Quizzes

Shoe companies often pair their logos with successful athletes in order to get you excited about buying their shoes. Which could be best described as the unconditioned response in this scenario? your excitement about athletes your excitement about the shoes the shoe company's logo the successful athletes

your excitement about athletes

_____ neurons are activated when a person performs or observes a particular behavior. Observational Sensory Motor Mirror

Mirror

Last night you dreamt you were fighting off a zombie attack singlehandedly, with a garden rake. Why didn't you flail and throw yourself out of your bed? REM paralysis sleep inertia paradoxical sleep somnambulism

REM paralysis

Marco has a dream that he is in the 10th round of a high-profile boxing match. Yet, if you were to watch Marco during this dream, you'll see that he doesn't throw punches in his sleep. This is because of: REM rebound REM paralysis sleep inertia abnormal neurotransmitter levels

REM paralysis

You did not get enough sleep last night, and today you are very tired. When you go to sleep tonight, you are likely to experience ___ because of this sleep deprivation. REM paralysis REM rebound slow-wave sleep sleep inertia

REM rebound

What is NOT true about sleep? Sleep evolved relatively recently in human history. Sleep strengthens neural connections. Activity is limited during sleep, thereby reducing threats of harm. Sleep enables the brain to restore itself.

Sleep evolved relatively recently in human history.

The capacity of long-term memory is assumed by most experts to: depend entirely on one's age. depend on one's gender. be limited like a computer memory storage device. be limitless.

be limitless.

Distinguishing between paint that is greenish-blue or a bluish-green is an example of _____. absolute threshold difference threshold perceptual constancy sensory adaptation

difference threshold

You get into an argument with your friend, who says he never dreams at night. Based on what you learned about dream behavior, you are likely to: agree with him because many men do not dream. agree with him because not everyone has dreams in REM sleep disagree with him because he is 18 and everyone can dream after they reach the age of 12. disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication.

disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication.

Some sleep experts believe that people can control their dreams while dreaming through training and practice. What is this called? sleep hygiene lucid dreaming activation-synthesis hypnosis

lucid dreaming

The main function of the brainstem is to pass along sensory information to other brain areas regulate movement and control coordination maintain basic functions necessary for life facilitate motivation and emotion

maintain basic functions necessary for life

An accountant has a sleep disorder in which she occasionally falls asleep while explaining things to a client. What disorder does she have? insomnia sleep apnea narcolepsy sleep talking

narcolepsy

One difference between nightmares and sleep terrors are when they occur in the sleep cycle. Sleep terrors happen during _____ sleep, while nightmares happen during _____ sleep. non-REM; REM REM; non-REM stage 1; stage 2 stage 2; stage 1

non-REM; REM

Typically, multiple-choice questions test for ____, whereas essay questions test for _____. retrieval; recognition recognition; recall priming; recall recall; recognition

recognition; recall

You climb into the hot tub, where initially the water feels quite hot, almost uncomfortably so. However, after a few minutes, you find the water soothing. You have just experienced: sensory adaptation an absolute threshold a just noticeable difference perceptual constancy

sensory adaptation

You are a server at a restaurant. In taking the order of a large group, you find yourself remembering the first few orders and the last few orders. You have just demonstrated the: serial position effect primacy effect recency effect interference effecr

serial position effect

Some animals sleep with one eye open to keep a look out for predators. This type of sleep is called _____ sleep monophasic polyphasic unihemispheric bihemispheric

unihemispheric

Based on your knowledge of opponent-process theory, if you stared for a while at a grid of blue and yellow stripes drawn on a page of paper, what would you see when you looked next at a plain white page? a similar grid of stripes, with red replacing yellow and green replacing blue a similar grid of stripes, with black replacing yellow and white replacing blue a similar grid of stripes, with the yellow and blue stripes reversed no grid of stripes at all because the eye cells have adapted

a similar grid of stripes, with the yellow and blue stripes reversed

Negative (or "subtractive") punishment is BEST reflected by being grounded (not allowed to go see friends) for breaking curfew getting scolded (told you did something wrong) for telling a lie being nagged until chores are done getting spanked for misbehaving

being grounded (not allowed to go see friends) for breaking curfew

If you get sick after eating a new food, you will MOST likely develop a taste aversion, which is an example of instinctual drift primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer biological preparedness

biological preparedness

An example of "iconic memory" is your: long-term memory for the name of your best friend from childhood brief memory for the color of the car you just drove past memory of the neighborhood where you grew up awareness of the sound of your phone's ringtone

brief memory for the color of the car you just drove past

Which of the following is an example of a sensation as opposed to a perception? understanding that a red traffic light means stop pulling over when you hear a siren behind you discriminating between a sour and a salty food knowing that a bad smell in the fridge means something is rotten

discriminating between a sour and a salty food

Three-year-old Hannah is scared of small dogs ever since one bit her. At the park, she avoids small dogs, but shows interest in petting large dogs. Hannah shows _____ between the small and large dogs discrimination generalization both discrimination and generalization neither discrimination nor generalization

discrimination

Which is an example of difference threshold? identifying when a dim light has turned on in a pitch-black room distinguishing between a reddish-orange and an orangish-red paint feeling the weight of your glasses when you put them on but not noticing them by lunchtime understanding that the car you're in is moving, not the houses that you're passing by.

distinguishing between a reddish-orange and an orangish-red paint

Sleep apnea is defined as: walking while asleep. interruptions in breathing that can cause repeated wakening immediate and unexpected shifts from wakefulness to REM sleep. consistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving high-quality sleep.

interruptions in breathing that can cause repeated wakening

Explicit memory is defined as: memory of which you are not consciously aware. your recollection of how to do procedural things. memory of which you are consciously aware. memory that has been lost due to the passage of time.

memory of which you are consciously aware.

Nia hates getting shots and always cringes when a hospital show on TV shows a doctor giving a patient an injection. The fact that Nia cringes when she observes injections is likely controlled by: shaping mirror neurons observational learning classical conditioning

mirror neurons

While fixing the electrical system in his house, Alex accidentally shocked themself. This caused them to fall and hit their head, sustaining permanent damage to parts of their brain. Over time, other areas of Alex's brain partially took over the function of the damaged areas, which exemplifies the concept of: split-brain function localization hemispheric specialization plasticity

plasticity

Researchers found that participants were more likely to correctly recognize a particular person in a photo as actor Brad Pitt when they had previously been asked a question about the inner part of a cherry or plum (i.e., "a pit"), compared to people who were asked a question about something unrelated to his name. This shows the effect of: mnemonics priming relearning chunking

priming

As Pavlov's historical study of saliva production in dogs progressed, he unexpectedly discovered that dogs _____ the presentation of food. produced more saliva after produced more saliva before stopped producing saliva after stopped producing saliva before

produced more saliva before

The brain area damaged in Phineas Gage's accident was MOST responsible for risk decision making and managing emotion storing new and recalling old memories producing fluent and meaningful speech the production of movement

risk decision making and managing emotion

An hour after she puts on very fuzzy leggings, Maggie no longer notices how soft they are. This is because she has experienced transduction sensory adaptation perceptual constancy extrasensory perception

sensory adaptation

When Yizhou got a rash on his arm, his mother suggested he rub an anti-itch cream on it. Since the cream got rid of his skin irritation, Yizhou now applies it whenever he gets a rash. This is BEST described as an example of: additive (or positive) reward subtractive (or negative) reward additive (or positive) punishment subtractive (or negative) punishment

subtractive (or negative) reward

When presented with a series of items, the tendency to remember the first and last items better than the items in the middle is called: the recency effect. the primacy effect. the serial position effect. retroactive interference.

the serial position effect.

An example of explicit memory is: the way you naturally blink when sneezing. how you can drive a car without much thought. the song called the "Fifty Nifty United States" your ability to type on a computer.

the song called the "Fifty Nifty United States"

Shoe companies often pair their logos with successful athletes in order to get you excited about buying their shoes. Which could be best described as the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario? the shoe company's logo the successful athletes your excitement about athletes your excitement about the shoes

the successful athletes

Which is an example of a perception as opposed to a sensation? thinking about Thanksgiving when you smell pumpkin pie turning the radio down because it is painfully loud differentiating between a blue flower and a yellow flower realizing that your dorm room has a foul odor

thinking about Thanksgiving when you smell pumpkin pie

Because the brain cannot process physical stimuli directly, it must convert the stimuli into chemical and electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. This process is known as: habituation. transduction sensory adaptation perceptual constancy

transduction

A child asked her mother when they were leaving for the beach, and her mother jokingly replied, "At the end of two circadian rhythm cycles." The child rolls her eyes, but she knows that means they will leave in _____ hours. 12 24 36 48

48

Which is an example of observational learning? Alina stops hearing the noise of trains after living beside the train tracks for 3 months. Alexa gets increasingly able to sit still in class because her teacher rewards her for it. Ariel begins salivating when she hears the music of the ice cream truck in her neighborhood. Albert figures out how to open the locked cabinet after seeing his older sister do it.

Albert figures out how to open the locked cabinet after seeing his older sister do it.

Morphine is a drug that acts in the same way that the body's natural endorphins do. This suggests that morphine acts as an _____ for endorphin. Efferent Agonist Afferent Antagonist

Agonist

In additive (or "positive") punishment, addition of _____ stimulus _____ the likelihood that the behavior will happen again. An undesirable; increases An undesirable; decreases A desirable; increases A desirable; decreases

An undesirable; decreases

Narcan is a drug that can block heroin's ability to act on the body's natural endorphin system. This suggests that Narcan acts as an _____ for endorphin. Efferent Agonist Afferent Antagonist

Antagonist

In conditioning, _____ is the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause a similar response. Extinction Discrimination Generalization Acquisition

Discrimination

Which of the following is true about REM and dreams? Dreams can only occur during REM sleep. Dreams do not occur during REM sleep. Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be mundane. Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be bizarre

Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be bizarre

_______explains how information present at the time of learning (or, memory encoding) can serve as a good cue at the time of testing (or, retrieval). Proactive interference Priming Encoding specificity Relearning

Encoding specificity

Which question is least likely to be asked by someone who is engaging in "deep processing" of written text? How does it affect my life? How many words does it contain? What are its most important points? How does it relate to information I already know?

How many words does it contain?

M. has a therapist who is helping them quit smoking. Each week, the therapist guides M. through relaxation tasks until M. feels nearly asleep, then the therapist asks M. to imagine going about a typical day, but imagine that they have no desire to smoke. What technique is the therapist using? Meditation Lucid dreaming Hypnosis Mindfulness

Hypnosis

Your eye gets injured in a lab accident, and have to wear an eye patch for 4 weeks while it heals. You explain to your friend that you should be able to do most normal tasks, despite not having both eyes, because depth perception in human vision... Is unimportant to most daily tasks Is based entirely on binocular disparity and vergence Is redundantly specified by monocular information Is irrelevant to perceiving size

Is redundantly specified by monocular information

Scarlett learned about several sleep theories in her psychology class and agrees most with the restorative theory that the purpose of sleep: Is to allow the body to recharge and strengthen itself is to give people access to the dream world reflects the evolutionary need to stay safe from predators is to allow unconscious desires and thoughts to be activated

Is to allow the body to recharge and strengthen itself

Some things interfere with your normal circadian rhythm - which of these does? Melatonin Naturally changing light levels Jet lag Sleep

Jet lag

Which statement about the "Little Albert study" is TRUE? Little Albert was originally frightened of a rat, and the researchers extinguished a fear response through pairing the rat with other furry objects. Little Albert was originally frightened of a rat, and the researchers extinguished a fear response through pairing the rat with a loud noise. Little Albert originally had no fear of a rat, and the researchers conditioned a fear response through pairing the rat with other furry objects. Little Albert originally had no fear of a rat, and the researchers conditioned a fear response through pairing the rat with a loud noise.

Little Albert originally had no fear of a rat, and the researchers conditioned a fear response through pairing the rat with a loud noise.

Which is an example of observational learning? Finn doesn't speed when he thinks a police car is ahead Peyton flinches at lightning because she's scared of thunder. Sandra eats another cookie because they taste delicious. Malik avoids Theresa because Sally doesn't play with her

Malik avoids Theresa because Sally doesn't play with her

_____ is your brain's ability to translate the sight, sounds, and smalls into something meaningful or understandable. Sensation Perception transduction Gestalt

Perception

You suddenly wake up from the middle of a dream about running through a market where dragons were shopping for scarves. What were you most likely experiencing ________ when you awakened? psychedelic hallucinations REM sleep non-REM sleep unresolved conflicts

REM sleep

Avalon spends a minute staring directly at a green light, then she turns at looks at blank white wall. According to opponent-process theory, what should she see on the wall? Green White Black Red

Red

You're teaching a class when you notice a student whose head is nodding to the side. Suddenly his head straightens, his eyes open, and he says, "I wasn't sleeping!" - he just experienced: Lucid dreaming Paradoxical sleep Somnambulism Stage 1 sleep

Stage 1 sleep

You are starting a new business that connects customers with fresh vegetables. Instead of leaving it up to the phone company, you request a phone number that translates to 1-800-VEGGIES. Your request reflects an understanding of the importance of _____ when it comes to people's memory capacity. The recency effect The magic number The serial position effect The forgetting curve

The magic number

Given what you know about vision, you could infer that in auditory perception, the process where the cochlea in the ear changes sound waves into electrochemical information and sends it to the auditory nerve, is called: Transduction Transmogrification Vibration transmission Sound funneling

Transduction

If a person with a typical circadian rhythm wants to schedule a time to work when they would be most alert, which time period should be chosen? just after waking around noon mid- to late-afternoon late evening

around noon

Thorndike demonstrated the "law of effect" in operant conditioning by showing that cats would repeat actions that got them out of a puzzle box. dogs would salivate to a bell if the sound was paired with food. pigeons would peck a red, but not a blue, light to get grain. children would be more likely to hit a doll if they saw an adult do it

cats would repeat actions that got them out of a puzzle box.

Neurotransmitters are: cells that carry information to the brain chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next electrical impulses that cause a neuron to fire chemical messengers sent throughout the body via the bloodstream

chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next

Harry rearranges the seemingly meaningless letters BTWLOLOMGIDK into BTW LOL OMG IDK to make the long string of letters easier for him to remember. In doing so, Harry is using effortful processing called: chunking maintaining rehearsal retrieval

chunking

Students in class were given extra credit whenever they raised their hand to ask a question. According to the law of effect, what will students do? refuse to accept the extra credit from the instructor continue raising their hand to ask questions ask for more extra credit in order to boost their grade. never again raise their hand to ask a question.

continue raising their hand to ask questions

The _____ connects and facilitates communication between the two cerebral hemispheres brainstem hippocampus frontal lobe corpus callosum

corpus callosum

If a person sustains severe damage to their brainstem, which would be the most likely outcome? impaired memory impaired speech death blindness

death

According to the information processing model, the three steps of memory occur in this order: encoding → retrieval → storage storage → retrieval → acquisition encoding → storage → retrieval storage → encoding → retrieval

encoding → storage → retrieval

Which occurrence is NOT an example of recall? having trouble remembering someone's name after an event, but being able to pick it out from the guest list when asked, being able to tell someone the name of the burger joint you used to frequent while living in another city several years ago struggling a bit to remember your home address from childhood, but being able to produce it after a few moments of thinking telling someone your business phone number without having to look it up

having trouble remembering someone's name after an event, but being able to pick it out from the guest list

A psychologist uses a technique to alter the consciousness of their patients in therapy, in which relaxation is followed by suggestions for how the patient will feel in the future. This psychologist is using: meditation lucid dreaming imagery rehearsal hypnosis

hypnosis

After a few initial trials during his original study of dogs, Pavlov noticed that the dogs soon began salivating _____ the food. in direct response to tasting after the presentation of in anticipation of only upon arrival of

in anticipation of

What may be learned by the accidental learned association between a specific thing with an extremely unpleasant feeling? phobia insight positive reinforcement discriminative stimulus

phobia

The ability of the brain to adapt its structure and function in response to damage or experience is called: reuptake plasticity aphasia localization

plasticity

Priming is where long-term memories are enhanced because of distributed practice. consolidation of memory occurs due to increased sleep. specific techniques are used to deliberately enhance memory. recent experiences increase the likelihood of certain memories being recalled.

recent experiences increase the likelihood of certain memories being recalled.

Which activity does NOT rely on procedural memory? riding a bike driving a car brushing your teeth reciting a poem

reciting a poem

Bella receives a wedding invitation in the mail. The next day, she cannot remember any of the details about the wedding, but she does recall the color of the invitation, the font, and that many letters were in upper case. Bella is showing a problem with: shallow processing priming effortful chunking iconic memory

shallow processing

In learning, _____ is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior by breaking it into steps reinforcement punishment shaping discrimination

shaping

Silas wants to teach his puppy to sit up and shake hands. First, he gives the puppy a treat for just sitting, then he makes the dog sit and raise up her paw before giving the treat. Finally, he gives the dog a treat only when the dog sits up and shakes hands. What process is Silas using to train the dog? negative reinforcement positive punishment discrimination shaping

shaping

Sleep deprivation can cause all of these outcomes, EXCEPT for: cognitive inflexibility. sleep disorders. unintended sleep. poor motivation.

sleep disorders.

Jordan went to bed and fell asleep. Jordan is currently in the deepest stages of sleep. It would be difficult to wake Jordan during this time. If Jordan was awakened, Jordan would probably feel disoriented and confused. Jordan is currently in _____ sleep. stage 1 stage 2 slow-wave REM

slow-wave

Split-brain surgery has provided evidence of hemisphere specialization. The right hemisphere is dominant for _____, and the left hemisphere is dominant for _____. language; spatial tasks and faces spatial tasks and faces; language complex motor movements; purposeful actions purposeful actions; complex motor movements

spatial tasks and faces; language

When you learn information while in one mood, it is more easily retrieved when in that same mood. This is termed: context-dependent memory state-dependent memory primacy effect recency effect

state-dependent memory

In the information processing model, _____ is about holding onto information, whereas _____ is about getting information into our minds. retrieval; storage processing; encoding storage; encoding rehearsal; processing

storage; encoding

Using the principle of encoding specificity to your advantage is best reflected by: going to bed early to avoid sleep deprivation prior to taking a test. rehearsing vocabulary words for a class so you will recognize them on a midterm. studying in an environment similar to the classroom where you will be taking the exam. taking a deep breath before a test to reduce the negative impact of anxiety on memory.

studying in an environment similar to the classroom where you will be taking the exam.

Imagine you are part of the chain of activity on a production line. Your boss, who in her previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an agonist. What would she be implying? that you completely halt production that you slightly interfere with production that you take stuff out of the process that is defective that you increase production

that you increase production

Based on research that has been conducted on the serial position effect and food preferences, you now know that if you were competing against 25 other chefs in a food taste-test contest, you would ideally want your dish to be: selected in random order to be tasted because the order doesn't matter. the first one tasted by the judges. one of the middle dishes tasted by the judges. the last one tasted by the judges.

the first one tasted by the judges.

Your friend tells you the phone number of a nearby restaurant, and you're easily able to remember the 7-digit number long enough to call. However, for a restaurant that is out of state, she gives you the number with area code, and you have trouble remembering it and making the call. Your inability to remember the 10-digit phone number is an example of: the serial position effect. long-term potentiation the magic number. chunking

the magic number.

Which theory of color vision proposes that cones are specialized to sense either red, green, or blue? trichromatic theory opponent-process theory place theory frequency theory

trichromatic theory