Quizzes 4, 5, and 6

How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist?

3: ordinal, interval, ratio

APA Ethical Principles: How many principles and standards does the APA list?

5 principles and 10 standards

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement?

A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data?

All of the above are reasons. - They feel pressure to publish findings. - They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. - Research success has implications for promotion within their department.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Belmont Report?

All of the above are true.

Which of the following is true of scatterplots?

All of the above are true. - They can be used to examine interrater reliability. - They can be used to examine internal reliability. - They are a less common way to examine test-retest reliability compared with correlation coefficients. - Each dot represents a participant.

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?

Both a and b are potentially problematic. - According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. - Since he works at the prison, participants may feel there will be negative consequences if they do not participate.

Which of the following is the primary goal of debriefing?

Both b and c - To give participants insight into the nature of psychological science - To inform participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study

Which of the following is true about the distinction between reliability and validity?

Both c and d - A measure must be reliable before it can be valid. - Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure; validity refers to whether it measures what it's supposed to measure.

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to:

Cancel out random errors

A correlation-based statistic called __________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.

Cronbach's alpha

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?

Fence sitting

In developing a measure of need for cognition (a trait that describes the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?

It is a double-barreled question.

Which of the following is true?

None of the above are true. - The confidence people have in their memories is strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. - People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior. - People are better able to remember vivid memories. - If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement?

Number of panic attacks a patient reports

Felipe plans to watch how positively or negatively teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD for his research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement?

Observational measurement

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants in the study were purposely given/infected with the disease.

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects?

Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question?

Question A

Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a Likert scale?

Question B

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law class and Introduction to Neuroscience class. His survey has the following questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question?

Question c

Another word for observer effects is:

Reactivity

All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT:

Reverse-worded questions

Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for her research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement?

Self-report measurement

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

Syphilis

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

The Principle of Beneficence

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added to the principle put forth by the American Psychological Association?

The Principle of Integrity and Fidelity/Responsibility

In the above scenario, Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike his Tuesday/Thursday Introduction to Neuroscience class). Which of the following is true?

This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?

Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Understand the differences between random assignment and random selection.

random assignment: randomly assigning people to groups within a study random selection: choosing a sample at random that represents a population

Be able to distinguish between categorical variables and each subcategory of quantitative variables.

categorical variables: levels of categories (males or females) ordinal: numbers represent a rank order interval: equal intervals; NO true zero Ratio: equal interval; true zero (income, brain activity)

How is the strength of a relationship represented on a scatterplot?

closeness of the dots = strength of relationship

Recognize variants of probability sampling (cluster, multistage, stratified, oversampling, systematic)

cluster: randomly choose selection (five colleges) then use all people from those selections multistage: randonly choose selection, then randomly choose from those selections stratified: select demographic categories, then randomly select from each category so that all categories are proportionally represented oversampling: same as stratified, but population of interest is overrepresented systematic: 2 numbers randomly selected, researcher uses them to choose participants

Understand the differences between nonrepresentative sampling techniques (convenience, purposive, snowball).

convenience: easy to access purposive: only certain kinds of people (smokers) snowball: participants recommend others ( or pass along)

Be familiar with characteristics of operational definitions.

developed after conceptual definitions, one variable can have multiple operational definitions, you have to be creative to develop operational definitions

Be able to recognize problematic wording (double negatives, double-barreled questions, leading questions, etc.)

double negatives: these are confusing, Even a single - negative word can be confusing double-barreled questions: don't ask two questions in one leading questions: how you frame a question can lead a person to answer differently

Which supports external validity? Internal validity?

external validity: internal validity:

If a study's results would benefit a certain group of people, who should be chosen for the sample?

if the study benefits prisoners, the sample would be prisoners

In which situations might we not need informed consent?

no harm, in educational setting, completely anonymous, naturalistic observation in public place

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

none of the above

Wendy conducts a study in which she counts how many sports-related items students display in their dorm rooms. Wendy is using a _______ scale of measurement.

quantitative (ratio)

Be able to distinguish between reliability and validity.

reliability: consistency of a measure validity: whether is measures what it is supposed to measure

Belmont report: Asking for informed consent satisfies which principle of the Belmont Report?

respect for persons

When determining whether a study is ethical, what must be balanced?

risk to participants versus the value of knowledge to be gained

Types of measures: Be able to distinguish between self-report, observational, and physiological measures.

self-report: people answer questions about themselves (or about others) observational: record behaviors or traces of behaviors physiological: record biological data

Understand the differences between the three types of reliability (test- retest, interrater, internal).

test-retest: consistency between repeated tests interrater: 2+ raters should come up with same findings internal: people should answer similarly on items measuring the same construct