having different speeds and moving randomly. Identify this thought experiment featuring a trapdoor between two chambers and a small intel- ligent being that would violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Chopin

Like Offenbach, he wrote a famous barcarolle, his Opus 60 in F sharp major. Robert Schumann criticized this man's Sonata No. 2 for lacking cohesion; the third movement in B flat minor names that piece, his Funeral March Sonata. A circle of fifths provides the order for his Opus 28, the 24 Preludes. A failed uprising against Russia is commemorated in an 1831 piece, his Revolutionary Etude, and among his most difficult pieces is his posthumously published Fantasie-Impromptu. A composer of dances such as mazurkas and polonaises, he depicted a dog chasing its tail in his Minute Waltz. For 10 points, name this Polish Romantic composer of works for the piano.

election of 1912

Men on the ticket in this election include the Governor of California, the co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize with Jane Addams, Milwaukee mayor Hiram Johnson, Nicholas Butler and Emil Seidel. Less than a week before this election, incumbent vice president James Sherman passed away. The first forty-eight state election, and the last to see an incumbent President finish third, for 10 points, name the year of this election lost by William Howard Taft of the Republicans and Theodore Roosevelt of the Bull Moose Party, which was won by Woodrow Wilson.

The Lord of The Flies

Near the end of this novel, an officer says "I know. Jolly good show. Like the Coral Island." In one scene in this novel, Roger and Maurice destroy a sand castle, and one character camouflages his face with charcoal before hunting a pig. Two characters in this work find a downed pilot whom they claim to be a beast, which Simon finds to be false. Those two characters are twins who become known together as "Samneric" ["Sam 'n' Eric"]. In this work, the conch shell is broken when Piggy is crushed by a boulder. Name this work about English schoolboys alone on an island, written by William Golding.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Originally based on the cognitive development work of Jean Piaget, it was later modified by Carol Gilligan, who argued that it was largely male- centered. Derived from the "druggist's dilemma" experiment, stage six of it describes people who use universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning, while stage one of it describes those who focus on results only for themselves. Including both preconventional and postconventional parts, for 10 points, name this theory of moral development, named for its American formulator.

The Death of Marat

Pablo Picasso and Edvard Munch both created their own depictions of this work, which contains a box on its bottom right containing the name of the artist. The central figure in this work, who wears a white sheet as a turban, holds a note in his left hand which reads "I am just too unhappy to deserve your kindness" and a quill in his right hand which can be seen at the base of a bathtub. For 10 points, identify this painting which depicts a Frenchman stabbed to death in a bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a work by Jacques-Louis David.

Y Chromosome

Swyer syndrome is caused by a defect in this structure. A defect in the AZF region of this structure can cause Sertoli cell-only syndrome. TDF is encoded by SOX genes, which have their locus on this structure. Because it cannot undergo recombination, this structure, the home of the SRY gene, may have lost over 90% of its genetic information. The "criminal" karyotype includes two of these chromosomes, which are also the smallest and most misshaped. For 10 points, name this sex-determining chromosome which human males possess, in contrast to the X chromosome.

hardness

Steel alloy 1090 has the highest value of this quantity for any metal, and osmium has the highest value of it for any single element. One variety of this is measured by dropping a ball made of tungsten carbide on the surface in question; this is the indentation kind measured by the Brinell test, which is similar to the Rockwell test. One benchmark used for measuring another type of this property includes corundum and quartz as well as eight other minerals. Diamond has the highest value of the scratch type of, for 10 points, which quantity measured by the Mohs scale?

Nero

The Bosporan Kingdom was annexed during this emperor's reign, and he married the ex-wife of a later emperor, Poppea Sabina. This emperor built a barge that would collapse on the water in an attempt to kill his mother,(*) Agrippina the Younger. This man's death and Galba's ascension to the throne marked the beginning of the Year of the Four Emperors, and this man's rule saw Suetonius Paullinus crush a revolt led by the queen of the Iceni, Boudicca, in Britannia. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor that supposedly fiddled while Rome burned.

slavery

The English case of James Somersett illegalized this concept, as did Princess Isabel's "Golden Law" in Brazil. One form of this practice treats its subject as chattel; that form did not apply to the Spanish encomienda or to the (*) helots of Ancient Sparta. This concept formed the Middle Passage of a triangular Atlantic trade route in the 1700s. Abolitionists opposed, for 10 points, what system of forced labor?

Picasso

The French woman Lydia Corbett also known as Sylvette inspired over 40 works by this man. He depicted the bodies of a family murdered under a dinner table in his painting The Charnel House and a boy carries a barrel behind his back next to a fat man in red in this man's work Family of Saltimbanques. In another work he painted strange angular faces said to be inspired by African tribal masks and in yet another work would juxtapose imagery like a light-bulb above a reeling horse and a flower sprouting from the severed arm of a soldier to depict the horrors of a bombing raid. With works commonly divided into a "Rose Period" and "Blue Period", for 10 points, name this Spanish artist whose works Les Demoiselles d'Avignon and Guernica illustrate his cubist style.

Solomon

The Kebra Nagast says this Biblical figure was the male progenitor of a line that ended in the reign of Haile Selassie. One of this figure's books contains the line "Please, catch for us the foxes in the vineyard" "the little foxes." The seven hundred wives of this figure "turned his heart after other gods," except for Naamah. This figure was the last ruler of a united Israel, wrote (*) Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs, and was visited by the Queen of Sheba. For 10 points, name this wise ruler of Israel, the son of David.

reflection

The Lambertian model for this phenomenon applies to its diffuse form. The statement that the angle of incidence equals the angle of this phenomenon holds for the specular form of this process. At an angle greater than the critical angle for an interface, the total internal form of this occurs. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a wavefront approaches an interface and returns to the same medium, such as when light hits a mirror.

Aufbau Principle

The Madelung rule can generally describe the same behavior that this predicts. A version of it can be used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in various atomic nuclei. The periodicity of ionization energy in relation to atomic number is a result of shielding from previously filled orbitals and a consequence of it. It is the result of the combination of Hund's Rules and the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and it is used to determine electron configurations. For 10 points, name this principle that governs orbital designations which is German for "to build up."

Watson and the Shark

The Morro Castle can be seen in the distant background of this work. One man in this painting is wearing a blue striped shirt as he stares at one of the title characters through the legs of another man. A black man holds out a rope to an orphan named Brooke who is in the water, while two white clad figures desperately reach for the drowning figure. Another man in this work is harpooning the title animal. For 10 points, name this painting of a boat in Havana harbor, created by John Singleton Copley.

French and Indian War

The Oneida man Scarouady (SKAR-roh-ah-dee) served during this war and lost his son while serving as a scout for one side. One member of that side had been forced earlier in this war to surrender at Fort Necessity. One battle during this war on the Monongahela River resulted in the death of Edward Braddock. This war ended by a Treaty of Paris led to one side's loss of most of their New World possessions. For 10 points, name this nine year war that created a large debt for Britain, which helped spark the American Revolution twelve years later.

Oliver Cromwell

The Sealed Knot opposed this man and launched a failed uprising against him led by John Penruddock. This man defeated David Leslie at the Battle of Dunbar and executed the defenders under Arthur Aston after the Siege of Drogheda. John Lambert introduced the "Instrument of Government" to give this man his most well-known position. He assisted Thomas Fairfax in a victory at the Battle of Naseby in his command of the New Model Army. Later, he dissolved the Rump Parliament and replaced it with the Barebones Parliament. For 10 points, name this victor of the English Civil War and "Lord Protector" of England who created the Commonwealth of England.

Manhattan Project

The Smyth Report detailed this operation's history. It competed with a British group named Tube Alloys and was spied against by Klaus Fuchs. Located at sites like Hanford and Oak Ridge, it performed the Trinity test south of its (*) Los Alamos laboratory, where it produced objects known as Little Boy and Fat Man. J. Robert Oppenheimer oversaw, for 10 points, what World War II program that developed the first atomic bombs?

The Dial

There have been several magazines by this name, including one founded in 1860 in Cincinnati by Moncure Conway and another published in 1880 in Chicago by a group of conservatives. However, the most famous publication by this name published the poetry of Jones Very and William Ellery Channing, as well as the works of its founders - Bronson Alcott, Theodore Parker, Orestes Brownson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Margaret Fuller. This was - For 10 points - what New England paper established by the transcendentalists?

Ferdinand Marcos

There were rumors that this man's father was Judge Ferdinand Chua, who made arrangements to clear him for the murder of Julio Nalundasan. This man defeated a former ally for the Presidency in 1965, but, after one successful re- election, this man's popularity dropped, leading him to declare that a growing Communist threat required the imposi- tion of martial law. This man is also believed to have been behind the 1983 assassination of his rival Benigno Aquino (buh-NEE-noh uh-KEE-noh), and he was eventually replaced by that man's widow, Corazon Aquino. One reason for this man's drop in popularity had to do with putting his wife in charge of tourism; she was believed to be corrupt and owned over three thousand pairs of shoes. Name this man who ruled the Philippines from 1965 to 1986.

Phillip Glass

This artist collaborated with playwright David Henry Hwang on an adaptation of his play The Sound of a Voice. The title character of one of this man's operas employs a general named Horemhab, who sings an Akkadian song in the third act. The central character of another opera by this man meets Arjuna and Krishna "on the Kuru Field of justice" and later leads protesters on a march in the final act. This man's most famous opera features four interconnected "knee plays". Name this composer of Akhnaten, Satyagraha, and Einstein on the Beach.

Salvador Dali

This artist created the dream sequence for Hitchcock's Spellbound and collaborated with Luis Bunuel on the film Un Chien Andalou. This creator of Lobster Telephone also painted the "disintegration" of another of his works. That work features yellow cliffs in the upper right and ants swarming on a pocket watch in the bottom left. For 10 points, name this Spanish surrealist who painted three melting clocks in The Persistence of Memory.

Paine

This author attacked Edmund Burke's claim that wisdom is passed down through generations of nobility in Rights of Man, and argued against miraculous revelations and the divinity of the Bible in another work. He noted that (*) "These are the times that try men's souls," in The American Crisis, and argued for independence from Britain in a 1776 pamphlet. For 10 points, name this author of The Age of Reason and Common Sense.

Ivanhoe

Waldemar Fitzurse carries out a failed ambush in this novel, which also includes a tournament at Ashby-de-la-Zouche. In one scene, the crone Ulrica burned down a castle which had earlier been stormed by Locksley and the Black Knight. Cedric of Rotherwood intends to reawaken the (*) Saxon royal line by marrying his ward to Athelstane, but the King wants that ward, Rowena, to marry de Bracy instead. The Jew Rebecca falls in love with the protagonist, who wins a trial by combat against the Knights Templar after Bois-Guilbert dies of internal conflicts. For 10 points, name this Sir Walter Scott novel about a titular disinherited son.

Nausea

World Literature The main character in this novel is researching a politician who lived during the French Revolution but becomes disillusioned with that project. At one point, he meets a man at the local library who is trying to read everything there in alphabetical order. The book explores the real author's philosophical leanings and describes the ideas that cause him to feel a certain sickness. Name this 1938 work by Jean-Paul Sartre.

The Temple of the Golden Pavillion

A soldier in this work gives the main character a carton of cigarettes to step on the stomach of a pregnant woman, causing her to have a miscarriage. One character in this work enjoys playing the flute and arranging flowers, and one of the narrator's early loves is shot by her military deserter boyfriend shortly before he commits suicide, and is named Uiko. The protagonist of this novel is shocked by Tsurukawa's suicide and is initially sent to Otani University where he meets the clubfooted intellectual Kashiwaga. For 10 points, identify this novel in which the stuttering Mizoguchi burns the title structure, written by Yukio Mishima.

sleep

A namesake Research Center for this phenomenon was founded by William Dement at Stanford. K-complexes and namesake spindles occur during one stage of this phenomenon, while delta waves and the beginning of theta rhythms occur during other stages of it. A successive lack of this event leads to its namesake (*) "debt," which can cause can cause a weakened immune system and memory deterioration. An obstruction of breathing during this event is its namesake apnea, and during one stage of it, the eyes begin to move rapidly. REM is a stage of, for 10 points, what state of semi-consciousness in which humans dream?

Whistler

A painting of a foggy bridge with fireworks in the background by this artist was depicted artificially high and is styled after a Hokusai painting. Another painting in the same series by this artist depicts fireworks at Cremorne Gardens. That series of Nocturnes was derided by critic John Ruskin as this artist "flinging a pot of paint in the public's face." A woman stands on an animal skin carpet in a work painted by this advocate of "art for art's sake." For 10 points, name this artist of musically titled works such as his Symphony in White No. 1 and an Arrangement in Grey and Black, a portrait of his mother.

One Hundred Years of Solitude

A powerful symbol in this work is the tiny golden fish one of the major characters consistently crafts after losing his memory; that character shows both intricate artistic capability as well as a mastery of brute force, as he has led thirty-two civil war campaigns (all of which he loses) and has fathered seventeen children, all adopting his name, by seventeen mothers. Aureliano, the aforementioned character, was the product of an incestuous relationship between José Arcadio and Úrsula Iguarán, second cousins and the patriarchs of the Buendía family. For 10 points, name this classic of Latin American Magical Realism taking place in the fictional village of Macondo, the magnum opus of the Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez.

Constantinople

A religious leader in this city was accused of eating lozenges in church at the Synod of the Oak. A religious conflict began with the excommunication of Michael I Cerularius, the head of a church in this city. The second-ever ecumenical council was held in this city, and confirmed the Nicene creed. The Divine Liturgy of a church based in this city was penned by St. John Chrysostom. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus constructed a church in this city with a (*) gigantic dome supported on pendentives, which was dedicated to "Holy Wisdom." The Ecumenical Patriarch is the head of a church based in this city that feuded with a church based in Rome during the Great Schism. For 10 points, name this city, home to the Hagia Sophia, the seat of Eastern Orthodoxy.

witches

A short story character spends the night with some of these people and later dies with "no hopeful verse upon his tombstone". In a novel about this kind of people, three of them conspire to give Jenny cancer in revenge for her marriage to Darryl Va Horne, who has affairs with Alexandra, Jane and Sukie, residents of a small Rhode Island town. Reverend Hale exclaims "I denounce these proceedings!" in a (*) court case about this kind of people. John Updike wrote a novel about several of these people in Eastwick, Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" is about one of their meetings. Martha Corey and John Proctor are executes on suspicion of being these people at the end of Arthur Miller's The Crucible. For 10 points, name these people who hang out in covens.

Roman Senate

A successor to this organization contained several gloriosi and was headed by an officer named a proedros. Members of this organization wore a purple stripe and special shoes. This organization could not meet more than a mile outside of the pomerium. Events that transpired in this organization were published in the acta and stored in the aerarium. During times of emergency, this organization could issue a "final act." Its first meeting of the year took place at the Temple of (*) Jupiter Capitolinus. Quaestors were automatically appointed to it, and earlier reforms transferred election to this body from consuls to censors. For 10 points, name this legislative body of the Roman Republic.

Capacitor

A time constant associated with one of these devices, denoted with a lowercase tau, gives the time it takes for them to reach about 63.2% of their maximum power. An early device that essentially acted as one of these components was comprised of a glass jar filled with water with metal on the inner and outer surfaces. Originally devised as the Leyden jar, the strength of these devices is proportional to their area divided by their separating distance or equal to their charge divided by voltage and is measured in farads. For 10 points, name this electric device that is composed of two plates separated by a dielectric insulator, used to store electrical energy.

Kawabata

A work by this writer ends with the protagonist suggesting a family trip to the country to see the maples. That novel features the discordant relationship between Fusako and Shuichi and their elderly father Shingo. Another of his novels is narrated by Uragami and hinges on the decisive Black 121, which allows Otake to triumph over Honinbo Shusai. This author of The Sound of the Mountain created a character who stumbles while Yoko is rescued from a burning warehouse by the geisha Komako, the ballet dilettante Shimamura. For 10 points, name this author of The Master of Go and Snow Country.

Protists

Although they are not fungi, some members of this group of organisms produce hydrogen anaerobically using an organelle derived from symbiotic bacteria, the hydrogenosome. Some of these organisms contain specialized organelles called glycosomes, whereas others have a flexible outer layer called a pellicle and have a macronucleus and micronucleus. Volvox is a biflagellate example of these organisms which also include diatoms, dinoflagellates, and slime molds. For 10 points, name these organisms which constitute a kingdom including algae and protozoans.

USS Maine

An investigation into the fate of this vessel was conducted by Admiral Rickover, while an earlier inquiry had been conducted by the Sampson Board. News of this ship's destruction was transformed by "yellow journalism" into an impetus for war, and one rallying following the destruction of this ship asked that this boat be "remembered." For 10 points, name this ship whose mysterious destruction helped precipitate the Spanish-American War.

cell membrane

An outdated model for the structure of this entity was proposed by Davson and Danielli. Enzymes such as flippases ("FLIP"-"aces") move molecules within this structure. It contains glycolipids (GLY-ko-LIP-idz) such as gangliosides (GANG-lee-oh-"sides"). The fluidity of this structure is regulated by the amount of cholesterol within it. The fluid mosaic model of this structure holds that proteins and lipid rafts are embedded in a freely moving phospholipid (FOSS-fo-LIP-id) bilayer. For 10 points, name this structure that encloses the cell and separates it from the outside environment.

Alexander Hamilton

Born in Nevis in the West Indies, this man gave a six-hour speech at the Constitutional Convention that vigorously insisted that the United States should have a king. Although he later denied making such a speech, he was a staunch supporter of a strong national government, a view he made known in his most famous writings. For 10 points, identify this man, one of the authors of the Federalist Papers and who served as the first Secretary of the Treasury.

sulfur

Chemistry This element is often used in fungicides, and it is combined with charcoal and saltpeter to make gunpowder. It is in many minerals, such as galena, pyrite, and cinnabar. Though it is odorless in its pure form, it is associated with bad odors and used to be known as brimstone. Name this element, often found in acid rain, with atomic weight 32 and atomic number 16 that is represented by a capital S.

amino acids

Combining one of these compounds with a reducing sugar can be used to produce different flavors in the Maillard reaction, while reacting an aldehyde with potassium cyanide and ammonia is involved in the Strecker synthesis of these molecules. The dihedrals of these compounds can be visualized using a Ramachandran plot, and people with PKU cannot metabolize one of these compounds. Nine (*) "essential" ones, including phenylalanine [fee - nol - AL - a - neen] and tryptophan [TRIP - toe - fan], cannot be synthesized by the human body, and glycine is the simplest of these molecules. For ten points, name these organic compounds which are joined by peptide bonds to form proteins.

Dred Scott v Sanford

Dissenting justice John McLean cited a provision in the Northwest Ordinance as a valid precedent for the law overturned in the majority decision of this case. Benjamin Curtis, who also dissented, claimed that the decision ignored citizenship rights granted by the Articles of Confederation. Nonetheless, the majority opinion, delivered by Chief Justice Taney (TAW-nee), declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and rejected the argument that entering a free state annuls any relationship of slavery. For 10 points, name this 1857 case in which a slave unsuccessfully sued for his freedom.

New Mexico

During the Civil War, Union commander John Slough defeated Charles Pryon at this current state's Glorieta Pass. Later, this state's Lincoln County was the site of a conflict involving John Chisum, Pat Garret, and the outlaw Billy the Kid. It is home to the White Sands Proving Ground, where the "Trinity" test was conducted. For 10 points, name this home state of the Los Alamos nuclear laboratory.

electronegativity

For carbon, this quantity increases as the s character of a bond increases. Z. R. P. Iczkowaski and J. L. Margrave defined it as the derivative of energy with respect to the derivative of charge. The average of the valence ionization potential and the electron affinity is how this quantity is measured on the Mulliken scale. On the Pauling scale, the highest value for it is assigned to fluorine. This property increases as one moves up and to the right on the periodic table. For 10 points, name this property of an atom to pull electrons towards itself in a bond.

Spenser

He advocated somewhat seriously for the destruction of Irish culture and language, going so far to suggest mass executions, in his pamphlet A View of the Present State of Ireland. Poems like "Virgil's Gnat" and "The Ruins of Time" appear in his Complaints, while collections like Prothalamion and Epithalamion, which appeared with his sonnet sequence Amoretti, made his name. Succeeding John Skelton as poet laureate, his greatest achievement includes characters like Britomart, Gloriana, and the Red Cross Knight. For 10 points, identify this English poet who created The Faerie Queen.

Herod I

He built a new city called Caesarea Maritima, as well as a refurbished fortress atop Masada. He was given his title by Mark Antony in 40 BC but he did not conquer the region until 37 BC, which he ruled for 24 years. He banished his first wife and son in order to marry Mariamne, whose family was the titular rulers of Judea; later, on his deathbed, he would order the death of his son Antipater. The Roman client-king of Judea this is, For 10 points, what king who rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem and ordered the Massacre of Innocents according to the Gospel of Matthew.

Pepin the Short

He defeated King Aistulf's army of Lombards in a victory at Pavia, thus protecting Pope Stephen II. He then gave Ravenna and other lands to the Church, forming the Papal States, in his namesake "donation." After he deposed Childeric III, received Neustria from his brother, and conquered Aquitaine, he became the ruler of all Frankish territory. For 10 points—name this man who succeeded his father Charles Martel as mayor of the Austrasian palace and left his own lands to his sons Carloman II and Charlemagne.

Nabokov

He wrote about an immigrant to America who teaches Russian at Waindell College in Pnin. Wordsmith College in New Wye, Appalachia, is the setting for another of his works, which opens with "I was the shadow of the waxwing slain" and mostly consists of Charles (*) Kinbote's unreliable commentary on the titular 999-line poem. For 10 points, name this author of Pale Fire who depicted the "nymphet" Dolores Haze and Humbert Humbert in Lolita.

Durkheim

He's not Boas, but this man attributed totemism and belief in mana to collective effervescence, arguing that "the god of the clan is the clan itself." He claimed that Socrates's independence of thought rendered a service to humanity in his On the Normality of Crime, and that specialization of labor leads to evolution from mechanical to organic solidarity. His "social facts," described in The Rules of Sociological Method, create external constraints on individuals, and levels of integration determine rates of Catholic and Protestant commission of the title act of his most famous work. For 10 points, name this French sociologist, the author of Suicide.

Balzac

Henri de Marsay falls in love with Paquita Valdes in this author's novel The Girl with the Golden Eyes, while Lucien de Rubempré appears in both Lost Illusions and The Harlot High and Low. The Maiso Vaquere is the residence of the titular character of this author's novel Father Goriot, and this author also wrote Cousin Bette. Raphael de Valentin puts on the titular garment in this author's novel The Wild Ass's Skin. For ten points, identify this author best known for his huge multivolume work The Human Comedy, a French novelist.

Rodin

His first major commissioned work was modeled by a Belgian soldier, and portrays a nude male with his arms raised in the air entitled "The Age of Bronze.". In 1880 he was commissioned to create a portal for a museum in Paris, inspired by Dante's _The Inferno_. Many of his other works were derived from small reliefs in the gates, such as a man, envisioned as Dante himself, sitting in deep thought. For 10 points, name this French sculptor who created works such as The Gates of Hell, The Kiss, and The Thinker.

e.e. cummings

His play Anthropos tells of a man talking to three inferior humans, his novel The Enormous Room recounts his time detained in a French prison during World War I, and his ballet Tom is a retelling of Uncle Tom's Cabin. However, he is most well-known as a poet whose readable poems include "anyone lived in a pretty how town." Most of his poetry is visual, such as "a leaf falls loneliness," which features unconventional punctuation and line breaks that cut the words. For 10 points, identify this American poet whose name is usually written in all lower case.

world war II

In one novel set during this war, a soldier conditioned as an infant by Dr. Laszlo Jamf (LASS-low YAWMF) encounters the sadistic Captain Blicero. That novel, which is set during this war, begins with the line "A screaming comes across the sky," and focuses on the adventures of Tyrone Slothrop. In another novel set during this war, the death of Snowden causes a lieutenant to attempt to get himself declared insane in order to avoid Colonel Cathcart's bombing missions. For 10 points, name this war which is the backdrop for Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow and Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22.

Great Expectations

In this novel, a Christmas guest drinks brandy diluted with tar-water and takes the protagonist to Satis House. This novel's main character befriends Herbert Pocket after moving to London with the help of Mr. (*) Jaggers, who acts as the agent of a mysterious benefactor. The jilted Miss Havisham cares for Estella and a convict named Abel Magwich provides for Philip Pirrip in, for 10 points, what rags-to-riches novel about Pip, written by Charles Dickens?

John Jay

In 1792, he would run for office against George Clinton, but lost despite having more votes due to the votes of three counties being disqualified. Under the Articles of the Confederation he would serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, a position that would later evolve into the modern Secretary of State. His ruling in Chisholm v Georgia, the first major case under the new government, would cause the passing of the Eleventh Amendment. While remembered as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, his most notable "achievement" earned him public revilement for its seemingly lopsided negotiations and terms. For 10 points, name this founding father and namesake of an early treaty with Great Britain.

Alfred Dreyfus

In 1908, he was shot in a failed assassination attempt by Louis Gregori. Despite his bad health, he volunteered as a Lieutenant-Colonel during World War I. Ferdinand Esterhazy was the real culprit behind the events that led to his conviction in a secret court martial in 1894 and subsequent imprisonment on Devil's Island. His trial was considered to be a result of the pervading anti-Semitism of the time which prompted Emile Zola to write J'accuse! For ten points name this French artillery officer who was falsely convicted of treason.

Molotov

In 1928, he took charge of purging the Moscow party of anti-Stalinist elements, and from 1930 through 1941, he was chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Two years before hs 1986 death, Konstantin Chernenko invited him to rejoin the Communist Party; forty years earlier, he had rejected Soviet participation in the Marshall Plan, but was exiled to Mongolia a few years later. For 10 points, name this Soviet diplomat, who engineered a 1939 pact with Joachim von Ribbentrop and is the namesake of certain bottles of flammable liquid.

Mexico

In 1991, this country stopped distributing communal plots of lands known as ejidos (ay-HEE-doze) to its peasants. In 1994, this country faced massive capital flight after it suddenly unpegged its currency from the U.S. dollar, during what became known as the "December Mistake." That same year, a pipe-smoking, ski-mask-wearing revolutionary known as "Subcomandante Marcos" became the public face of an (*) indigenous uprising in this country's south. This country, where hundreds of student protesters died in the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre, witnessed the PAN party come to power for the first time in 2000, under Vicente Fox. This country's participation in NAFTA was opposed by the Zapatistas in its state of Chiapas. For 10 points, name this country long led by the PRI.

James Joyce

In a play by this man, Bertha turns to Robert Hand after feeling neglected by the writer Richard Rowan. One of his stories focuses on the death of the priest Father Flynn, and another of his stories concerns a party hosted by Julia and Kate Morkan at which Greta reveals her love for the (*) dead Michael Furey. In addition to that story about Gabriel Conroy, he wrote a novel which takes place on June 16, 1904, and follows Leopold Bloom's journey through Dublin. For 10 points, name this author of Exiles, Dubliners, and Ulysses.

Harlem Renaissance

In a work from this movement, Sam and Steve compete against Harry Walton in a mayoral race. "Kabnis" is a short story in Cane, a collection from this movement, which also produced the musical Shuffle Along and the publication FIRE!!. Alain Locke compiled an anthology of its seminal works that includes poems by Countee Cullen and Claude McKay. A blossoming pear tree symbolizes Janie's view of marriage in a novel associated with this movement. A poet of this movement declared "my soul has grown deep like the rivers" and asked "What happens to a dream deferred?". For 10 points, name this movement of Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, and other African-American writers.

Kerouac

In one novel by this author, the protagonist almost decides to join the agrarian community of a Mexican woman named Terry. Old Bull Lee is a drug addict who appears in a novel by this author, who described climbing Matterhorn Peak with Gary Snyder in his novel The Dharma Bums. This author fictionalized himself as (*) Sal Paradise in a novel that centers on his escapades with Neal Cassady, who is fictionalized as Dean Moriarty. For 10 points, name this writer from the Beat generation who wrote On the Road.

DH Lawrence

In one of this author's works, the protagonist meets Rawdon Lilly after he leaves his wife Lottie. In addition to writing Aaron's Rod, he wrote about the relationship between mine owner Gerald Crich and Gudrun Brangwen in a sequel to The Rainbow. He also wrote a novel in which Gertrude Coppard marries the alcoholic miner Walter Morel, and their son Paul has an affair with Clara Dawes. This author of Women in Love also wrote about a woman whose husband Clifford is paralyzed due to a war injury and who has an affair with gamekeeper Oliver Mellors. Name this author of Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover.

Verdi

In one of this man's operas, the daughter of the Marquis of Calatrava, Leonora, loves Don Alvaro; that opera's overture opens with 3 brass unison E's. The protagonist of one of his operas sings "Ritorna vincitor." In another opera by this composer, the "Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves" is sung before the Babylonian king prays to God. This composer of La Forza Del Destino and Nabucco also wrote the aria "Libiamo ne lieti calici," a drinking song, in an opera in about Violetta, a "fallen woman." This composer is best-known for a work that ends when an Ethiopian princess is buried alive with her love Radamès. For 10 points, name this composer of La Traviata and Aida.

Langston Hughes

In one of this man's poems, he claims, "We, the people, must redeem/The land, the mines, the plants, the rivers", while in another, he wonders, "will you stand up like a man/At home and take your stand/For Democracy?" before asking "Will V-Day Be Me-Day Too?" In another poem by this man, the speaker is instructed to "Go home and write a page tonight." This poet of "Let America Be America Again" and "Theme for English B" wrote a poem where the speaker notes that he "heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans" before claiming "I've known rivers." For ten points, name this Harlem Renaissance poet of "I, Too Sing America" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers".

Chagall

In one painting by this artist, a jumping fish conducts an animal cellist as a blue figure wraps his arms around the central figure in red; that painting is La mariée. In another work by this man, a swastika'd man burns down a synagogue and a green figure carries a sack to the right, as Jesus, who wears a prayer shawl, is crucified. In one work by this painter of White Crucifixion, a scythe-carrying man walks toward an upside-down violinist, while in the foreground, a green-faced man looks at a goat, on whose cheek there is another goat. For 10 points, name this Jewish painter of I and the Village.

Manet

In one painting by this artist, a woman sits with a dog and book in her lap as a girl looks through a fence at a cloud of steam. This painter of The Railway depicted his favorite model Victorine Meurent in a work in which a black cat stands on a bed as an African servant brings (*) flowers to the completely nude title figure. In another of his works, a bather is in the background next to an empty boat as two clothed men picnic with a naked woman. For 10 points, name this French impressionist painter of Olympia and Luncheon on the Grass.

Oe

In one work by this man, the composer D's meetings with the title character drive him to commit suicide. In another of his works, the dog Leo digs up some corpses which brings disease to children staying in an isolated town, and is titled Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids. Another of his work describes the return of Mitsuhiro and Takashi to Okubo. Better known for works that parallel his relationship with his developmentally disabled son Hakuri, for 10 points, identify this Japanese author of The Silent Cry and A Personal Matter.

Nietzsche

In one work, this philosopher uses the analogy of lambs and eagles to compare blame exchanged between strong and weak humans and attributes ascetic ideals to the "slave" version of the titular concept. In another work, he equates life with the "will to power". In addition to On the Genealogy of Morals and Beyond Good and Evil, the concepts of "eternal recurrence" and the Übermensch are presented by the titular Persian prophet in another work by this philosopher. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who declared "God is dead" and wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

Paganini

In the 1820s he underwent mercury treatment for syphilis, which left him looking romantically haggard. By the time of his international tour in the early 1830s, his expressiveness had equaled his technique, and some believed he had made a pact with the devil for his amazing talent. For 10 points, who was this Italian violinist and composer whose numerous compositions include 24 caprices for solo violin and 6 violin concertos?

The Arnofini Wedding

In this painting, a cherry tree is barely visible through the window, and one fruit sits on the windowsill. Three other fruits rest on a table that is directly above two wooden clogs in this work. A lit candle on the brass chandelier can be visible in the upper portion of it, symbolizing unity. In the bottom of this painting, a brown (*) dog looks at the observer, and a convex mirror in it depicts the artist and a priest. A large, red bed is on the right of the two main figures, one with a hand on her belly. That figure is not actually pregnant, and wears a long, green dress while holding hands with a man in a fur-trimmed coat. For ten points, name this Jan van Eyck painting depicting a marriage.

Jonah

Muhammad convinced Addas to convert to Islam by mentioning this man, whose namesake book alternates between calling a certain figure the male dag and female dagah. A worm causes a plant that this son of Amittai was sheltering under to wither, and this figure's namesake book is sometimes read on Yom Kippur. In Matthew, Jesus compares his resurrection after three days to an exploit of this figure, who tried to (*) flee to Tarshish instead of preaching God's word to Nineveh. For ten points, identify this figure who, after being thrown overboard by sailors in a great storm, was swallowed by a giant fish.

Wolfe

One American author of this last name wrote The Barracks Thief and This Boy's Life. Another author of this name wrote about a student who reunites with Joel Pierce and Robert Weaver at Harvard, Eugene Gant, in Of Time and the River and You Can't Go Home Again. A third author with this last name described the Merry Pranksters in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, and wrote about a racial crisis sparked by Sherman McCoy in The Bonfire of the Vanities. For 10 points, give this last name of authors Tobias, Thomas, and Tom.

New York City

One building in this city has three tiered stages of an oval shape that are made to look retractable, while another building in this city has eight gargoyle-like structures jutting out under a series of crown ornamentations. The Four Seasons restaurant is located in a building designed by Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and Phillip Johnson in this city, which is home to the Lipstick Building. An art-deco building with a staggered façade is the tallest building in this city where the Seagram Building is located. For 10 points, name this North Eastern city, home to the Empire State Building.

The English Patient

One character in this novel becomes disillusioned after hearing that the Japanese have been bombed by the United States. Another character in this novel intentionally crashes a plane, and reveals his knowledge about his wife's affair with another character who takes that wife to the "cave of swimmers". Hana, who falls in love with the Sikh man Kip, takes cares of the title character, who had an affair with (*) Katherine Clifton. Caravaggio tends to the title character as he is covered in bandages from his burn wounds. For 10 points, name this Michael Ondaatje work whose title character, Laszlo de Almásy, despite his moniker, is actually Hungarian.

David Copperfield

One character in this novel cannot stop eating peppermints due to her reoccurring spasms, and another accuses Peggotty of having a pagan name. Its protagonist meets Mrs. Crupp and bites his stepfather, causing him to be sent to (*) Salem House; there, he meets Mr. Creakle. Betsey Trotwood takes care of the main character, who marries Dora Spenlow after his landlord, Mr. Micawber, is sent to prison for not paying his debts. James Steerforth proves to be a false friend to the title character, who later marries Agnes Wakefield and is persistently antagonized by Uriah Heep. For 10 points, name this semi- autobiographical work by Charles Dickens.

Emma

One character in this novel eventually marries a vulgar Bristol actress named Augusta Hawkins. A character assents to marry Robert Martin in this novel, which also contains a secret affair between Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill. The title character attempts to play matchmaker for Harriet Smith, and ends up married to Mr. Knightley. For 10 points, name this novel whose title character is the meddling Ms. Woodhouse, written by Jane Austen.

Beloved

One character in this novel temporarily loses her hearing after asking if she was put in jail for murder. That character is saved by Stamp Paid in the woodshed, and the protagonist of this novel attacks Mr. Bodwin with an ice pick after going insane. Another character believes that his heart is a tobacco tin with the lid closed tight, and the protagonist marries Baby Suggs' son Halle. Sixo and Paul D. fail to escape the Sweet Home Plantation in, For 10 points, what novel which sees Sethe kill her infant child to protect her from slavery, a work of Toni Morrison?

Waiting for Godot

One character in this play repeats another's earlier observation that man is born "astride of a grave" before lamenting, "of me too someone is saying, he is sleeping, he knows nothing." Act Two of this play opens with a pair of boots front and center, whose owner spent the previous night in a ditch and later begs his friend for a carrot. After two characters leave the stage in this play, one contentedly observes "that (*) passed the time" before his partner counters, "it would have passed in any case." Characters in this play swap hats and consider hanging themselves with a belt from the lone tree on stage. Despite the attentions of Vladimir and Estragon, the title character of this play never shows up. For 10 points, name this play by Samuel Beckett.

The Sound and The Fury

One character in this work delivers phony checks to his mother, who immediately burns them. Another character in this work picks a fight with the hostess' son at a party and is a Harvard student who commits suicide by drowning himself. The narrator of this work is castrated for embracing a schoolgirl, thinking that it was his sister Caddy. This novel begins with Luster and Benjy walking along the golf course, which was once a large plantation. For 10 points, name this work about the Compson family, a novel by William Faulkner.

Death of a Salesman

One character in this work mentions that he would like to plant a garden in his yard after hearing about the "Florida idea," after which he is reminded of an appointment at Frank's Chop House later that evening. Bernard recounts the story of a character in this play burning sneakers with the University of Virginia's logo on them, which took place after a visit in Boston led to the discovery of an (*) affair. That character is fired by Howard Wagner during this play, which sees a hallucination of the fortune-seeking Ben addressed by his brother, the titular figure. A car crash ends the life of that husband of Linda and father of Biff and Happy in, for 10 points, what play about the demise of Willy Loman, written by Arthur Miller?

All Quiet on the Western Front

One character of this novel catches and cooks a goose with Kat, and in a later scene that protagonist of this novel feels anguished after his encounter with Gerald Duval. Another character in this novel receives (*)Kemmerich's boots after his death. The schoolteacher Kantorek urges his students to enlist in this novel, after which they are tormented by the cruel Corporal Himmelstoss. The protagonist of this novel is the last of his friends to die and is killed less than a month before the end of the war the novel takes place in. For 10 points, identify this novel about Paul Baumer set in World War I, a work by Erich Remarque.

Hungary

One king of this country won at the Battle of Breadfield with his Black Army, and this country lost most of its territory in the Treaty of Trianon. This country was defeated by Otto the Great at the Battle of Lechfeld, and it also saw a 1848 revolution led by Lajos (*) Kossuth. Rulers of this country included Matthias Corvinus and John Hunyadi, as well as the Arpad founder of this country, Saint Stephen. This country was ruled by Janos Kadar after Soviet tanks crushed a 1956 revolution in it led by Imre Nagy (NAHJ). Before World War I, this country was part of a joint monarchy with Austria. For ten points, identify this home country of the Magyars with capital at Budapest.

lanthanides

One member of this set has a namesake "anomaly" because it is so readily absorbed in plagioclase that it is either very enriched or depleted. Another of them forms, with iron and boron, the strongest known magnets. All of them are trivalent, and this class of (*) elements displays a namesake contraction. Examples include lutetium, europium, samarium and neodymium. For 10 points, identify this set of elements, defined by their filling of the 4f subshell, one row above the actinides.

Twain

One novel by this author features the twins Luigi and Angello Capelo, who were originally designed to be conjoined. That novel by this author centers on Roxy's switch of her son, Valet de Chambers, with (+) Tom Driscoll, when the two were infants and features a title character who is a lawyer and a fingerprint enthusiast. Another switch between two people occurs between Tom Canty and Edward VI his (*) The Prince and the Pauper. For 10 points, name this American author better known for creating such characters as Becky Thatcher and Tom Sawyer.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

One novel by this author, set in a town excited about the arrival of a bishop to bless a wedding, involves the murder of Santiago Nasar by the twins Pablo and Pedro. This author also wrote about the son of Pilar Ternera, a man named Arcadio who is eventually killed by firing squad after becoming a dictator. Another work starts with the suicide of Jeremiah de Saint-Amour, which is investigated by his friend Dr. Juvenal Urbino. Dr. Urbino's wife, who is loved by Florentino Ariza, is Fermina Daza. His story "Leaf Storm" was the first time he mentioned the town of Macondo, the home of the Buendia family. Name this author who wrote Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Love in the Time of Cholera, and One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Sinclair Lewis

One of his early work's has been compared to Jack Kerouac's On the Road as the protagonist, Claire Boltwood, travels across the country and falls in love with Milt Dagget while in another work, the protagonist marries Edward Schwirtz over Walter Babson. In addition to Free Air and The Job, he wrote a novel where the protagonist reads books belonging to Doc Vickerson and works in the lab of Max Gottlieb where he discovers a bacteriophage that is effective against the plague. Another work deals with a drunk college student who becomes a Methodist minister and marries Sharon Falconer. In addition to writing Arrowsmith, he wrote about Claire Milford and Will Kennicott in the town of Gopher Prairie as well as a real estate salesman who lives in the town of Zenith. For 10 points, name this American author who wrote Elmer Gantry and Babbit.

Da Vinci

One of this artist's unfinished paintings depicts the central figure preparing to hit himself with a rock as a lion sits by him; that work is his St. Jerome in the Wilderness. One painting by this artist depicts the title figure nudging St. John towards Jesus, and is set in sight of a rocky grotto. Another painting by this artist depicts a man clutching a coin bag as he rests his elbow on the central table and shows people divided into groups of three. That painting is set after Jesus has revealed that one of them has betrayed him. For 10 points, name this Renaissance master of Madonna of the Rocks and The Last Supper.

Vienna

One of this city's mayors, Karl Lueger, famously declared that it was up to him to define who was Jewish, and this city was the capital of Patriotic Front leader Englebert Dolfuss before his assassination. Its most iconic building is the reconstructed St. Stephen's Cathedral, while the Tiergarten contains the world's oldest zoo and is part of its Schonbrunn Palace, seat of government for such men as Franz Josef I and Klemens Von Metternich. For 10 points, identify this city on the Danube and namesake of an 1815 Congress that is now the capital of Austria.

Kafka

One of this man's books opens with a boy meeting his uncle Senator Jakob and a stoker on a ship. This writer described Georg Bendemann jumping off a bridge after being condemned to drown by his father in the story "The Judgement," and in another story, the Officer displays a (*) machine that carves prisoner's sentences on their backs. In addition to "In the Penal Colony," this author wrote a book in which a man dies "like a dog" after being arrested for no reason, while in another of his books a salesman turns into a cockroach. For 10 points, name this German writer who created Joseph K. The Trial and Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis.

East Germany

One participant in this country's June 1953 rebellion was fictionalized as Harry Melchior in the 2001 film The Tunnel. The movie Night Crossing depicted how two families fled this country via a hot air balloon, and Peter Fechter was left to die in a "death strip" after being shot while trying to escape it. Egon Krenz was the last leader of this country, whose citizens were policed by the (*) Stasi. Due to a massive brain drain, Walter Ulbricht began the construction of a structure in this country that would later be torn down in 1989 with pickaxes and sledgehammers. For ten points, name this Soviet-dominated nation that built the Berlin Wall and joined with West Germany in 1990

Gandi

One ruler with this last name was assassinated by Operation Blue Star after advising Fakruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a state of emergency. Another leader with this last name encouraged people to create khadi, or homespun clothing, and led a (*) march to Dandi to protest a tax on salt. For 10 points, identify this surname shared by Indian Prime Minister Indira, and Mohandas, whose non-violent protests earned him the nickname "Mahatma."

social contract

One section in this work suggests that a right must have a sense of moral obligation, explaining that slaves only submit to their masters because they fear physical harm, not because they feel obliged to. It posits that monarchies work best in hot climates, and this work distinguishes between the sovereign and the state. This work begins, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains," and it states that laws must be approved by the general will of the people. For 10 points, name this work of political theory by Jean- Jacques Rousseau.

Moliere

One work by this author follows Jourdain's foolish attempts to enter the nobility and ends with his daughter's marriage to a man pretending to be a Turkish prince. Another work by this author shows Arnolphe's failure to raise Agnes to be a faithful wife, while this author's last play sees Angelique remain faithful to her hypochondriacal father Argan. In another play by this author of The Bourgeois Gentleman and The School for Wives, Orgon is nearly tricked out of ownership of his home by the title hypocrite. For 10 points, name this French playwright of The Imaginary Invalid and Tartuffe.

four

Research by Marie Dacke has indicated that honeybees can count up to this number, and a theorem named for this number was proven by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. The number of moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo is equal to this number, and the chemical element with this atomic number is beryllium. For 10 points, name this number that is shared by the number of phenotypes in the ABO blood system, the number of mammalian heart chambers, and the number of sides on a trapezoid.

Frank Lloyd Wright

This man designed skyscrapers including the mile-high Illinois Tower, though the only one built is located in Bartlesville. His signature style, which focused on a blend between the interior and exterior and very small amounts of storage space, is exemplified by buildings such as Kentuck Knob and the Rosenbaum House. Another work of his, a residence for the Kaufmann family in western Pennsylvania, was built into a hillside and features a stairway to a stream that runs through the middle of the living room floor. For 10 points, name this American architect of Fallingwater.

Mather

The patriarch Richard came from England in the Great Migration after being suspended from preaching in Toxteth for refusing to wear surplice. His son wrote a history of King Phillip's War and married his step-sister before becoming president of Harvard in 1685. The best known member of the family is Richard's grandson, who argued for the presence of active witches in New England in his Wonders of the Invisible World and advocated inoculations for during the 1721 smallpox epidemic. For 10 points, give the surname of the New England preachers Increase and Cotton.

Salinger

The protagonist of one story by this author asks if Whirly Wood, Connecticut is near Whirly Wood, Connecticut. One of his stories is a letter from a shell-shocked soldier to a precocious English girl he met in a restaurant after her church choir practice. In another story by this author of "For Esme - With Love and Squalor", Sybil Carpenter is told of creatures that swim into holes but eat so much fruit that they are trapped by Seymour Glass. This author of "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" created a character who spends time with his sister Phoebe after being expelled from Pencey Prep. For 10 points, name this author who created Holden Caulfield in Catcher in the Rye.

Iran-Contra Deal

The document that led to the uncovering of this was contained in a manila folder marked WH, discovered by Brad Reynolds and John Richardson. Edwin Meese investigated it internally before it was examined by the independent counsel Lawrence Walsh and a committee that included Edmund Muskie, the Tower Commission. The plan, in violation of the Boland Amendment, was conceived by Robert McFarlane. Caspar Weinberger was convicted for lying to the independent counsel, but John Poindexter and his secretary Oliver North were not. For 10 points, money was provided to Nicaraguan rebels to fight the Sandinistas in what Reagan administration scandal?

Uganda

The first postcolonial President of this country was Mutesa II thanks to its monarchist party Kabaka Yekka, but he was exiled to Britain a few years after Britain granted this nation its independence. The next President wrote a Social- ist pamphlet titled The Common Man's Charter, and his order to arrest the Army Chief led to a coup when that Presi- dent was in Singapore. The next leader of this country expelled most Asians, declared himself Conqueror of the Brit- ish Empire, allowed Palestinian hijackers to use Entebbe (en-TEB-bee) Airport, and attempted to invade Tanzania (tan-za-NEE-uh). Eventually, Yoweri Museveni (moo-say-VEH-nee) brought stability to this country. Name this East African nation that has been ruled by Milton Obote (o-BOA-tay) and Idi Amin (EE-dee ah-MEEN) whose capital is Kampala.

magdalen laundries

The founding of these organizations is general y held to go back to the establishment of one of them by Arbel Denny. In 1993, the sale of land by one of these organizations resulted in the discovery of 133 bodies, and the history of these organizations was chronicled by historian Frances Finnegan in the book Do Penance or Perish. A major investigation into the operation of these institutions resulted in a publication cal ed the Ryan's Report, which has been criticized for not using the testimonies of adult victims. More recently, state involvement with these institutions was analyzed in the McAleese report, which resulted in an apology by Prime Minister Enda Kenny, who pledged that the Irish government would pay up to 58 mil ion euros to survivors of these institutions. For 10 points, identify these mostly-Irish religious institutions which took in so-cal ed "fal en women," ostensibly to train them in homemaking skil s, but real y in order to use them as slave labor.

Darius I

The leader of a conspiracy of nobles to murder the false Smerdis, he legitimized his rule by marrying Atossa. He created the satrapy system, built the royal road from Susa to Sardis, allowed the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem, and conquered Thrace, but at the end of his life he was so disturbed by the Ionian revolt that he had a servant remind him constantly of his need to punish the Athenians. For 10 points name this Persian ruler whose efforts to crush Athens were stymied by the defeat of his commanders at Marathon and who bequeathed his desire of vengeance to his son Xerxes.

Delacroix

The lower right portion of this artist's painting Ovid among the Scythians depicts the milking of a dark mare. Virgil leads the title figure across the Acheron in his The Barque of Dante. The title figure of another painting by this artist reclines on a bed and orders officers to cut the throats of various horses and women. In addition to The (*) Death of Sardanapalus, this artist painted a work that includes a boy wielding two pistols and a bare-breasted female carrying a musket and the French flag. For 10 points, name this artist of Liberty Leading the People.

Charlemange

The most famous biographer of this ruler modeled his work after Suetonius's Lives of the Caesars and was named Einhard. The Admonitio generalis of this man evidences his familial namesake Renaissance, which partly resulted from the appointment of the English scholar Alcuin to his court. This ruler and his uncle Bernard successfully besieged Pavia and subsequently controlled Northern Italy. This ruler's kingdom was divided in the Treaty of Verdun among Lothar, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German. For 10 points, name this ruler, the father of Louis the Pious and son of Pippin III, who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Leo III on Christmas Day, 800 AD.

Ode to a Nightingale

The narrator of this poem admits that many times he has "been half in love with easeful Death" and is jealous of a creature that has "never known the weariness, the fever, and the fret." He also connects himself to sailors listening through casements, Ruth, and emperors and clowns because they hear the same sound, and he later wonders whether "it was a vision or a waking dream." This poem begins, "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains my sense," and it tells its subject that it "wast not born for death." Name this work by John Keats addressed to an "immortal bird."

Cry, thy Beloved Country

The novel opens with the main character receiving a telegram from a fellow priest, urging him to come visit his ill sister, Gertrude. Upon finding her, he finds she has taken up a life of prostitution and beer brewing. While in Johannesburg, the pastor searches for his son, who has been arrested for the murder of Arthur Jarvis. For ten points, identify this novel which ends with the execution of Absalom Kumalo which highlights the social problems of South Africa in the 1950s, a novel by Alan Paton

Pictures at an Exhibition

The opening movement of this piece begins with the quarter notes "G, F, B-flat," then the rising eighth notes "C, F," then a quarter note "D." In a movement of this piece, a quivering theme depicting the destitute man Schmuÿle follows a Jewish theme that depicts Samuel Goldenberg. A section to be played "with the dead in a dead language" ends this piece's "Catacombs" movement, which follows a portrayal of French women arguing at "The Market at Limoges." This piece closes with depictions of "The Hut on Fowl's Legs" and "The Great Gate of Kiev," and contains multiple "Promenade" movements that depict the composer walking between museum displays. For 10 points, name this suite by Modest Mussorgsky.

anthrax

The pathogen causing this disease has a polypeptide, rather than polysaccharide, capsule made of glutamic acid. That pathogen secretes a cell-binding protein called the protective antigen, an adenylate cyclase called the edema factor, and a matrix metalloproteinase called the lethal factor. Jean Joseph Toussaint made a vaccine against this disease with potassium dichromate. The (*) Ames strain causes this disease. It comes in pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous types. The germ theory of disease was proven when Louis Pasteur cultured this disease's causative agent, a member of Bacillus first discovered by Robert Koch. It produces long-lasting endospores. For 10 points, name this disease, which was spread through bioterrorist attacks in 2001.

The Bell Jar

The protagonist of this novel reads a short story about a nun and a Jewish man who meet under a fig tree, and that protagonist later has her college tuition paid by the novelist Philomena Guinea. Its protagonist dates the Peruvian chauvinist Marco, who attempts to rape her, and the UN interpreter Constantin after she is prevented from dumping her college boyfriend Buddy Willard when he contracts TB. For 10 points, name this work that takes place during the summer of the Rosenbergs' execution, and sees its protagonist intern at a New York fashion magazine, a novel about the shock therapy and attempted suicide of Esther Greenwood by Sylvia Plath.

Death in Venice

The protagonist's works of fiction include an epic on the life Frederick the Great and a discourse on Mind and Art reminiscent of Schiller. He is inspired to go on his trip after bumping into a red-haired man while walking through a Byzantine church in Munich. On his trip, he meets a hideously made-up old man, whose appearance is not unlike one he will affect near the end of the book. Mid-way through his stay, it becomes clear that it is unwise to remain in the title location as there are clear signs of a cholera epidemic, but he does stay, due to his new-formed passion for the young Polish boy, Tadzio. For 10 points, Gustave Aschenbach is the protagonist of what novella by Thomas Mann.

waltzes

The second movement of Dvorak's Serenade for Strings is this type of piece. Emil Waldteufel's most popular composition is one of these pieces called "Les Patineurs". The Dutch violinist Andre Rieu founded an orchestra which specializes in performing these pieces. Schubert wrote sets of "sentimental" and "noble" examples of these pieces, which are likely derived from the German (*) Ländler. Jean Sibelius composed a "sad" or "triste" piece of this type, 19th century examples of which include one in which a brief flute cadenza is followed by the entrance of a zither, the "Tales from the Vienna Woods". For 10 points, name these Viennese dances in 3/4 time which include "On the Beautiful Blue Danube", which was composed by their "King", Johann Strauss, Jr.

pH

The standardized method of measuring this quantity is the Harned cell. One instrument used to measure this contains an internal electrode, a reference electrode, and an ion-selective glass tip. For antimonial compounds, the Hammett function is often used instead of this quantity. Compounds like Tris, MOPS, and HEPES are designed to keep this quantity constant. Popular methods of noting changes in this quantity involve adding (*) methyl red and bromophenol blue. A sudden jump in this quantity occurs around the equivalence point of a standard titration, and indicators like phenolphthalein show changes in it by changing color. It is found by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions. For 10 points, name this measure of acidity.

Browning (robert)

The title character of one of this man's poems plays his music "where Saint Mark's is, where the Doges used to wed the sea with rings." The speaker of another of his poems notes "yet God has not said a word," after strangling a woman with her hair. As the author of "A Toccata of Galuppi" and "Porphyria's Lover," this poet also created a poetic treatment of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. He pioneered the "dramatic monologue," an example of which sees a duke tell of how he had his wife killed because "she had a heart too soon made glad." For 10 points, name this British Victorian poet of "My Last Duchess," the husband of Elizabeth Barrett.

Louisiana Purchase

This agreement was called "the noblest work of our whole lives" by one of its negotiators, Robert Livingston. Its boundaries were in dispute as a result of the lack of specificity of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso between Spain and France. It was opposed by Talleyrand in France and the Federalist Party in the United States. This agreement led to the Lewis and Clark expedition, whose goal was to explore the newly acquired territory. For 10 points, name this 1803 purchase in which the United States acquired land from France.

Wright (frank Lloyd)

This architect put circular sections of ceiling above white tapered columns in the "Great Workroom" of a building to which he later added the Research Tower. He used the Maya revival style for a now-demolished building whose lobby remains in the Meiji-Mura museum, though it survived a 1923 earthquake. This designer of the Johnson Wax headquarters and the Imperial Hotel Tokyo worked at two studios called Taliesin. He designed a walkable white concrete spiral for New York's Guggenheim Museum, and a cantilevered house for the Kauffman family which hangs over a running stream. For 10 points, name this Prairie School architect of Fallingwater.

Delacroix

This artist depicted rifles, a rabbit, and a bird in Still Life with Lobsters, and in another painting a woman kneels on a slanted stone slab with her arms half-raised. This painter of Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi also painted a scene from the Inferno in Barque of Dante. The title king watches as his concubines are murdered in his Death of Sardanapalus. Another work of his shows a young boy with two pistols next to a bare-breasted woman waving a tricolor flag. For 10 points, name this French painter of Massacre at Chios and Liberty Leading the People.

Caravaggio

This artist painted himself and Mario Minniti in a work where one boy plays a lute, The Musicians. He depicted Minitti again in one version of a work portraying a white-turbaned woman reading a palm, The Fortune Teller. Another work by this man portrays a skull lying on a book next to the title saint. In addition to St. (*) Jerome Writing, he depicts Christ being recognized by a man wearing a pilgrim's shell who extends his arms outward in Supper at Emmaus. For 10 points, name this Baroque Italian artist, who used tenebrism in a work showing Christ pointing to the title man, The Calling of St. Matthew.

Rodin

This artist's depiction of the god Iris is missing both an arm and a head and was incorporated into The Apotheosis of Victor Hugo. Romantically involved with the sculptor Camille Claudel, he also created a monument to the martyrs of a French city besieged during the Hundred Years' War, The Burghers of Calais (kuh-LAY). This sculptor's (*) The Gates of Hell includes miniature versions of The Kiss and a sculpture of Dante resting his chin on a clenched fist. For 10 points, name this French sculptor of The Thinker.

Alcott

This author wrote a novel in which the orphan Christie Devon and a woman of ill repute named Rachel are taught self-respect by the laundress Cynthy Wilkins. In addition to Work, she wrote a sequel to her most famous work in which Dan Kean kills a man in self-defense following a card game. Professor Bhaer and his wife run the Plumfield school in several of her novels which center on (*) Meg, Amy, Beth, and other members of the March family. For 10 points, name this author of Jo's Boys and Little Women.

Poe

This author wrote a novel in which the title character stows away aboard the Grampus before disguising himself as a ghost to scare away mutineers. In addition to writing The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, this author wrote a story in which a mother and daughter are murdered on the title street by an orangutan. The detective C. Auguste Dupin appears in several works by this man. This author wrote about the murder of an old man whose title organ is stored under the floorboards. For 10 points, name this author of "The Tell- Tale Heart" and "The Murders in the Rue Morgue."

Yeats

This author wrote a poem that ends with the question "How can we know the dancer from the dance?" This author collected "Among School Children" in The Tower and described "the loosening thighs" of a mythological figure. This author of "Leda and the Swan" wrote a poem which describes "such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make, compares "an aged man" to "a tattered coat upon a stick," and states "that is no country for old men." This poet of "Sailing to Byzantium" ends another poem with a "rough beast" that "slouches towards Bethlehem to be born," and describes "things fall[ing] apart." For 10 points, name this Irish poet of "The Second Coming."

Flannery O'Connor

This author wrote about Mrs. Pritchard, who tries to get Powell Boyd and his friends off of Mrs. Cope's property before the boys burn it, in "A Circle in the Fire." This author ended another story with the gripe that someone should have been there to "shoot" a woman "every minute of her life," and depicted Julian's racist mother flipping out aboard a bus in "Everything that Rises Must Converge." She wrote of Red Sammy's restaurant and a road trip to Florida in a short story in which a grandmother and her family are killed by The Misfit. For 10 points, name this Catholic Southern Gothic author who died of lupus after writing "A Good Man Is Hard to Find."

Strindberg

This author wrote about a group that meets at the Berns Salonger in his work about a bureaucrat turned journalist named Arvind Falk. He also wrote a play in which the "Stranger," a recent convert, meets the "Lady." This author of The Red Room and The (*) Road to Damascus also wrote a play in which the Milkmaid talks to Jacob Hummel. In his most famous play, the servant Jean gives the title character a razor so that she may commit suicide. For 10 points, name this Swedish dramatist of The Father, The Ghost Sonata, and Miss Julie.

Pushkin

This author wrote about the moneylender Solomon, who urges Albert to poison his own father for money in The Covetous Knight, and another of his works ends with Mozart drinking poisoned champagne. Ludmila is kidnapped by the wizard Chernomor in one work of this author, who also wrote about the engineer Hermann's attempt to learn gambling secrets from the Countess in "Queen of Spades." The lover of Parasha is chased by a statue of Peter the Great in "The Bronze Horseman," while the title character of another novel by this man dances with Olga and shoots Vladimir Lensky in a duel. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Eugene Onegin.

Dred Scott v Sanford

This case was originally filed against Dr. John Emerson, and dissents in this case were written by Benjamin Curtis and John McLean. The case of Harriet Robinson was merged with this case, and it was filed after a journey to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory. Part of the decision declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, stating that Congress did not have the right to determine the legality of slavery in new territories. For 10 points, name this 1857 Supreme Court decision, in which the Taney court ruled that African-Americans were not citizens.

Genji

This character presents a final painting that decides a contest in favor of the group wearing red. He marries the daughter of the Minister of the Left. After she dies, he marries the Third Princess, who eventually becomes a nun af- ter giving birth to another man's child. One chapter in his story is titled "Vanished into the Clouds" and left blank; be- cause this character does not appear later, it is assumed that he dies in that chapter. Name this lover of many women, including Lady Murasaki, written about in eleventh-century Japan.

Herbert Hoover

This man advocated "Meatless Mondays" to ration food while overseeing the US Food Administration during World War I. He supported the "Own Your Own Home" campaign during his tenure as Commerce Secretary to promote home ownership and created the Veterans Administration and the Federal Farm Board. This President promised "a chicken in every pot" in his campaign against Al Smith, and the Bonus Army marched on the Capitol during his presidency. Shantytowns became known as this president's "villes" during the Great Depression. For 10 points,

Hadrian

This man commissioned Salvius Julianus to write his edictum perpetuum, which simplified provincial law codes. This emperor's rebuilding of Jerusalem in a Hellenic mold and ban on circumcision led to the outbreak of the(*) Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea, which took four years to quell. This emperor returned the Mesopotamian conquests of his predecessor, Trajan, to Parthia. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor, succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who built a namesake wall across Britain to keep out barbarian tribes.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This man compromised his democratic-republicanism with a salute and handshake at Teano. This man's victory outside Gaeta castle at the Volturno river caused a branch Bourbon dynasty under Francis II to end. This European declined Lincoln's request to lead the Union in the Civil War, but did lead the Hunters of the Alps against Austria. One of his armies took uniforms from an abandoned slaughterhouse in Montevideo, Uruguay; he handed their gains to Count Cavour's Piedmont-Sardinia after the Expedition of the Thousand toppled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. For 10 points, name this bearded hero whose Red Shirts fought to unify Italy.

Charlemange

This man defeated the Lombards in Italy and, after losing at Zaragoza, his rearguard was defeated at Roncevaux Pass. That event was described in an epic poem named for this man's knight, La Chanson de Roland. This man's kingdom was inherited by his son, Louis the Pious, and this son of Pepin the Short's capital was at Aachen. This man was crowned by Pope Leo II on Christmas Day. For 10 points, name this Frankish Holy Roman Emperor, the namesake of the Carolingian dynasty.

Babar (the tiger)

This man had fought Muhammed Shaybani Khan at the battle of Sar-e Pol, which led to the loss of this man's father's lands of Fergana. The year after Sar-e Pol, he captured Kabul, but repeated attempts to take Samarkand were unsuccessful. This forced him to look elsewhere for territories, and he received requests from Alam Khan and Dawlat Khan to try a fifth invasion of the Dehli Sultanate. This person defeated Rana Sanga after giving up liquor in the hopes of getting divine help, and that battle at Khanua destroyed the Rajputs. Soon after that battle, the loss of Bihar led this man to attack and find victory at the battle of Ghagara. For 10 points, name this man who earlier defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the battle of Panipat, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.

Charles Lindbergh

This man invented the first artificial heart for the French surgeon, Alexis Carrel. This man received $25,000 from Raymond Orteig for performing his most famous action. Possibly due to his Nazi sympathies, this man became the foremost spokesman for the America First Committee. Bruno Hauptmann was executed for the heavily-publicized murder-kidnapping of this man's child. For 10 points, name this pilot of the Spirit of St. Louis who was the first man to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean.

Bill Clinton

This man lost his 1980 gubernatorial reelection bid to Frank White, and he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act into law. His commerce secretary Ron Brown died in a plane crash. This president launched Operation Desert Fox due to Iraq's interference with United Nations inspectors, and signed (*) NAFTA into law, though his presidency was plagued by the Whitewater affair. For 10 points, name this man who defeated Ross Perot and George H.W. Bush to win the presidential election of 1992.

Disraeli

This man lost his seat in the House of Commons after receiving the titles of Viscount of Hughenden and 1st Earl of Beaconsfield. This man thrice served as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Derby's minority governments, the third of which eliminated rotten boroughs and gave workers the right to vote by passing the (*) Second Reform Act that this man championed. The Rothschilds funded this man's purchase of shares of the Suez Canal, and he gave the title of "Empress of India" to Queen Victoria, who disliked his Liberal opponent. For ten points, name this Conservative British Prime Minister of Jewish descent who had a rivalry with William Gladstone.

Renoir

This man painted a girl in a striped blue and yellow dress at the center of a crowd of hundreds of people under chandeliers in his painting of a dance at Le Moulin de la Galette. He painted a small girl in a blue dress and red bow standing in a garden in his Girl with a Watering Can. This artist painted a man in a yellow hat and sleeveless shirt under a red awning standing next to a table loaded with food and wine. For 10 points, name this impressionist painter of Luncheon of the Boating Party.

Diego Velazquez

This man popularized a new type of still life painting called the bodegon. He depicted the myth of Arachne in his Las Hilanderas, and showed a woman sewing a piece of cloth in The Needlewoman. He painted a wild drinking party in his Los Borracho, and depicted Ambrosio Spinola's victory in The Surrender of Breda. He painted the Cupid holding up a mirror for a goddess in his Rokeby Venus. He became the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV, and depicted the young Infanta Margarita with her attendants. For 10 points, name this Spanish baroque painter of Las Meninas.

Tito

This man tried Draža Mihailovic, the leader of the Chetnik movement, which tried to undermine his authority. This man promoted "brotherhood and unity" among the six constituent nations that he ruled and announced himself "President for Life" in 1974. The only European founding member of the (*) Non-Aligned Movement, this leader was expelled from the Cominform, signaling his split with Joseph Stalin. For 10 points, identify this Communist leader of Yugoslavia.

Hirohito

This man was nearly assassinated with a hand grenade in the Sakuradamon (sack-oor-ah-DAH-moan) Incident. As a marine biologist, this person discovered several species of hydrozoa. This leader was advised by a council known as the Big Six against giving the Jewel Voice Broadcast, during which he declared his intentioned to accept the (*) Potsdam declaration. This leader's reign followed the Taisho period and was known as the Showa Period. For 10 points, name this father of Akihito who served as Emperor of Japan during World War II.

Sir Edward William Edgar

This man wrote the concert overture In the South based on his time in Italy, and he compiled his own libretto for the oratorios in a planned trilogy, The Apostles and The Kingdom. His version of the Merry Wives of Windsor includes a Dream Interlude and depicts The Boar's Head, and another of his works uses a theme that goes from G minor to major and back, while a held G to shift to E flat major is used in the adagio "Nimrod" movement. That same work depicts "Dorabella" and "C.A.E.," along with a friend's bulldog. For 10 points name this composer of The Dream of Gerontius, the Enigma Variations, and the Pomp And Circumstance marches.

Attila the Hun

This man's biggest defeat occurred days after his enemies arrived just in time to prevent Sangiban from turning traitor and opening the gates of Orlans to him. In that battle, this man allied himself with Walamir and was opposed by Theodoric and Flavius Aetius. After the Battle of (*) Chalons, this leader was convinced to retreat after meeting at Mantua with Pope Leo I. On the night of his wedding to Ildico, he died of a nosebleed. For 10 points, name this "Scourge of God" and leader of the Huns.

Chinua Achebe

This man's children's stories include Chike and the River and How the Leopard Got His Claws, and in this author's An Image of Africa, he attacked Joseph Conrad as being a "bloody racist." One of his novels describes the military overthrow of Chief Nanga and triumph of Odili. In addition to A Man of the People, this man wrote a trilogy whose characters include Uzeulu and (*) Obi, two members of the Igbo people. Okonkwo was creatd by, for ten points, which Nigerian author of Arrow of God, No Longer at Ease, and Things Fall Apart.

Stalin

This man's predecessor and successor both labeled him as excessively rude, the latter through a supposedly secret speech delivered three years after this man died that, among other things, accused him of using fake embezzlement charges to have war heroes executed. This leader had earlier weakened his army by having Lavrenty Beria use the NKVD to arrest and execute several military officers. One of the many executions he ordered was carried out by Ramón Mercader. This leader tried to modernize his economy by ordering massive production increases over five year periods and by collectivizing farms starting in 1928. Name the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, who ruled from 1922 until his death in 1953.

Madame Butterfly

This opera's final act begins with sailors singing "Oh eh! Oh eh!," followed by the song "Gia il sole!" when the male lead arrives. In Act I, the male lead sings "Amore o grillo," telling of his first encounter with the title character, who later fantasizes about her husband's return "when the robin makes his nest" in the aria "Un bel dì." Kate is introduced to the title character by Sharpless, after which the title character blindfolds her son Dolore and kills herself. For 10 points, name this opera about Pinkerton's doomed marriage with Cio-Cio San, written by Giacomo Puccini.

Secret Service

This organization's current director is Mark J. Sullivan, and legislation creating this organization was on Abraham Lincoln's desk the night he was assassinated. This agency's former status as a division of the Treasury Department was characterized by its investigation of counterfeiting operations. A recent scandal involving this agency occurred at the 6th Summit of the Americas in Colombia, when members of this agency were reported to have brought prostitutes to their hotel before the arrival of President Obama. For 10 points, name this U.S. agency whose members are notably responsible for the security of the president.

O'Keefe

This painter lived for a few years at the Shelton Hotel and while there painted several New York City skyscrapers such as the Radiator Building. After leaving New York, this artist portrayed nature scenes such as a painting showing the Chama River titled Blue River and some works showing Cerro Pedernal. Views from airplanes led to the series of paintings Sky Above Clouds. This painter also made several paintings of a jack-in-the-pulpit and another series show- ing individual red cannas and red poppies. Beginning in 1929, this artist spent a lot of time in New Mexico, often painting animal bones, including skulls. Name this wife of photographer Alfred Stieglitz.

Andrew Wyeth

This painter's father was the sole illustrator of the Scribner Classics, and his father was particularly famous for his illustrations of Treasure Island. He created 240 portraits in a series of paintings that suggested a love affair between him and the titular woman in The Helga Pictures. With studios in Cushing, Maine and Chadd's Ford, Pennsylvania, this artist's most famous painting depicts a girl with polio crawling to her house. For 10 points, name this American realist who painted Christina's World.

Georges Seurat

This painter's most famous work appears in the background of another of his works, which depicts three nude women in a room cluttered with clothes, shoes, and umbrellas. In addition to painting The Models, this artist included a red-haired clown in the foreground of a painting in which an acrobat jumps above a white horse, The Circus. His best known work occupies an entire wall at the Art Institute of Chicago and depicts some steamboats and rowers on the River Seine, on the banks of which many Parisians relax with parasols, including a woman with a monkey on a leash. For 10 points, name this French pointillist, the artist of A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.

John Stuart Mill

This philosopher argued that every man who "tills the soil should have the power of obtaining a perpetuity on an impartial invaluation" when discussing the Irish Land Question. He formulated a "method of differences" and a "method of residues" in his A System of Logic, and used the phrase "tyranny of the majority" to build on a Bentham work He also argued that it is better for Socrates to be dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. For ten points, name this advocate of women's suffrage who wrote On Liberty and Utilitarianism.

Eugene O'Neill

This playwright wrote a work in which Henry Smithers travels to an island ruled by the title character, The Emperor Jones. The problems of the Mannon family after the Civil War make up a work of his inspired by the Oresteia entitled Mourning Becomes Electra. Harry Hope's saloon is the setting of his The Iceman Cometh. He wrote a playing taking place on one day in 1912 which shows the internal turmoil of the Tyrone family. For 10 points, name this author of Long Day's Journey into Night.

The Tyger

This poem describes stars that "threw down their spears, and watered heaven with their tears." In this poem, when the title creature's heart began to beat, the speaker asked "what dread hand and what dread feet?" The speaker also asks if the maker of the lamb also made the title predator. Name this poem about an animal "burning bright in the forests of the night" that is in the collection Songs of Experience by William Blake.

DNA replication

This process depends on the action of a hexameric protein with a primase domain, and the presence of Cdk2/Cyclin E is required before it can proceed. Topoisomerase breaks phosphodiester bonds in order to allow this process to occur, and Okazaki fragments are formed in the course of this process. The Meselson-Stahl experiment revealed an important fact about this process, which occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle and is called semiconservative because it results in two two-stranded molecules, each containing one old and one new strand of genetic material. For 10 points, name this process in which chromosomal material is duplicated.

hydrophobic

This property of compounds is utilized in a form of chromatography developed by Shaltiel. That technique uses sepharose beads and "salting out." Examples of amino acids with this distinction include leucine, valine, and phenylalanine. This property is caused entropic driven interactions. Structures in the center of a micelle have this distinction. Substances described by this are usually non-polar such as hydrocarbons. For 10 points, name this property of not interacting with water to the point of seemingly being repelled by it.

the interpretation of dreams

This work describes a widow suffering from throat pains who is treated rashly by Dr. M. This work cites an earlier essay about a boy who develops a phobia of horses called "Little Hans." This book outlines the three elements of forming a "rebus," which are "condensation," "displacement," and "representation" in section titled "Irma's Injection." This work discusses the process of "secondary revision" in which one's "censorship" inclination attempts to rationalize the title phenomenon as a form of "wish fulfillment." For 10 points, name this work that introduces the Oedipal complex and discusses a certain sleep event, written by Sigmund Freud.

Don Quixote de la Mancha

This work's protagonists fight with a number of Yanguesans following an incident with a horse, and earlier witnessed Marcela defending herself from a poem written by the lovesick shepherd Chrysostom. One character in this work is led to believe that a wizard named Friston has stolen his library, while another is appointed Governor of Barataria by the Duke. This work's title character is defeated and forced to retire by the Knight of the White Moon, and claims to love the lady Dulcinea. For 10 points, name this novel by Miguel Cervantes featuring characters such as Sancho Panza and a man who famously tilts at windmills.

Beethoven

Toss-Up #18 His Triple Concerto is one of the first works of its genre. He has a nephew named Karl and a devoted musical friend named Schubert. Never a self-promoter, always a care-free snob, he revolutionized orchestral music with the Choral Fantasy and turned tragedy into triumph in his fifth symphony. For 10 points, name this German father of romanticism who wrote the Eroica and Pastoral symphonies.

Catherine the Great

Under this ruler, the Free Economic Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Husbandry was established and held essay contests over the future of serfdom. One attempt to end serfdom was weakened when Johann Michelson defeated rebels at the Battle of Kazan. This leader's successor and son was killed by a group led by Generals Bennigsen and Yashvil after refusing to abdicate; that son was Paul the First. Name this leader who was fooled over the wealth of southern Russia by Grigory Potemkin, and who had affairs with Grigory Orlov before and after the death of her husband Peter the Third in 1762.

Hawaii

Walter Murry Gibson set up a "Mormon Kingdom" in this polity before being excommunicated and serving as Prime Minister. The Morgan Report found that the Committee of Safety were not guilty in their overthrow of one government of this place, which had earlier signed the Bayonet Constitution. That document had put power in the hands of men such as (*) Sanford Dole. Bill Clinton signed the Apology Resolution dealing with this polity, which had earlier been ruled from the Iolani Palace by rulers such as Liluokalani and Kamehameha I. For 10 points, name this site of the Pearl Harbor attacks, the 50th US State with capital at Honolulu.