RAD 231 Final Practice

If the CT table is moving at 10 mm/sec., and a section thickness of 8 mm is being acquired, what is the pitch? Answer to the second digit beyond the decimal point.

1.25

You are performing a procedure with a dual-focus Image Intensifier with a 24/14 cm input phosphor and a 6 cm output phosphor. During the examination, the radiologist switches from the 24 cm mode to the 14 cm mode. The magnification factor is ____ when this is done.

1.71

When using the Agfa system, a value less than ____ indicates under-exposure.

1.9

When using a Fuju/Phillips/Konica/Minolta system, a value less than ____ would indicate over-exposure.

100

What is the brightness gain of a fluoroscopic image if an image intensification tube has an input phosphor diameter of 30 cm, an output phosphor diameter of 3 cm, and a flux gain of 110?

11,000

The linear attenuation coefficient for a given material is 94.6. Given that information and knowledge of the formula for the calculation for the CT number. The CT number for this material is ____

1200

What is the total brightness gain for an image intensification tube with a minification gain of 25 and a flux gain of 50? Please give answer in a whole number. Ex: 2350 or 1589

1250

What is the minification gain for an image intensification tube with an input screen diameter of 20 in. and an output diameter of 5 in.?

16

What is the anticipated image file size for a computed radiography digital image comprised of a 2,048 X 2,048 matrix with a 32-bit depth? Please answer in Kb. Whole number please. Don't forget the comma. You do not have to type in Kb, just the number.

16,384

When using the Kodak system on the tabletop, a value less than ____ would indicate under-exposure.

1600

When using the Kodak system with the cassette in the bucky tray, a value less than ____ would indicate under-exposure

1800

Film digitizers use which of the following technologies to acquire digital image? 1. TFT 2. CCD 3. Laser

2 and 3

Which of the following are types of tape archive solutions? 1. DVD 2. DLT 3. AIT

2 and 3

Which of the following is associated with zonography? 1. use of fast speed screens with high kVp 2. production of thicker sections 3. use of exposure angle of less than 10 degrees

2 and 3

Which of the following would be considered advantages of a distributed system? 1. Any images can be seen anywhere without any interventions 2. Even if the archive goes down, images can still be seen at all workstations 3. The system is less dependent on the network for its speed

2 and 3

Which film digitizer uses fluorescent bulbs to aid in converting the analog film image into a digital image? 1. Laser film digitizer 2. CCD film digitizer 3. TFT film digitizer

2 only

When using the Agfa system, a value greater than ____ indicates over-exposure.

2.1

You are using a tri-focus Image Intensifier with a 27/15/12 cm input phosphor. The image has a magnification factor of ____ when changing from the 27 cm mode to the 12 cm mode.

2.25

You are performing an examination with a tri-focus Image Intensifier with a 27/15/12 cm input phosphor and a 6 cm output phosphor. The minification gain is ____ when using the 27 cm input phosphor.

20.25

A 10" x 12" cassette with a Photostimulable Phosphor Plate with a matrix of 1260 x 1520 would produce a pixel size of ____ microns.

201

What is the minification gain for an image intensification tube with an input screen diameter of 10 in. and an output diameter of 2 in.? Please answer with a whole number. Ex: 14 or 35

25

What is the minification gain for an image intensification tube with an input screen diameter of 5 in. and an output diameter of 1 in.? Please answer as a whole number. Ex: 12 or 32

25

When using the Fuju/Phillips/Konica/Minolta system with the cassette on the table-top, a value greater than ____ would indicate under-exposure.

250

When using the Kodak system, a value greater than ____ would indicate over-exposure.

2500

The pixels demonstrated in digital imaging are square pixels. This means that their height is equal to their width. However, the films we use are not square, they are rectangular. In order for the pixels to remain square, the matrix must be adjusted to give the same dimensions for the height and width. You are using a 24 cm by 30 cm photostimulable phosphor plate. In order to produce a square pixel with the dimensions of 0.95 mm x 0.95 mm, the matrix would have to be ____ by _____.

252 by 315

You are performing an examination with a tri-focus Image Intensifier with a 27/15/12 cm input phosphor and a 5 cm output phosphor. The minification gain is ____ when using the 27 cm input phosphor.

29.16

Assume that you have been asked to create a steroradiograph for purposes of historic interest for a convention on contemporary CT and MR technology. In what order would the following factors become important during the process of making a stereoradiograph? 1. Mark the new film to identify the direction of tube shift. 2. Shift the tube to the opposite side and expose the second radiograph. 3. Aim for a tube shift to SID ratio of 1:10 4. Shift the tube half the required distance and expose the film. 5. Process each film under identical conditions.

3 4 1 2 5

With all other factors constant, as a digital image matrix size decreases: 1. pixel size decreases 2. resolution increases 3. pixel size increases

3 only

If the table is moving at 5 mm/sec., and a pitch of 1.5 is being used, what is the section thickness? Answer: ____ mm

3.33

If an image intensifier tube produces a minification gain of 61 and a flux gain of 50, what is the brightness gain produced by the image intensifier?

3050

What is the minification gain for an image intensification tube with an input screen diameter of 12 in. and an output diameter of 2 in.?

36

The CT number for fat is -100. Given that information and knowledge of the formula for the calculation for the CT number. The linear attenuation coefficient for gray matter is ____

38.7

The file size of an image made from a 40 cm FOV, a 512 matrix, and a 12 bit depth would be ____ kB.

384

What is the anticipated image file size for a computed radiography digital image comprised of a 512 X 512 matrix with a 12-bit depth? Please answer in Kb.

384

It would take ____ megabytes to store 800 images that consists of a 32 cm FOV, a 512 matrix, and a 16 bit depth.

400

When using the Fuju/Phillips/Konica/Minolta system with the cassette in the bucky tray, a value greater than ____ would indicate under-exposure.

400

The CT number for gray matter is 43. Given that information and knowledge of the formula for the calculation for the CT number. The linear attenuation coefficient for gray matter is ____

44.849

If the pitch of 0.5 is being used with a section thickness of 10 mm, what is the proper CT table speed? Answer: ____ mm/sec

5

You are using a tri-focus Image Intensifier with a 27/17/12 cm input phosphor. The patient's exposure will increase ____ times the dose when changing from the 27 cm mode to the 12 cm mode.

5.06

What is the anticipated file storage necessary for a computed tomography examination comprised of 1,000 images, each with a 512 X 512 matrix at 16-bit depth? Please answer in Kb. You do not have to type in Kb. Just the number, the complete number you get.

512,000

According to the Nyquist Frequency (Nyquist Theorem), a sampling frequency of 12 pixels/mm would produce a spatial resolution of ____ lp/mm.

6

If the table is moving at 5 mm/sec., and a pitch of 0.8 is being used, what is the section thickness for this CT scan in mm? Answer: ____ mm Answer to the second digit beyond the decimal point. Just type the number.

6.25

If a pitch of 1.0 is being used with a section thickness of 8 mm, what is the proper table speed? Answer: ____ mm/sec.

8

One megabyte consists of ____ bits.

8388608

When using a tri-focus Image Intensifier with a 25/15/10 cm input phosphor and a 5 cm output phosphor, the minification gain is ____ while using the 15 cm mode.

9.00

Which term describes the technology that allows a film to be digitized and then analyzed by a computer to alert the radiologist of possible questionable areas on the radiograph? Select one: a. CAD b. TFT c. CCD d. Teleradiology

CAD

"Edge enhancement" describes the manipulation of pixel values in extracted image data to change the visual appearance of a structure. Select one: True False

False

A Bucky apparatus is required for digital radiography. Select one: True False

False

A cassette-based digital radiography system is called direct digital radiography. Select one: True False

False

A wide area network (WAN) runs at a much faster rate than a local area network (LAN). Select one: True False

False

DAP meters measure the exposure levels that the image receptor receive. Select one: True False

False

DICOM is a computer program used in digital imaging that converts all files into a common file type. Select one: True False

False

Digital annotations may be used to indicate the right or left side of the patient. Select one: True False

False

Digital radiography systems can compensate for gross underexposure. Select one: True False

False

Dry images use chemicals to process the films. Select one: True False

False

Images should be marked only with computerized markers. Select one: True False

False

Incorrect patient demographic information is not a big deal in a PACS. Select one: True False

False

Less kilovoltage peak is needed with conventional radiographic screens than is necessary for CR systems. Select one: True False

False

Magnification image intensifiers cause decreased patient dose. Select one: True False

False

Modality workstation software allows a black mask to be placed over bright areas of display images caused by beam collimation. This masking of bright areas is referred to as stitching. Select one: True False

False

More pixels always mean better resolution. Select one: True False

False

Most automatic brightness control systems have a relatively fast response time. Select one: True False

False

Of the two types of laser films used to print patient images, dry laser films require only heat for image transfer and are less likely to degrade than wet type laser film when subjected to temperature variations. Select one: True False

False

One major advantage of wet imagers is that they only require an electrical outlet and a network connection. Select one: True False

False

One of the functions of the "box" is to shield the components from radiowaves and satellite frequencies. Select one: True False

False

PACS eliminates the possibility that images will be lost. Select one: True False

False

Postage stamp images on workstation display monitors help technologists navigate through images of a given exam or series of exams. Select one: True False

False

Quantum mottle is a blotchy or grainy appearance caused by excessive radiation to create a uniform image. Select one: True False

False

Striping of data decreases the reliability and performance of the archive. Select one: True False

False

Technologist workstation LCD monitors have luminance levels similar to analog viewboxes which makes ambient lighting conditions less of a concern. Select one: True False

False

The CR imaging plate is only sensitive to scatter after it is sensitized through exposure to the x-ray beam. Select one: True False

False

The greatest advantage of a laser digitizer is its expense and service needs. Select one: True False

False

The higher the resolution, the less information that can be displayed on the monitor. Select one: True False

False

The lp/mm is the only unit of measurement for spatial resolution. Select one: True False

False

The mouse is the second most used computer output device. Select one: True False

False

The primary advantage to the helical scanner is that a full 360-degree set of data is acquired for each section. Select one: True False

False

The standardized units for tissue measurement in MRI are the Hounsfield units. Select one: True False

False

The unique number that identifies every computer on the Internet is called the router number. Select one: True False

False

The visual appearance of the digitally acquired image is the only way to tell if the exposure settings were accurate. Select one: True False

False

Using the wrong imaging plate size may result in a matrix with very small pixels. Select one: True False

False

When a rapidly spinning nucleus is subjected to a magnetic field, it will stop spinning. Select one: True False

False

When a tissue sample has dephased, the magnetic moment ceases to exist and the magnetic resonance signal is at maximum. Select one: True False

False

When fluorohalides luminesce, they release all their energy as light. Select one: True False

False

All of the following are used with a serial port except a ________ . Select one: a. Mouse b. Modem c. Printer

Printer

The linear attenuation coefficient for a given material is 8.6. Given that information and knowledge of the formula for the calculation for the CT number. The CT number for this material is ____

-800

During CR imaging plate processing, when the laser frees trapped electrons, allowing them to return to a lower energy state, which type of light photon is released? Select one: a. red-orange b. ultraviolet c. blue-purple d. green-yellow

...

A PACS consists of the following: 1. Storage device 2. Display workstation 3. Imaging modality

1 2 3

Altering which of the following image characteristics may result in permanent data loss from an image data set? 1. Image brightness 2. Image contrast 3. ROI location

1 2 3

Films can be printed from a PACS using a printing system that uses what type of printing technology? 1. Heat 2. Chemicals 3. White light

1 2 3

Which of the following are common uses of a film digitizer? 1. Compare outside films 2. CAD 3. Remote viewing of analog images

1 2 3

Which of the following are common uses of imagers? 1. Backup 2. Legal cases 3. Outside physicians

1 2 3

Which of the following are considered PACS architectures? 1. Distributed system 2. Client/server-based system 3. Web-based system

1 2 3

Which of the following describe ways in which the RAID can be configured in an archive scheme? 1. Direct attached storage 2. Network attached storage 3. Storage area network

1 2 3

Which of the following measurements are commonly found on a PACS workstation? 1. ROI 2. Distance 3. Angle

1 2 3

Which of the following planes can MRI scan in? 1. Axial 2. Coronal 3. Sagittal

1 2 3

Exposure indicators may be miscalculated due to: 1. Exposure field recognition errors 2. Unexpected attenuators in the collimated field 3.Increased or decreased radiation exposure

1 and 2

Factors that affect image quality in CT consist of: 1. spatial resolution 2. noise 3. contrast media

1 and 2

The benefits of a PACS are found in image: 1. Storage 2. Distribution 3. Acquisition

1 and 2

Vertical resolution is defined by its: 1. Screen dot pitch 2. Number of lines 3. Bandwidth

1 and 2

Which of the following are commonly used as long-term storage for DICOM images? 1. Digital linear tape 2. Optical disks 3. Film

1 and 2

Which of the following are true regarding the image manager? 1. Contains the master database of all on the archive. 2. Controls the receipt of all images. 3. Stores images in its database.

1 and 2

Which of the following devices would be considered PACS peripherals? 1. Film digitizer 2. Film imager 3. Archive server

1 and 2

Which of the following would be considered categories for display workstations? 1. Primary reader 2. Technologist QC 3. Archive server

1 and 2

Dry imager film is more sensitive to what in comparison to conventional film? 1. Heat 2. Cold 3. Humidity

1 and 3

If necessary, films can be printed from a PACS using a: 1. laser printer 2. daylight processor 3. thermal printer

1 and 3

Which of the following are types of optical disks? 1. MOD 2. DLT 3. UDO

1 and 3

Which of the following would be considered advantages of a client/server-based system? 1. Any image can be seen anywhere without interventions 2. Even if the archive goes down, images can still be seen at all workstations 3. Only one person can open a study with the intent to read it, and others will be told that the study is being read by someone else.

1 and 3

Which of the following would be considered disadvantages of a distributed system? 1. There is a heavy reliance that the images are being sent to the correct locations. 2. Archive is considered a single point of failure. 3. Each workstation has a different worklist.

1 and 3

What is the anticipated file storage necessary for a computed tomography examination comprised of 1,200 images, each with a 512 X 512 matrix at 32-bit depth? Please answer in Gb. Answer three decimals past the decimal point. You do not have to type in Gb. Just the number. DO NOT ROUND UP OR DOWN

1.171

If the table is moving at 12 mm/sec., and a section thickness of 10 mm is being acquired, what is the pitch? Answer to the second digit beyond the decimal point.

1.20

A HIS may contain financial information about a patient. Select one: True False

True

A RAID can store digital images for up to one year. Select one: True False

True

A big advantage of digital radiography is the reduction of repeat exposures resulting from incorrect technique. Select one: True False

True

A diagnostic workstation typically displays with higher resolution than a clinical workstation. Select one: True False

True

Analog films can be digitized even if an imaging department doesn 't have digital imaging equipment. Select one: True False

True

At times a technologist must modify the order that generates the work-list entry. The sender must notify the recipient of this change in the patient's charted record and explain it, if possible. Select one: True False

True

Because of limitations caused by fixed time settings, all fine adjustments must be accomplished by variations of kVp. Select one: True False

True

CCD digitizers are slower than laser digitizers. Select one: True False

True

CR imaging plates are more sensitive to scatter than radiographic film. Select one: True False

True

Cassette-based spatial resolution is lower than conventional radiography. Select one: True False

True

Complex tomographic motions require counter-rotation of the grid. Select one: True False

True

DICOM is a standard that allows imaging modalities and PACS to communicate in the same language. Select one: True False

True

Disks are much cheaper to distribute than laser film. Select one: True False

True

Early PACS radiologists believed that they needed four to six monitors to view images. Select one: True False

True

Electronic annotation, which places an anatomical side marker on an image at the technologist workstation, should not be a common practice even though it's possible. Select one: True False

True

Exposure indicators for flat-panel detectors are be determined by how much radiation reaches the detector elements or as a result of the histogram analysis. Select one: True False

True

Film-based images can be printed from a PACS and read like analog images or sent with patients who request copies. Select one: True False

True

If a PSP plate is used in a cassette-less system, the PSP plate will be read with a moving plate scan head. Select one: True False

True

In medical imaging, each pixel value corresponds to a three-dimensional volume of tissue known as a voxel. Select one: True False

True

Kilovoltage for digital radiography controls contrast similar to film radiography. Select one: True False

True

LCD monitors excel over cathode ray tube displays because they consume less energy and have better spatial resolution. Select one: True False

True

Many PACS reading stations also have image-processing capabilities. Select one: True False

True

One way to control a security breach into a network is to use a firewall. Select one: True False

True

PACS transports and stores digital images but doesn't acquire images. Select one: True False

True

Phantoms commonly occur during circular tomography. Select one: True False

True

Radiation to the breast can double during magnification radiography. Select one: True False

True

The AEC is used in mammography to provide consistent film density for various thickness and density compositions of breast tissues and for the rang of kVp used. Select one: True False

True

The HU of water is always 0. True False

True

The basic algorithm in MRI is a two-dimensional Fourier transformation method. Select one: True False

True

The contrast capability of a monitor controls the ability of users to see lines of fine structures in a displayed image. Select one: True False

True

The finely focused laser beam that scans each line of the imaging plate corelates to one pixel dimension. Select one: True False

True

The greatest disadvantage when using tape as a long-term archive solution is its unreliability over multiple uses throughout the years. Select one: True False

True

The latent image stored on the CR imaging plate has wider latitude than radiographic film. Select one: True False

True

The lower the exposure level needed to achieve a specific optical density reflects an increase in the receptor speed with analog imaging. Select one: True False

True

The modality work-list information provided by a modality workstation should at a minimum include the modality, examination requested and patient location. Select one: True False

True

The operating system software acts as a bridge between applications and hardware. Select one: True False

True

The power supply is designed to absorb the force of a power surge to the computer. Select one: True False

True

The primary reason that backup time is reached in breast imaging is because of the inability of low-energy photons to penetrate the breast. Select one: True False

True

The spatial resolution in a flat-panel detector is controlled by the detector element (DEL). Select one: True False

True

There is a direct relationship between distance from the fulcrum and blurring. Select one: True False

True

There is an inverse relationship between the tomographic amplitude and the section thickness. Select one: True False

True

Video monitors can emit low-energy x-rays. Select one: True False

True

Viewing software must also be embedded on a CD when PACS copies digital image data for a patient. Select one: True False

True

Wet imagers use chemicals to process the films. Select one: True False

True

When an electromagnetic RF field is alternating at the Larmor frequency, and is applied to a static magnetic field, the protons will resonate. Select one: True False

True

When comparing two receptors, the receptor with the highest DQE can produce an optimal image with less radiation exposure. Select one: True False

True

When exporting an image to print, it's critical that the laser camera/printer recognize the image's actual size format and scale. Select one: True False

True

When ionizing radiation strikes rare earth phosphors, they respond by giving off light. PSP (photostimulable storage phosphors) also emit light when struck by ionizing radiation. Select one: True False

True

When the body is within the static external magnetic field, the body's sum of magnetic moments are in the same direction as the stationary magnetic field. Select one: True False

True

With Fuji exposure indicators, the lower the S number, the higher the exposure. Select one: True False

True

For this question, simply check the properties listed that are characteristics of an analog (film-screen combination) image. Select one or more: a. Density b. Brightness c. Contrast d. Resolution e. Distortion f. Exposure Indicator g. Noise

a c d e

A CT image is made with a 4-mm slice thickness and a 0.2-mm pixel size. What is the size of the voxel? Select one: a. 0.16 mm cubed b. 1.00 mm cubed c. 1.25 mm cubed d. 6.4 mm cubed

a. 0.16 mm cubed

For magnification cerebral angiography, which of the following focal-spot sizes would be best? Select one: a. 0.3 mm b. 0.6 mm c. 1.0 mm d. 2.0 mm e. 10 mm

a. 0.3 mm

Fluoroscopic mA range is commonly ____ mA. Select one: a. 0.5 to 5.0 b. 5.0 to 10.0 c. 10.0 to 100 d. 100 to 500

a. 0.5 to 5.0

The approximate pixel size for a 14-inch image-intensifier tube and a 512-reconstruction matrix is: Select one: a. 0.7 mm x .7 mm b. 1.0 mm x 1.0 mm c. 1.4 mm x 1.4 mm d. 2.0 mm x 2.0 mm

a. 0.7 mm x .7 mm

How many bytes are needed to store one alphanumeric character? Select one: a. 1 b. 8 c. 32 d. 64

a. 1

Spatial resolution in digital imaging depends principally on: 1. The Size of the film 2. The Size of the matrix 3. The kVp and mAs used

a. 1 and 2 only

When using the smaller field in a dual-field image intensifier, 1. a smaller patient area is viewed 2. the image is magnified 3. the image is brighter

a. 1 and 2 only

The advantages of large format spot film cameras, such as 100 mm and 105 mm, over smaller format cameras, such as 70 mm and 90 mm, include 1. improved image quality. 2. decreased patient dose. 3. decreased x-ray tube heat load.

a. 1 only

The image on the output phosphor of the intensifier tube is: 1. brighter than the input phosphor 2. dimmer than the input phosphor 3. larger than the input phosphor

a. 1 only

Which film digitizer uses a helium neon laser to convert the analog film image into a digital image? 1. Laser film digitizer 2. CCD film digitizer 3. TFT film digitizer

a. 1 only

Which of the following is a constituent of a CT imager? 1. A computer 2. A television monitor 3. An algorithm 4. An image intensifier

a. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

An object measures 11 cm on the film when a source-to-image distance of 72 inches is used. The actual size of the object is 9.5 cm. How far away from the film is the object? Select one: a. 10 inches b. 15 inches c. 57 inches d. 62 inches

a. 10 inches

If an object is placed at a distance of 10 inches from the image receptor with a SID of 40 inches, what is the size of the object if the image size measures 15 inches? Select one: a. 11.25 inches b. 5 inches c. 20 inches d. 3.75 inches

a. 11.25 inches

You take a magnified radiograph at 120 centimeters SID with the object positioned 30 centimeters from the image receptor. The image measures 20 millimeters. What is the its actual size? Select one: a. 15 mm b. 20 mm c. 27 mm d. 10 mm

a. 15 mm

Which of the following reconstruction techniques exhibits the most image noise? Select one: a. 180-degree interpolation b. 360-degree interpolation c. Back-projected conventional CT d. Filtered back projection conventional CT e. High-dose CT

a. 180-degree interpolation

In a Fuji system, each change of exposure number of 200 is equal to a change by a factor of _______ . Select one: a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

Which of the following correctly sequences the events with an image intensifier? 1. electron-to-light conversion 2. x-ray-to-light conversion 3. light-to-electric signal 4. light-to-electron conversion 5. electric signal to light

a. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5

Which of the following correctly sequences the events from the image intensifier to the CRT in Digital fluoroscopy? 1. electron-to-light conversion 2. x-ray-to-light conversion 3. light-to-electric signal 4. light-to-electron conversion 5. electric signal to light 6. electrical signal to digital signal 7. digital signal to electrical signal

a. 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 7, 5

The majority of mammography machines utilize a ______ inch SID. Select one: a. 24 to 30 b. 30 to 36 c. 36 to 40 d. 60 to 72

a. 24 to 30

In mammography, the kVp commonly used in clinical practice varies between _____ kVp. Select one: a. 25 and 28 b. 50 and 55 c. 70 and 80 d. 100 and 110

a. 25 and 28

Which of the following would be a possible fluoroscopic milliampere setting? Select one: a. 3 mA b. 300 mA c. 30 mA d. 3000 mA

a. 3 mA

The range of kilovoltage peak that can be used with CR is ______ kVp. Select one: a. 45 to 120 b. 55 to 130 c. 65 to 120 d. 75 to 130

a. 45 to 120

How much z-axis tissue will be imaged during a 20 s procedure if the slice width is 5 mm at a pitch of 1 and the gantry rotation time of 2 s? Select one: a. 5 cm b. 10 cm c. 100 cm d. 5 mm e. 10 mm

a. 5 cm

Which of the following tomographic angles would be considered for use in zonography? Select one: a. 5 degrees b. 15 degrees c. 25 degrees d. 35 degrees e. 60 degrees

a. 5 degrees

In its simplest configuration, the CT imaging system consists of an x-ray source and which of the following? Select one: a. A detector b. A selenium plate c. A video display terminal d. An image intensifier e. An x-ray beam collimator

a. A detector

Which of the following is characteristic of first-generation CT imaging systems? Select one: a. A pencil x-ray beam b. A selenium or film image receptor c. Multiple sources and multiple detectors d. Rotate-only geometry e. Slip rings

a. A pencil x-ray beam

Patrick wants to use linear tomography on a patients lower leg, but he is unsure how to align it to achieve the best image possible. What advice does the instructor give him? Select one: a. Align the leg parallel to the movement of the tube. b. Align the leg perpendicular to the movement of the tube. c. Figure it out yourself. d. Quit playing and go back to work.

a. Align the leg parallel to the movement of the tube.

Which part of the PACS houses all of the historic digital image data along with the current digital data being generated by the modalities? Select one: a. Archive b. Display workstation c. File room d. Review workstation

a. Archive

During CT imaging, beam hardening artifacts: Select one: a. Are due to the polyenergetic beam. b. Can be corrected by preprocessing. c. Produce CT numbers higher in the periphery. d. Result in brighter pixels in the center of the patient. e. Result in higher attenuation in the center of the patient.

a. Are due to the polyenergetic beam.

Fourth-generation CT imaging systems: Select one: a. Are faster than third-generation CT imaging systems. b. Have rotate-rotate geometry. c. Incorporate area-beam geometry. d. May use selenium or film as the image receptor. e. Require prepatient collimation.

a. Are faster than third-generation CT imaging systems.

The device that moves the laser rapidly back and forth across the imaging plate is known as _______ . Select one: a. Beam optics b. Laser scanner c. Beam deflector d. Optical mirror

a. Beam optics

A principal advantage of multislice spiral CT compared with step-and-shoot CT is all of the following except: Select one: a. Better spatial resolution b. Faster imaging c. Larger tissue volume d. Lower patient dose e. Three-dimensional image reconstruction

a. Better spatial resolution

Which of the following has been used as a detector in a CT imaging system? Select one: a. Bismuth germanate b. CaWO4 c. High-pressure air d. Selenium e. Silver halide

a. Bismuth germanate

Computerized radiography screens differ from screen used in screen-film conventional radiography in that ___?___. Select one: a. CR screens are processed in a reader that retrieves the image stored in the screen s phosphor layer. b. Conventional radiography screens can also be used in the CR reader so no new cassettes are required. c. CR images can be processed in the darkroom using chemical processing if the CR reader is broken. d. Computerized radiography does not use screens to capture an image.

a. CR screens are processed in a reader that retrieves the image stored in the screen s phosphor layer.

Temporal subtraction in digital fluoroscopy: Select one: a. Can produce misregistered images. b. Results in higher dose than energy subtraction c. Takes longer than film subtraction d. Uses alternating x-ray beam filters

a. Can produce misregistered images.

In order to withstand pressure without damaging the CR screen during standing radiographs, CR cassettes are manufactured to withstand up to 400 lbs of weight using what material? Select one: a. Carbon fibers b. Copper alloys c. Steel d. Chrome

a. Carbon fibers

A device that acts like a camera in an indirect conversion detector is known as a _______ . Select one: a. Charged-coupled device b. Field-effect transistor c. CMOS d. Thin-field transistor

a. Charged-coupled device

The indirect conversion detector system that requires optical coupling and image size reduction is known as a _______ . Select one: a. Charged-coupled device b. Field-effect transistor c. CMOS d. Thin-field transistor

a. Charged-coupled device

Technologists efficiency ratings are generally the same when comparing conventional radiography to _______ radiography. Select one: a. Computed b. Digital

a. Computed

The major advantage of conventional tomography is better: Select one: a. Contrast resolution b. Cost c. Image blur d. Patient dose e. Spatial resolution

a. Contrast resolution

DAS stands for which of the following? Select one: a. Data acquisition system b. Digital activation signal c. Digital acquired space d. Digital analog server e. Digital analog system

a. Data acquisition system

The ability of a digital imaging system to accurately create an output signal that matches the input signal is known as: Select one: a. Detective Quantum Efficiency b. Speed Point c. Relative Speed d. Speed Class

a. Detective Quantum Efficiency

The optical mirror in the reader ________ . Select one: a. Directs the laser beam to the imaging plate surface b. Forms the laser beam into a circle c. Causes the laser beam to diverge d. Creates the laser beam

a. Directs the laser beam to the imaging plate surface

Time-interval difference mode is best used for which of the following? Select one: a. Dynamic studies b. High-dose examinations c. Long exposure times d. Large fields

a. Dynamic studies

When a change is made from film "A" to film "B", film "B" has twice the speed, and the same radiographic intensifying screen is used: Select one: a. Exposure time is half. b. Geometric blur is accentuated. c. Image noise is increased. d. Motion blur is reduced. e. Patient dose is increased.

a. Exposure time is half.

The ability to reconstruct an image at any z-axis position is due to: Select one: a. Extrapolation b. Filtered back projection c. Fourier transformation d. Interpolation e. Linear estimation

a. Extrapolation

The number and size of pixels available are determined by matrix size. This is known as the _______ factor. Select one: a. Fill b. Size c. TFT d. DQE

a. Fill

Which device scans an analog film and produces numeric signals based on the appearance of the film? Select one: a. Film digitizer b. Film imager c. Burner d. Archive server

a. Film digitizer

The magnification factor is not dependent on: Select one: a. Focal spot size b. OID c. SID d. SOD e. SSD

a. Focal spot size

A satisfactory lateral radiograph of the skull has been produced using the technical factors that follow: 200 mA 100 relative film-screen speed 0.25 second 1.0-mm focal spot 65 kVp 10 X 12 in. field size 40-inch SID 2-inch OID 8:1 grid ratio What will happen if the OID is changed to 4 inches? Select one: a. Greater magnification b. Lower contrast c. Reduced magnification d. Better recorded detail

a. Greater magnification

Second-generation CT imaging systems: Select one: a. Have a multiple detector array. b. Have rotate-rotate geometry. c. Require imaging speeds from 1 to 5 minutes. d. Require special patient preparation. e. Use increments of 1 degree per view.

a. Have a multiple detector array.

What do dry imagers use to develop the image on the film? Select one: a. Heat b. Developer c. Fixer d. Water

a. Heat

Which of the following characteristics is specific to a spiral CT x-ray tube? Select one: a. High anode heat capacity b. High rotation speed c. Large effective focal spots d. Large target angle e. Small effective focal spots

a. High anode heat capacity

The higher the number of pixels in a matrix, the ______ . Select one: a. Higher the image resolution b. Lower the image resolution c. Lack of effect on image resolution d. Smaller the image

a. Higher the image resolution

A series of tissue density values that evolved for CT measurements is called _____ units. Select one: a. Hounsfield b. SI c. Attenuation d. All of the above

a. Hounsfield

Consider the following two digital images. Image A has a pixel pitch of 100 microns. Image B has a pixel pitch of 200 microns. Please select the image that would result in the greatest resolution in the image with all other factors the same for both images. Select one: a. Image A b. Image B

a. Image A

The purpose of the barcode label is to identify the _______ . Select one: a. Imaging plate b. Patient c. Technologist d. Radiographic room

a. Imaging plate

In computed tomography, how does the x-ray tube move? Select one: a. In a full circle around the patient. b. Back and forth in a half-circle under and around the patient. c. Side to side in a horizontal plane over the patient. d. None of these.

a. In a full circle around the patient.

If a radiograph demonstrates excessive size distortion, which of the following corrections should be made before repeating the radiograph? Select one: a. Increase the SID b. Decrease the tube angulation c. Decrease the SID d. Increase the OID

a. Increase the SID

As Kodak exposure indicator numbers increase by 300, exposure _______ . Select one: a. Increases by a factor of 2 b. Decreases by a factor of 4 c. Increases by a factor of 4 d. Decreases by a factor of 2

a. Increases by a factor of 2

All of the following are components of a PACS except ________ . Select one: a. Independent kilovoltage peak and milliampere-second stations b. Web access c. Multiple interfaces d. Reading stations

a. Independent kilovoltage peak and milliampere-second stations

Storage phosphors plates are similar to _______ . Select one: a. Intensifying screens b. Xeromammography cassettes c. Flat panel detectors d. Cardboard cassette

a. Intensifying screens

The signal trapped in the phosphor center ______ . Select one: a. Is never completely lost b. Remains for a few minutes c. Remains for a few seconds d. Is instantaneously released

a. Is never completely lost

CR imaging plates are erased by flooding the plate with ________ . Select one: a. Light b. Radiation c. Electrons d. Phosphors

a. Light

In a flat-panel detector, specialized silicon integrated circuits control ________ . Select one: a. Line scanning sequence b. Readout c. Amplification d. Analog-to-digital conversion

a. Line scanning sequence

Which advanced workstation function can reconstruct images into another plane? Select one: a. MPR b. MIP c. VRT d. SSD

a. MPR

A square table of numbers that represents the intensity to be displayed on the monitor is a _______ . Select one: a. Matrix b. Pixel c. Resolution d. Dot pitch

a. Matrix

All of the following are common SCSI devices except _______ . Select one: a. Modem b. Hard drive c. CD-ROM d. Scanner e. Printer

a. Modem

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate for screen-film mammography? Select one: a. Molybdenum target, 60 cm SID, 25 kVp b. Molybdenum target, 100 cm SID, 25 kVp c. Molybdenum target, long SID, 50 kVp d. Tungsten target, long SID, 20 kVp e. Tungsten target, long SID, 50 kVp

a. Molybdenum target, 60 cm SID, 25 kVp

Which set of functions is used to move through images, series, studies, and patients? Select one: a. Navigation functions b. Image management functions c. Image manipulation and enhancement functions d. Advanced workstation functions

a. Navigation functions

The photocathode of an image intensification system is located: Select one: a. On the input side b. On the output side c. In the television camera tube d. In the x-ray tube

a. On the input side

Which function increases the size of an area on the image? Select one: a. Pan/zoom b. ROI c. Annotations d. Flip/rotate

a. Pan/zoom

To avoid the moiré grid artifact, the grid must be oriented _______ to the plate reader's laser scan direction. Select one: a. Perpendicular b. Parallel c. Superior d. Inferior

a. Perpendicular

The ________ converts x-ray energy directly to a digital electrical signal. Select one: a. Photoconductor b. Photomultiplier c. Scintillator d. TLD

a. Photoconductor

The two elements needed to convert light signal into an electrical signal while using indirect capture DR are TFT and ______ . Select one: a. Photodiodes b. Photoconductors c. Phototransistors d. Photostators

a. Photodiodes

You have two PSP plates that you need to process through the reader. Plate 1 is an 11" x 14" plate and Plate 2 is a 14" x 17" plate. (Read the following carefully). Plate 1 - 11" x 14" PSP plate - the matrix is 2235 x 2845 Plate 2 - 14" x 17" PSP plate - the matrix is 2540 x 3084 Which Plate would produce the highest spatial resolution. Select one: a. Plate 1 b. Plate 2

a. Plate 1

A primary advantage to digital fluoroscopy is: Select one: a. Postprocessing manipulation of the image b. No radiation dose to the patient c. No fluoroscopist required d. Lower cost

a. Postprocessing manipulation of the image

Magnetic resonance imaging utilizes a strong magnetic field and________ to image the patient. Select one: a. RF waves b. Ultra-frequency waves c. smaller magnetic fields d. a radio

a. RF waves

The laser scans the imaging plate in a _______ pattern. Select one: a. Raster b. Horizontal c. Circular d. Random

a. Raster

The proper way to correct an image's appearance when a default menu consistently fails to display the image properly is to: Select one: a. Redefine the menu's processing codes to properly display the image. b. Select a menu that makes the image appear satisfactory. c. Select a menu from the same anatomic region to preserve spatial resolution. d. Adjust the image brightness and contrast and transmit it to the PACS.

a. Redefine the menu's processing codes to properly display the image.

The exposure indicator number of Fuji systems is the ______ number. Select one: a. S b. EI c. lgM d. EM

a. S

Which of the following is an archive storage configuration that links different kinds of data storage devices on a special-purpose network? Select one: a. SAN b. DAS c. NAS d. All of the above

a. SAN

All mice connections are ______ type. Select one: a. Serial b. Parallel c. Pier d. Port

a. Serial

Transmission of digital data involves low voltage drops where the binary code "1" equals 5 volts, and a "0" represents a zero voltage. Rapid switching of the voltage to create binary units "0" or "1" is accomplished using a semiconductor called a: Select one: a. Silicon Chip b. Charged Capacitor c. CPU d. Line Voltage

a. Silicon Chip

Reading images on a computer screen is known as ________ reporting. Select one: a. Soft copy b. Hard copy c. Computer d. Both A and B

a. Soft copy

Which one of the following imaging devices that may be coupled to the output phosphor in an image intensifier? Select one: a. Spot-film camera b. Detail cassette c. Cassette-loaded spot film d. Photostimulable phosphor cassette

a. Spot-film camera

Which type of image would best demonstrate the anatomy present in the patient without giving any indication to extent of pathology, while utilizing MRI. Select one: a. T1 weighted image b. T2 weighted image c. Proton density image d. T2* weighted

a. T1 weighted image

What term is used to describe the reading of images outside of the hospital walls, generally at home or in remote locations? Select one: a. Teleradiology b. Off-site reporting c. Long-range reporting d. Home-based reading

a. Teleradiology

What is the term for the range of possible values each pixel in a matrix may have? Select one: a. The dynamic range b. Image variance c. Matrix size d. Aliasing

a. The dynamic range

The thickness of a tomographic cut is determined by which of the following? Select one: a. The tube angle b. The maximum tube limit c. The part thickness d. The fulcrum setting

a. The tube angle

A level, layer, or division of something is known as a __________ . Select one: a. Tier b. RAID c. Stripe d. Mirror

a. Tier

Why is the SID reduced in mammography? Select one: a. To decrease exposure time. b. To decrease geometric unsharpness. c. To improve differential absorption. d. To improve spatial resolution. e. To reduce patient dose.

a. To decrease exposure time.

Which one of the following will reduce magnification? Select one: a. Use of a short object-image receptor-distance (OID) b. Placing the central ray perpendicular to the object c. Use of a long OID d. Placing the object parallel to the film

a. Use of a short object-image receptor-distance (OID)

What is the major challenge related to placing digital images on CD media? Select one: a. Viewing the images at another facility. b. The expense of the equipment needed. c. The time involved in burning the CD. d. The size of images compared to the space on a CD.

a. Viewing the images at another facility.

Compared with conventional radiography, computed radiography exhibits: Select one: a. Wider exposure latitude b. Narrower exposure latitude c. A noisier image d. No quantum mottle

a. Wider exposure latitude

Which function represents the range of gray values that are being viewed on the monitor? Select one: a. Window b. Level c. Contrast d. Density

a. Window

Which of the following correctly indicates the different forms of energy, in proper progression, that make up the fluoroscopic image as produced by an image intensifier? Select one: a. X-ray photons, light photons, electrons, light photons b. light photons, electrons, light photons, X-ray photons c. electrons, light photons, X-ray photons, light photons d. light photons, X-ray photons, light photons, electrons

a. X-ray photons, light photons, electrons, light photons

When performing stereoscopic radiography of the chest, the x-ray tube should be shifted: Select one: a. along the vertebral column b. along the predominant lines of the ribs. c. at a 45 degree angle to the midpoint of the image receptor d. from the right side of the chest to the left side

a. along the vertebral column

The tomographic _____ is the total distance traveled by the tube. Select one: a. arc b. fulcrum c. blur d. thickness

a. arc

The most common phosphor used for computed radiography imaging plates is: Select one: a. barium fluorhalide bromides and iodides with europium activators b. barium phosphate iodides with europium activators c. barium sulfate with europium activators d. iodide phosphate with europium activators

a. barium fluorhalide bromides and iodides with europium activators

A ____ artifact is caused by attenuation of the beam as it passes through the patient. Select one: a. beam-hardening b. ring c. star d. streak

a. beam-hardening

With MRI, the RF signal strength determines: Select one: a. brightness b. field strength c. section thickness d. spatial resolution

a. brightness

A tomographic examination is designed to: Select one: a. bring into focus anatomy of interest, while blurring structures above or below. b. expose the entire length of film. c. give a panoramic view d. shorten exposure time

a. bring into focus anatomy of interest, while blurring structures above or below.

The ______ is how well the detectors receive photons from the patient. Select one: a. capture efficiency b. absorption efficiency c. conversion efficiency d. response time

a. capture efficiency

Which type of system is more likely to use a line scanning image extraction? Select one: a. cassette-less PSP b. cassette-based PSP c. flat-panel DEL d. CCD

a. cassette-less PSP

The image intensifier's input phosphor is generally composed of Select one: a. cesium iodide. b. zinc cadmium sulfide. c. gadolinium oxysulfide. d. calcium tungstate.

a. cesium iodide.

A grid pattern is not added to the CT image to: Select one: a. clean up scatter b. confirm centering c. aid in patient positioning d. describe precise location

a. clean up scatter

The difference between maximum and minimum luminance of a video display is known as: Select one: a. contrast resolution b. black level c. horizontal resolution d. vertical resolution

a. contrast resolution

The process of modifying pixel values by a mathematical formula is called: Select one: a. convolution b. deconvolution c. calculus d. all of the above

a. convolution

Digital images are evaluated on all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. density b. image noise c. image blur d. exposure indicator

a. density

The shape of the input screen helps to control Select one: a. distortion. b. SID. c. SOD d. IOD.

a. distortion.

The "halo artifact" is associated with: Select one: a. edge enhancement b. shuttering c. equalization d. smoothing

a. edge enhancement

Production of a grainy, reticulated image that cannot be corrected in digital post-processing is the result of: Select one: a. failure to use a high enough mAs setting. b. failure to use a high enough kVp setting. c. failure to use the correct algorithm. d. failure to use the proper SID

a. failure to use a high enough mAs setting.

During tomography, the fulcrum is in the: Select one: a. focal plane (object plane) b. film plane c. tomographic layers d. image plane

a. focal plane (object plane)

First-generation CT scanners scanned the _____ only. Select one: a. head b. thorax c. abdomen d. pelvis

a. head

The CR imaging plate is scanned by a(n): Select one: a. helium-neon laser beam b. ultraviolet light beam c. infrared heat source d. all of the above

a. helium-neon laser beam

Which tomographic motion produces the thinnest section? Select one: a. hypocycloidal b. figure eight c. circular d. linear

a. hypocycloidal

The fluoroscopic image is brightened and reduced in size by means of the: Select one: a. image intensifier b. TV camera c. cine camera d. video disc scanner

a. image intensifier

The most common solution for quantum mottle is to Select one: a. increase the fluoro tube mA. b. decrease the fluoro tube mA. c. decrease the efficiency of the input screen. d. decrease the efficiency of the flux gain.

a. increase the fluoro tube mA.

Which type of system uses a two-part process to convert incoming x-ray photons to an electronic signal? Select one: a. indirect conversions b. inverse conversions c. direct conversions d. proportional conversions

a. indirect conversions

The image intensifier's input phosphor differs from the output phosphor in that the input phosphor Select one: a. is much larger than the output phosphor. b. emits electrons whereas the output phosphor emits light photons. c. absorbs electrons whereas the output phosphor absorbs light photons. d. is a fixed size, and the size of the output phosphor can vary.

a. is much larger than the output phosphor.

The source of magnetic fields within the body Select one: a. is the spinning nucleus of an atom b. are the neutrons c. are the stationary electrons d. all of the above

a. is the spinning nucleus of an atom

In fluoroscopy, the automatic brightness control adjusts the: Select one: a. kVp and mA b. Backup timer c. mA and time d. kVp and time

a. kVp and mA

In fluoroscopy, the automatic brightness control adjusts the Select one: a. kVp and mA. b. backup timer. c. mA and time. d. kVp and time.

a. kVp and mA.

When the movement of the tube and the image receptor are along a straight line, the tomographic motion is classified as: Select one: a. linear b. circular c. elliptical d. trispiral

a. linear

Which of the following is not a multidirectional tomographic mode? Select one: a. linear b. hypocycloidal c. elliptic d. trispiral

a. linear

The CT radiographer usually varies the ____ to control the primary beam. Select one: a. mA b. time c. kVp d. detail

a. mA

If the goal is to achieve a better spatial resolution from a video display, then dot pitch: Select one: a. must decrease b. change with bandwidth c. must increase d. has no effect

a. must decrease

The prominent heel effect in mammography is the result of a: Select one: a. narrow target angle b. wide target angle c. larger cathode d. smaller cathode

a. narrow target angle

The device used as the full-time connection point from a computer to the computer network is called a: Select one: a. network interface card b. network switch c. firewall d. network bridge

a. network interface card

This device connects multiple network segments. It conserves network resources because it is programmed to identify the computer on a network that is designated to receive specific data. Select one: a. network switch b. router c. firewall d. network interface card

a. network switch

Contrast is adjusted by windowing, changing window width and window level. Window width determines the: Select one: a. number of gray levels displays b. determines the midpoint of the gray range c. size of the field of view d. slice thickness

a. number of gray levels displays

In tomography, phantoms most commonly occur when the tube motion is _____ to the long axis of the structure. Select one: a. parallel b. perpendicular c. tangential d. all of the above

a. parallel

Protons will alternate from: Select one: a. parallel to antiparallel b. parallel to neutral c. perpendicular to positive d. positive to negative

a. parallel to antiparallel

Stereoradiography results in increased: Select one: a. patient dose b. image contrast c. spatial resolution d. contrast resolution

a. patient dose

During CR imaging plate processing, the laser frees trapped electrons, allowing them to return to a lower energy state. This process is known as: Select one: a. photostimulated luminescence b. thermal emission c. green light phosphorescence d. none of the above

a. photostimulated luminescence

With MRI, the rotation of the axis of rotation is termed: Select one: a. precession b. rerotation c. nuclear orientation d. frequency

a. precession

With MRI, the rotation of the axis of rotation is termed: Select one: a. precession b. rerotation c. nuclear orientation d. frequency

a. precession

A grainy, mottled appearance in the image of an intensifier tube caused by too few photons striking the input phosphor is termed: Select one: a. quantum mottle b. static electricity c. distortion d. amplification gain

a. quantum mottle

The MHz frequency magnetic field for MRI is produced by a(n): Select one: a. radio transmitter coil b. optical cable c. digital converter d. none of these

a. radio transmitter coil

Breast compression Select one: a. reduces magnification b. increases tissue thickness c. increases radiation exposure d. increases motion sharpness

a. reduces magnification

In a CRT video display, the images are "drawn" on the screen. The speed at which the images are drawn is called the: Select one: a. refresh rate b. modulation transfer function c. Nyquist frequency d. detective quantum efficiency

a. refresh rate

The device that serves as a junction between two or more networks: Select one: a. router b. network interface card c. firewall d. Internet protocol

a. router

When referring the gradient coils, the z axis coil is referred to as the _____ gradient for Axial images. Select one: a. selection b. phase encoding c. frequency encoding d. none of the above

a. selection

The prominent heel effect in mammography is due to a: Select one: a. short SID b. short OID c. long SOD d. long OID

a. short SID

In the CT detector, the x-ray photon is absorbed by: Select one: a. sodium iodide crystals b. photostimulable fluorohalides c. polyester d. none of the above

a. sodium iodide crystals

The quantity of resonating spins in a tissue expressed as a percentage of the proton density of water is: Select one: a. spin density b. repetition time c. echo time d. inversion time

a. spin density

Each of the following is an example of an RF pulse sequence except: Select one: a. stationary b. spin-echo c. gradient echo d. inversion recovery

a. stationary

What type of technology creates a digital image using a casette-based system? Select one: a. storage phosphor b. non-scintillator c. light-sensitive emulsion d. scintillator

a. storage phosphor

One of the principle advantages of digital mammography is Select one: a. the capacity to manipulate the image's contrast and brightness b. the capacity to transmit images for consultation, teaching, etc... c. archiving (PACS) for simplified storage and ready access of images d. all of the above

a. the capacity to manipulate the image's contrast and brightness

At the end of an image extraction cycle, the photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) is erased by exposing it to intense: Select one: a. white light b. x-ray energy c. red light d. laser beam energy

a. white light

The output phosphor of a modern image intensifier is made of: Select one: a. zinc cadmium sulfide b. lanthanum fluoride c. cesium iodide d. lithium fluoride

a. zinc cadmium sulfide

For this question, simply check the properties listed that are characteristics of a digital image. Select one or more: a. Density b. Brightness c. Contrast d. Resolution e. Distortion f. Exposure Indicator g. Noise

b c d e f g

What pixel size has a 1024 × 1024 matrix with a 35-cm FOV? Select one: a. 30 mm b. 0.35 mm c. 0.15 mm d. 0.03 mm

b. 0.35 mm

Components of digital imaging include: 1. computer manipulation of the image 2. formation of an electronic image on the radiation detector 3. formation of an x-ray image directly on the image receptor

b. 1 and 2 only

Moving the image intensifier closer to the patient during fluoroscopy: 1. decreases the source-to-image distance 2. decreases patient dose 3. decreases image quality

b. 1 and 2 only

What are the advantages of photospot camera imaging over cassette spot imaging during fluoroscopy? 1. Lower patient dose 2. Less interruption of the fluoroscopic examination 3. Improved spatial resolution

b. 1 and 2 only

Which of the following system(s) function(s) to compensate for changing patient/part thicknesses during fluoroscopic procedures? 1. Automatic brightness control 2. Automatic gain control 3. Automatic resolution control

b. 1 and 2 only

Which of the following will improve the spatial resolution of image-intensified images? 1. a very thin coating of cesium iodide on the input phosphor 2. a smaller-diameter input phosphor 3. increased total brightness gain

b. 1 and 2 only

The relative speed of an analog image is measured at an optical density of: Select one: a. Base + Fog b. 1.0 above Base + Fog c. 2.25 above Base + Fog d. 2.0 above Base + Fog

b. 1.0 above Base + Fog

When performing magnification radiography, if the SID is 40 inches (100 cm) and the object-image receptor distance (OID) is 6 inches (15 cm), how much would the object be magnified? Select one: a. 0.85 b. 1.18 c. 1.35 d. 1.50

b. 1.18

A chest lesion is located 12 inches from the image receptor at a SID of 72 inches . What is the magnification factor? Select one: a. 0.2 b. 1.2 c. 1.5 d. 1.7

b. 1.2

Following injection of an appropriate contrast medium, rectilinear tomography is to be performed on a patient with a possible lesion of the left kidney. This lesion is suspected to be 14 cm posterior from the anterior abdominal wall. If the anteroposterior diameter of the patient measures 24 cm, the radiographer must set the fulcrum at: Select one: a. 24.0 cm b. 10.0 cm c. 14.0 cm d. 38.0 cm

b. 10.0 cm

A digital image with a dynamic range of 210 will be able to reproduce how many shades of gray? Select one: a. 256 b. 1024 c. 512 d. 2048

b. 1024

What is the brightness gain of a fluoroscopic image if an image intensification tube has an input phosphor diameter of 30 cm, an output phosphor diameter of 3 cm, and a flux gain of 110? Select one: a. 7,000 b. 11,000 c. 9,000 d. 13,000

b. 11,000

A bit depth of one (1) results in a display of how many colors? Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 8 d. 256

b. 2

Which of the following will improve the spatial resolution of image-intensified images? 1. A very thin coating of zinc cadmium sulfide on the input phosphor 2. A smaller-diameter input screen 3. Increased total brightness gain

b. 2 only

In magnification radiography, when the object is placed equidistnt between the source and the image receptor, the size of the image wil be: Select one: a. 1.33 times object size b. 2.0 times object size c. Four times object size d. On half the object size e. The same size as the object

b. 2.0 times object size

Approximately 40% of cancers in the breast contain microcalcifications that have an atomic number of: Select one: a. 2 b. 20 c. 50 d. 100

b. 20

According to the Nyquist Frequency (Nyquist Theorem), if a spatial resolution of 10 lp/mm is desired, the sampling frequency used should be: Select one: a. 2.5 pixels/mm b. 20 pixels/mm c. 5 pixels/mm d. 10 pixels/mm

b. 20 pixels/mm

An object is radiographed measuring 18 inches in diameter and lies 8 inches above the image receptor. The SID is 40 inches. What is the percentage of magnification of this radiographic image? Select one: a. 125% b. 25% c. 100% d. 50%

b. 25%

If a 20-second spiral CT examination is acquired at a pitch of 1.5 with collimation of 10 mm, what volume of tissue was imaged? Select one: a. 3 cm b. 30 cm c. 300 cm d. 3 mm e. 30 mm

b. 30 cm

A parallel port sends _______ bit(s) of data through a connection compared with a serial port, which can send ________ bit(s) of data. Select one: a. 8,2 b. 8,1 c. 2,8 d. 1,8

b. 8,1

An object measures 9 cm on the film when a source-to-image distance of 60 inches is used. It is know that the object is 5 inches from the film. What is the actual size of the object? Select one: a. 3.66 cm b. 8.25 cm c. 7.56 cm d. 9.8 cm

b. 8.25 cm

Some digital radiography manufacturers recommend avoiding the use of more than _____ kVp because higher kVp levels produce. Select one: a. 80, greater patient exposure b. 80, excessive fog c. 50, greater patient exposure d. 50, excessive fog

b. 80, excessive fog

Which of the following sets of technical factors would result in the greatest magnification? Select one: a. 60-inch SID, 10_inch OID b. 80-inch SID, 30-inch OID c. 40-inch SID, 5-inch OID d. 72-inch SID, 25-inch OID

b. 80-inch SID, 30-inch OID

The standard size cassette for spot filming is Select one: a. 8" ´ 8". b. 9" ´ 9". c. 10" ´ 10". d. 12" ´ 12".

b. 9" ´ 9".

In the binary code, the value of one is assigned when _______ . Select one: a. A transistor is open and the current passes through. b. A transistor is closed and the current passes through. c. A transistor is open and the current does not pass through. d. A transistor is closed and the current does not pass through

b. A transistor is closed and the current passes through.

Which organization offers a voluntary accreditation program for mammography? Select one: a. JRCERT b. ACR c. NRC d. all of the above

b. ACR

The CR cassette is backed by aluminum that _______ . Select one: a. Reflects x-rays b. Absorbs x-rays c. Captures the image d. Transmits x-rays

b. Absorbs x-rays

The thickness of the focal plane during tomography is primarily dependent on the: Select one: a. SID b. Amplitude of tube travel c. Exposure time d. Height of the fulcrum above the table top

b. Amplitude of tube travel

Between the TV camera and the computer of a digital fluoroscopic system is: Select one: a. A digital-to-analog converter. b. An analog-to-digital converter c. A second video monitor. d. An II tube

b. An analog-to-digital converter

What term describes a company that provides outsourcing of archiving and management functions for a pay-per-use charge? Select one: a. Application source program b. Application service provider c. All services provided d. Archive service program

b. Application service provider

The place where records or documents are preserved for historic purposes is the ______ . Select one: a. Workstation b. Archive c. File cabinet d. RAID

b. Archive

What is the device that directs the light emitted from the image intensifier to various viewing and imaging apparatus? Select one: a. Output phosphor b. Beam splitter c. Spot film changer d. Automatic brightness control

b. Beam splitter

Which of the following is characteristic of a CT image but not of a conventional radiograph? Select one: a. Anatomic structures are superimposed. b. Better contrast resolution is obtained. c. Better spatial resolution is obtained. d. More scatter radiation reaches the image receptor. e. Overlying and underlying tissues are blurred.

b. Better contrast resolution is obtained.

During laser beam formation, both ends of the laser reflect energy back and forth so that the atoms _________ . Select one: a. Absorb each other b. Bombard each other c. Lose energy d. Create x-ray energy

b. Bombard each other

Early picture archival and communication systems were first developed ______ . Select one: a. In Canada b. By the U.S. military c. By Albert Jutras d. By NASA

b. By the U.S. military

The method of recording successive physiologic events occurring during fluoroscopy is: Select one: a. Cassette spot films b. Cinefluorography c. Photofluorography d. Image-intensified fluoroscopy

b. Cinefluorography

The power source for the laser must be ______ . Select one: a. Oscillating b. Constant c. Preheated d. Cold

b. Constant

Which of the following is specifically characteristic of spiral CT? Select one: a. Continuous bidirectional rotation of the x-ray tube. b. Continuous x-ray tube rotation in one direction. c. Rotating detector array. d. Stationary patient couch. e. Step-like motion of the patient couch.

b. Continuous x-ray tube rotation in one direction.

A universally accepted standard for exchanging medical imaging via a networked set of display workstations, archive, and imaging modalities is _______ . Select one: a. HIPAA b. DICOM c. HL-7 d. All of the above

b. DICOM

The number of bits per pixel is known as bit ________ . Select one: a. Pitch b. Depth c. Height d. Width

b. Depth

The translate-rotate mode: Select one: a. Collects data only during the rotate portion. b. Describes both first- and second-generation CT imaging systems. c. Requires higher heat capacity x-ray tubes. d. Requires only solid-state detectors. e. Results in imaging times as short as 1 second.

b. Describes both first- and second-generation CT imaging systems.

Successful mammography cannot be done at 90 kVp because: Select one: a. Compton interactions are too few. b. Differential absorption is too low. c. Exposure time is too long. d. Patient dose is too high. e. X-ray tube heat is too great.

b. Differential absorption is too low.

In which system architecture do the acquisition modalities send their images directly to a designated workstation? Select one: a. Client/server-based system b. Distributed system c. Web-based system d. Image manager system

b. Distributed system

Irradiated storage phosphors are thought to trap free electrons in centers called ___?___. Select one: a. S-Centers (safety centers) b. F-centers (Farbzentren centers) c. Latent image centers d. E-centers (electron)

b. F-centers (Farbzentren centers)

The refresh rate controls the ________ . Select one: a. Scan b. Flicker c. Resolution d. Reload

b. Flicker

What type of imaging equipment provides dynamic visualization of internal structures? Select one: a. Computed tomography b. Fluoroscopy c. Conventional radiography d. Computed radiography

b. Fluoroscopy

During conventional tomography, the fulcrum is in the: Select one: a. Film planeF b. Focal plane c. Image receptor plane d. Object plane e. Tomographic layer

b. Focal plane

Who was the first to incorporate digital imaging with the CT scanner? Select one: a. Paul Lauterbor b. Godfrey Hounsfield c. Sol Nudleman d. M. Paul Capp

b. Godfrey Hounsfield

Which function determines how images are displayed on the monitor(s)? Select one: a. Series navigation b. Hanging protocol c. Flip/rotate d. All of the above

b. Hanging protocol

X-ray imaging systems specially designed for mammography: Select one: a. Create high anode heat. b. Have devices to reduce motion and absorption of blur. c. Have SIDs that are greater than 100 cm. d. Have x-ray tube target angles that are less than 10 degrees. e. Use extra large focal-spot x-ray tubes.

b. Have devices to reduce motion and absorption of blur.

The first commercial CT scanner could image the ________ . Select one: a. Abdomen only b. Head only c. Head and abdomen d. Total body

b. Head only

Which of the following terms is equivalent to spiral? Select one: a. Elliptical b. Helical c. Interpolation d. Paraboloid e. Trispiral

b. Helical

In digital fluoroscopy, the image should be viewed on what device to take advantage of the digital capabilities? Select one: a. Digital view box b. High-resolution monitor c. High-definition TV d. Plasma TV

b. High-resolution monitor

The combination of temporal subtraction and energy subtraction techniques is called: Select one: a. Enhanced subtraction b. Hybrid subtraction c. Radiographic subtraction d. Resonance subtraction

b. Hybrid subtraction

If electrons that are trapped in the F-center or F-trap are not released after the "read" process, the result on the next image would be: Select one: a. Higher contrast b. Image fog c. Improved detail d. Increased speed

b. Image fog

Selection of the incorrect body part from the examination menu may result in _______ . Select one: a. No image b. Image misinterpretation c. Proper density and contrast d. No difference in image sharpness

b. Image misinterpretation

The single most important advantage of spiral CT is which of the following? Select one: a. Imaging of a large volume of anatomy at low patient dose. b. Imaging of a large volume of anatomy in one breath-hold. c. Improved contrast resolution. d. Improved spatial resolution.I e. Improved z-axis resolution.

b. Imaging of a large volume of anatomy in one breath-hold.

The principal reason for image integration is to: Select one: a. Improve spatial resolution b. Improve contrast resolution c. Reduce image noise d. Reduce patient dose

b. Improve contrast resolution

Mammography grids are designed to do which of the following? Select one: a. Improve optical density. b. Improve resolution contrast. c. Improve spatial resolution. d. Reduce geometric blur. e. Reduce patient dose.

b. Improve resolution contrast.

Noise on a CT image can be reduced by: Select one: a. Increasing kVp b. Increasing mAs c. Increasing matrix size d. Reducing image time e. Reducing pixel size

b. Increasing mAs

The exposure indicator number is an _______ . Select one: a. Accurate measure of the patient dose b. Indication of radiation absorbed by the imaging plate c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B

b. Indication of radiation absorbed by the imaging plate

When the tomographic angle is 0 degrees, the tomographic layer is: Select one: a. Indefinable b. Infinity c. Thin d. Very thick e. Zero

b. Infinity

A barcode reader is a type of ______ device. Select one: a. Processing b. Input c. Output d. Input/Output

b. Input

When a CT image is described, contrast resolution: Select one: a. Is limited by the MTF of the system. b. Is limited by the noise of the system. c. Is not as good as in conventional radiography. d. Is the same as spatial resolution. e. Means that contrast material was injected.

b. Is limited by the noise of the system.

Images can be exported from modality and PACS workstations using what format Select one: a. TIFF b. JPEG c. BMP d. GIF

b. JPEG

Energy subtraction is based on which of the following? Select one: a. Changing mAs b. K-edge absorption c. Noise reduction d. Time differences

b. K-edge absorption

The DQE of detectors changes with changes in _______ . Select one: a. Milliamperage-seconds b. Kilovoltage peak c. Distance d. Temperature

b. Kilovoltage peak

A 1 mR exposure at 80 kVp combined with aluminum and copper filtration determines the ______ base exposure indicator number. Select one: a. Fuji b. Kodak c. Agfa d. Phillips

b. Kodak

Which advanced function is used most often in CT to visualize contrast medium-filled vessels separate from the surrounding tissue? Select one: a. MPR b. MIP c. MinIP d. SSD

b. MIP

CT angiography relies on a reconstruction process that is called: Select one: a. Longitudinal reformation b. Maximum intensity projection c. Shaded surface display d. Surface-rendered e. Volume-rendered

b. Maximum intensity projection

The simplest form of three-dimensional imaging is: Select one: a. Isometric b. Maximum-intensity projection c. Shaded surface display d. Shaded volume display e. Slip-ring technology

b. Maximum-intensity projection

Because the output phosphor is smaller than the input phosphor, there is an increase in brightness, called: Select one: a. Flux gain b. Minification gain c. Total brightness gain d. Image gain

b. Minification gain

Which of the following target/filter combinations is most appropriate for screening mammography? Select one: a. Mo/Al b. Mo/Mo c. Rh/Mo d. W/Al e. W/Mo

b. Mo/Mo

Real-time operating systems are commonly found on _________ . Select one: a. Large company mainframes b. Modern x-ray equipment c. Personal computer d. Personal organizer

b. Modern x-ray equipment

Adequate magnification radiography requires that which of the following must have a large value? Select one: a. Focal spot b. OID c. SID d. SOD e. SSD

b. OID

The magnification factor increases with increasing: Select one: a. Focal spot size b. OID c. SID d. SOD e. SSD

b. OID

The invention of computed tomography is heralded as ________ . Select one: a. The advanced use of three-dimensional computation in medical imaging. b. One of the greatest milestones in medical imaging. c. The stepping stone for the development of MRI. d. The first modality to use PACS.

b. One of the greatest milestones in medical imaging.

Most modem keyboards connect to the back of the "box" using a _______ connection. Select one: a. PS/1 b. PS/2 c. PS/3 d. PS/4

b. PS/2

Any supplemental device connected to a PACS that performs a specific function is known as a(n) __________ . Select one: a. Archive b. Peripheral c. Workstation d. Digital imaging modality

b. Peripheral

The acronym PACS stands for _______ system. Select one: a. Picture archival and control b. Picture archival and communication c. Physical archive and communication d. Physical archive and compression

b. Picture archival and communication

Each square in a matrix is called a _______ . Select one: a. Matrix element b. Picture element c. Bit d. Byte

b. Picture element

Which term best describes a basic picture element on a display? Select one: a. Matrix b. Pixel c. Dot pitch d. Resolution

b. Pixel

Sensitivity profile in CT is determined principally by the: Select one: a. Bow-tie filter b. Predetector collimator c. Prepatient collimator d. Reconstruction algorithm e. Ramp function

b. Predetector collimator

A film imager is also known as a film _______ . Select one: a. Digitizer b. Printer c. Duplicator d. None of the above

b. Printer

In which RAID level are all data mirrored two disks? Select one: a. RAID 0 b. RAID 1 c. RAID 3 d. RAID 5

b. RAID 1

This database is designed specifically for digital image data and reports generated in the imaging department: Select one: a. HIS b. RIS c. Worklist d. DICOM

b. RIS

Third-generation CT imaging systems have which of the following? Select one: a. Multiple-detector, area-beam geometry b. Rotate-rotate geometry c. Rotate-translate geometry d. Single-detector, fan-beam geometry e. Translate-translate geometry

b. Rotate-rotate geometry

Which of the following combinations determines the thickness of the cut in a radiograph? Select one: a. Collimation and filtration b. SID and length of tube travel c. OID and speed of tube travel d. SID and speed of tube travel e. SOD and length of tube travel

b. SID and length of tube travel

During the two-part conversion system, a ______ converts x-ray photons to light. Select one: a. Photodetector b. Scintillator c. Photon attractor d. Cathode

b. Scintillator

In an old fluoroscopic procedure, the radiologist would need 10 to 15 minutes of dark adaptation. This is because he or she was basically using which type of vision? Select one: a. Photopic vision b. Scotopic vision c. Dim light vision d. Night vision

b. Scotopic vision

A handheld personal organizer is an example of a ________ operating system. Select one: a. Real-time b. Single-user, single-task c. Single-user, multitask d. Multiuser

b. Single-user, single-task

Which term is used to describe when data are broken up into pieces and each disk receives a "piece" of the data? Select one: a. Mirror b. Striping c. Tier d. RAID

b. Striping

To demonstrate the differences in water density of tissue, the MRI unit would use: Select one: a. T1 weighted image b. T2 weighted image c. Proton density image d. Spin density image

b. T2 weighted image

Which term is used to describe the process of transferring images to remote locations for reading by a radiologist? Select one: a. Long-range image viewing b. Teleradiology c. Computed radiology d. Distance reading

b. Teleradiology

Spatial resolution refers to which of the following? Select one: a. The ability to classify large low-contrast objects. b. The ability to identify small high-contrast objects. c. The ability to identify tissues of varying composition. d. The binary number system. e. The constancy of the imaging system over time.

b. The ability to identify small high-contrast objects.

Which of the following subsystems would normally be associated with the CT gantry assembly? Select one: a. Image postprocessing b. The detector array c. The algorithm d. The physicians viewing console

b. The detector array

Cesium iodide detectors use _______ . Select one: a. Rare-earth scintillators b. Thin crystalline needles c. Miniature cameras d. Specialized pixel sensors

b. Thin crystalline needles

Indirect conversion in flat-panel detectors is a ______-step process. Select one: a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

b. Two

A technologist can lend credibility to his or her expertise by _______ . Select one: a. Using a grid b. Using personal position markers c. Using less collimation d. None of the above

b. Using personal position markers

Imaging plates should be erased every _______ . Select one: a. Day b. Week c. Month d. Year

b. Week

Digital imaging systems have ________ . Select one: a. Narrower DQE latitude than screen/film systems b. Wider DQE latitude than screen/film systems c. The same DQE latitude as screen/film systems d. No DQE latitude

b. Wider DQE latitude than screen/film systems

An exam of a pelvis using a digital imaging system calls for a technique of 50 mAs and 75 kVp, but a technique of 20 mAs and 75 kVp is used instead. The only visual cue of too little radiation is: Select one: a. an image with decreased contrast b. a mottled image c. an image with increased optical density d. an image with decreased optical density

b. a mottled image

The ____ is how well the detectors convert incoming photons. Select one: a. capture efficiency b. absoprtion efficiency c. conversion efficiency d. response time

b. absoprtion efficiency

The purpose of a "scintillator" in a flat-panel receptor is to: Select one: a. absorb light photons and emit electrons b. absorb x-ray photos and emit light photons c. absorb light photons and emit x-ray photons d. absorb electrons and emit light photons

b. absorb x-ray photos and emit light photons

A DAP readout depends on: Select one: a. generator type b. beam size c. part thickness d. receptor type

b. beam size

Tomography improves radiographic contrast by: Select one: a. eliminating fogging and blurring of the primary and surrounding tissues. b. blurring overlying and underlying tissues. c. shortening exposure time. d. lengthening exposure time.

b. blurring overlying and underlying tissues.

Digital images are interpreted on this type of equipment due to its increased resolution and functionalities: Select one: a. clinical workstation b. diagnostic workstation c. acquisition workstation d. CD workstation

b. diagnostic workstation

Images created with Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging can be manipulated to control the contrast, density, or even projected in a different plane. This is possible because the images that are created are: Select one: a. not made with x-rays b. digital c. made with magnetic fields d. not placed on film

b. digital

To maintain image clarity in an image intensifier system, the path of electron flow from the photocathode to the output phosphor is controlled by Select one: a. the accelerating anode. b. electrostatic lenses. c. the vacuum glass envelope. d. the input phosphor.

b. electrostatic lenses.

Silicon and Selenium receptors are also known as: Select one: a. flat panel grids. b. flat panel detectors. c. conversion plates. d. conversion grids.

b. flat panel detectors.

The increased brightness of an image due to accelerated electrons traveling across to the output phosphor is called: Select one: a. minification gain b. flux gain c. brightness gain d. electrostatic gain

b. flux gain

The object to be examined, with tomography, is placed at the: Select one: a. tomographic arc. b. fulcrum. c. exposure arc. d. image receptor level.

b. fulcrum.

The greater the distance from the fulcrum, the _______ the blurring. Select one: a. lesser b. greater c. thinner d. thicker

b. greater

The greater the voltage supplied to the electrostatic lenses, the ____ the acceleration and the ____ the focal point to the input screen. Select one: a. greater, farther b. greater, closer c. lesser, smaller d. greater, larger

b. greater, closer

The most recent generation CT scanners use a ____ motion. Select one: a. spiral b. helical c. linear d. elliptical

b. helical

Claire is interested in experimenting with multidirectional tomography, so her instructor tells her to work only with the movement(s) that result(s) in the sharpest tomographic image. Therefore, Claire will perform procedures involving the: Select one: a. circular movement b. hypocycloidal movement c. linear movement d. elliptical movement

b. hypocycloidal movement

The window width controls Select one: a. image density. b. image contrast. c. speed. d. depth.

b. image contrast.

This type of storage device uses a retrieving arm to grab a media device containing patient data and place it in a drive to retrieve and transmit image data. Select one: a. RAID b. jukebox c. diagnostic workstation d. acquisition workstation

b. jukebox

In screen-film mammography, which of the following is most often responsible for image contrast? Select one: a. mAs b. kVp c. Tissue atomic number d. Tissue mass e. Tissue mass number

b. kVp

Tomography affects patient dose by: Select one: a. reducing exposure time with high-speed film. b. keeping the x-ray tube on during the entire tube travel , thus increasing patient exposure. c. decreasing kVp, thus decreasing dose. d. using consistent rhythmic tube movement for uniform, efficient exposure.

b. keeping the x-ray tube on during the entire tube travel , thus increasing patient exposure.

Photoemissive materials absorb ____ and emit ____. Select one: a. x-ray photons, light photons b. light photons, electrons c. light photons, x-ray photons d. x-ray photons, electrons

b. light photons, electrons

During tomography, only structures lying in the object plane are imaged. Structures outside the object plane are blurred because of __________ blur. Select one: a. geometric b. motion c. subject d. absorption

b. motion

A special radiographic technique that may be used for imaging of a curved surface such as the mandible and teeth is termed: Select one: a. autotomography b. pantomography c. laminography d. zonography

b. pantomography

The delayed light emission from a video display that occurs after an image is refreshed is called: Select one: a. fluorescence b. persistence c. phosphorescence d. luminosity

b. persistence

When referring to gradient coils, the y axis is referred to as the _______ gradient for Axial images. Select one: a. selection b. phase encoding c. frequency encoding d. none of the above

b. phase encoding

The active layer of the CR imaging plate is made of: Select one: a. blue photons b. photostimulable fluorohalides c. polyester d. all of the above

b. photostimulable fluorohalides

Resolution is controlled by _____ size. Select one: a. bit b. pixel c. matrix d. byte

b. pixel

The Lamor frequency is the ______ frequency. Select one: a. quantum b. precessional c. linear d. all of the above

b. precessional

The tomographic angle is the angle of tube movement during: Select one: a. anode preparation b. radiographic exposure c. cathode boost d. fulcrum adjustment.

b. radiographic exposure

The most commonly used fluoroscopic viewing system is Select one: a. cine. b. real-time video. c. 70 mm spot-film roll. d. none of the above

b. real-time video.

The time interval between pulse sequences is: Select one: a. spin density b. repetition time c. echo time d. inversion time

b. repetition time

The _____ artifact is caused by detector error when performing CT. Select one: a. beam-hardening b. ring c. star d. streak

b. ring

Dedicated mammography machines use ______ generators. Select one: a. falling-load b. single-phase, high frequency c. capacitor discharge d. 3-phase

b. single-phase, high frequency

Dose in CT is considered to be: Select one: a. independent of size b. size dependent c. related to the CT numbers d. similar to a chest examination

b. size dependent

White noise is called: Select one: a. dandruff b. snow c. powder d. none of the above

b. snow

Flat-panel fluoroscopic units used in digital fluoroscopy operate in much the same way as: Select one: a. a traditional fluoroscopic unit b. the flat-panel receptor used in radiography c. the photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plates used in radiography d. the charge-coupled devices (CCD) used in radiography

b. the flat-panel receptor used in radiography

For magnification radiography, Select one: a. a large focal spot is required to avoid destroying the diagnostic value of the radiograph. b. the large OID makes grid use unnecessary. c. the use of a grid is recommended to eliminate the significant air gap. d. a decreased patient dose is a distinct advantage.

b. the large OID makes grid use unnecessary.

Which of the following is incorrect? In tomography: Select one: a. a vertical rod fixes the x-ray tube head to the table Bucky device. b. the x-ray tube and image receptor are not linked, thus enabling them to both move at the same time c. the anatomy of interest is not actually focused but has its contrast enhanced by the blurring of structures above and below. d. the x-ray tube and image receptor move in opposite directions.

b. the x-ray tube and image receptor are not linked, thus enabling them to both move at the same time

The thickness of tissue imaged during tomography is called the: Select one: a. tomographic angle b. tomographic layer c. image plane d. tomographic motion

b. tomographic layer

TV camera tubes used in image intensification, such as the Plumbicon and Vidicon, function to Select one: a. increase the brightness of the input phosphor image. b. transfer the output phosphor image to the TV monitor. c. focus and accelerate electrons toward the output phosphor. d. record the output phosphor image on 16- or 35- film.

b. transfer the output phosphor image to the TV monitor.

The photocathode of the image intensification tube will convert: Select one: a. X-ray photons into visible light b. visible light into electrons c. electrons into visible light d. electrons into X-ray photons

b. visible light into electrons

In reference material for CT is ________ and is related to the _______ of the tissue. Select one: a. water, field of view b. water, linear attenuation coefficient c. muscle, gray level d. bone, mass attenuation

b. water, linear attenuation coefficient

In digital radiography, image brightness on a CRT is adjusted by the/a: Select one: a. scanning lines b. window level c. kVp increase d. window width

b. window level

The input phosphor of the image intensifier tube functions to convert Select one: a. kinetic energy to light. b. x-rays to light. c. electrons to light. d. fluorescent light to electrons

b. x-rays to light.

The technologist sets a FOV of 40 cm with a 256 matrix and a 5 cm thick beam. What is the size of the pixel within the image? Select one: a. .156 cm b. 0.122 cm2 c. .024 cm2 d. 0.122 cm3

c. .024 cm2

A CT imaging system has a limiting resolution of 7 lp/cm. An object of what size can be resolved? Select one: a. 0.35 mm b. 0.5 mm c. 0.7 mm d. 1.4 mm e. 3.5 mm

c. 0.7 mm

What is the pixel size of an image reconstructed from a 24 cm diameter region of interest (ROI) in a 320 x 320 matrix? Select one: a. 0.25 mm b. 0.5 mm c. 0.75 mm d. 1.3 mm e. 1.5 mm

c. 0.75 mm

Which of the following would be considered disadvantages of a client/server-based system? 1. Archive is considered a single point of failure 2. The system depends on the network 3. Each workstation has a different worklist

c. 1 and 2

With all other factors constant, as digital image matrix size increases, 1. pixel size decreases. 2. resolution increases. 3. pixel size increases.

c. 1 and 2 only

Which of the following information might be found in the DICOM header of an image? 1. Patient name 2. Lab results 3. Ordering physician

c. 1 and 3

The image on the output phosphor of the intensifier tube is: 1. brighter than the input phosphor 2. dimmer than the input phosphor 3. smaller than the input phosphor

c. 1 and 3 only

What is the magnification factor (MF) for a kidney stone that casts an image 0.4 cm wide on an AP projection radiograph of the abdomen produced at a 100 cm SID when the stone is located 7.2 cm from the film? Select one: a. 2.70 b. 2.32 c. 1.08 d. 0.37

c. 1.08

In a particular radiographic examination, the SID is 100 cm and the SOD is 86 cm. The image size-to-object size ratio is approximately: Select one: a. 0.86:1 b. 1.12:1 c. 1.16:1 d. 2.14:1 e. 3:1

c. 1.16:1

An object to be radiographed measures 11.5 cm across its widest margins. If the radiographic image of this object measures 13.8 cm, what is the magnification factor? Select one: a. 0.833 b. 1.756 c. 1.2 d. 2.4

c. 1.2

The SID is 100 cm, the SOD is 80 cm, and the OID is 20 cm. What is the magnification factor? Select one: a. 0.75 b. 4 c. 1.25 d. 5

c. 1.25

A CT image is made with a 5 mm slice thickness and a 0.5 mm pixel size. What is the size of the voxel? Select one: a. 0.75 mm3 b. 1.00 mm3 c. 1.25 mm3 d. 1.5 mm3 e. 2.5 mm3

c. 1.25 mm3

During a 360-degree x-ray rotation, the patient couch moves 15 mm during each revolution. Slice thickness is 10 mm. What is the slice pitch? Select one: a. 0.66 b. 1.25 c. 1.5 d. 1.66 e. 2.0

c. 1.5

Storage capacity for early hard drives was _______ . Select one: a. 10 GB b. 100 GB c. 10 MB d. 100 MB

c. 10 MB

A patient is positioned for a lateral view of the skull. Stereoradiographs are to be taken using the following technique: 78 kVp/100 mA/ 200 ms/ 100 cm SID. The amount of tube shift should be: Select one: a. 4 cm b. 15 cm c. 10 cm d. 20 cm

c. 10 cm

If you are making a stereoradiograph at 200 centimeters SID, what would the amount of tube shift be on either side of the midline? Select one: a. 2 cm b. 20 cm c. 10 cm d. 1 cm

c. 10 cm

MQSA requires what spatial resolution expressed as a minimum spatial frequency? Select one: a. 5 lp/mm b. 6 to 10 lp/mm c. 11 to 15 lp/mm d. 16 to 20 lp/mm e. 21 to 25 lp/mm

c. 11 to 15 lp/mm

The advantages of large-format spot film cameras, such as 100 mm and 105 mm, over spot-film cassettes, include: 1. Improved image quality 2. Decreased patient dose 3. Decreased x-ray tube heat load

c. 2 and 3 only

Which of the following devices is (are) component(s) of a typical fluoroscopic video display system? 1. Videotape recorder 2. TV camera 3. TV monitor

c. 2 and 3 only

The CCD, used with digital fluoroscopy and the image intensifier tube, contains which of the following: 1. Selenium 2. Silicon 3. TFTs 4. Capacitors

c. 2, 3, and 4

A pixel is a: Select one: a. Matrix of numbers b. Range of numbers c. 2-D digital image cell d. 3-D digital image cell

c. 2-D digital image cell

What is the magnification of the resultant image using the following factors? The object measures 15 cm within the patient and the SID is 40 inches and the object is 10 inches from the film? Select one: a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30

c. 20

Digital fluoro pixels are between ____ µm. Select one: a. 100 and 150 b. 150 and 200 c. 200 and 300 d. 300 and 400

c. 200 and 300

Breast compression is applied at ______ pounds of force. Select one: a. 1 to 5 b. 5 to 20 c. 25 to 45 d. 50 to 60

c. 25 to 45

Compared with a 90-second processing time found in conventional radiography, image acquisition with DR has now been reduced to ________ . Select one: a. Instantaneous acquisition b. 1 to 2 seconds c. 3 to 5 seconds d. 6 to 8 seconds

c. 3 to 5 seconds

Thirty centimeters of tissue along the z-axis is to be imaged with a 5 mm slice thickness at a pitch of 2.0. What imaging time is required? Select one: a. 20 s b. 25 s c. 30 s d. 35 s e. 40 s

c. 30 s

The k-edge of phosphor imaging plates ranges from ______ keV. Select one: a. 10 to 30 b. 20 to 40 c. 30 to 50 d. 40 to 60

c. 30 to 50

Barium fluorohalide phosphor screens have a k-edge at ________ keV. Select one: a. 32 b. 35 c. 37 d. 40

c. 37

What wavelength of light is emitted from the phosphor of a CR screen during plate reading? Select one: a. 100 nm b. 200 nm c. 400 nm d. 633 nm

c. 400 nm

If a PC had a 5.0-GHz CPU, it would have a system clock that would tick ________ billion times per second. Select one: a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

c. 5

The spatial resolution of the CCD can be as high as: Select one: a. 2 lp/mm b. 10 lp/mm c. 5 lp/mm d. 15 lp/mm

c. 5 lp/mm

__________ percent of the trapped electrons are released during the "read" process for PSP plates. Select one: a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 70

c. 50

If the MF is 1.5 and the image size is 9 cm, what is the object size? Select one: a. 3 cm b. 12 cm c. 6 cm d. 13.5 cm

c. 6 cm

The most common refresh rates found on computers are set between _______ Hz. Select one: a. 60 to 65 b. 60 to 70 c. 60 to 75 d. 60 to 80

c. 60 to 75

The wavelength of the CR reader laser is ______ nm. Select one: a. 336 b. 636 c. 633 d. 366

c. 633

The latent image will lose about 25% of its energy in: Select one: a. 3 seconds b. 10 minutes c. 8 hours d. 24 hours

c. 8 hours

Gray scale bit depth ranges from ____ bits to ____ bits. Select one: a. 1, 10 b. 5, 20 c. 8, 32 d. 9, 45

c. 8, 32

The size of the object is 7 . The SID is 40 . The OID is 9 . What is the resultant size of the image? Select one: a. 3.4 b. 5.4 c. 9 d. 10.4

c. 9

An attempt at stereoradiography is made at a SID of 90 cm. What should the total shift be? Select one: a. 4.5 cm b. 13.5 cm c. 9.0 cm d. 18.0 cm

c. 9.0 cm

The CPU is ________ . Select one: a. The "box" b. An external storage device c. A microprocessor found on the motherboard d. A stand-alone microprocessor

c. A microprocessor found on the motherboard

Each translation of a source detector assembly produces which of the following? Select one: a. A matrix b. A pixel c. A projection d. A voxel e. An image

c. A projection

When a technologist manipulates a CR image's contrast and density prior to accepting the image, which component of the digital imaging processor does the conversions? Select one: a. Digital subtraction angio (DSA) b. Analog-digital-converter c. ALU d. Digital-Analog-converter

c. ALU

Which of the following exams is an example where an automogram may be used? Select one: a. Camp-Coventry Knee b. Lateral Thoracic Spine c. AP Scapula d. PA Skull

c. AP Scapula

In the image intensification tube, the anode serves to: Select one: a. Provide a target for the electrons b. Focus the electrons into a stream c. Accelerate the electrons across the tube d. Invert the electrons to allow them to travel faster

c. Accelerate the electrons across the tube

The layer of the imaging plate that traps electrons during the exposure is the _______ layer. Select one: a. Protective b. Reflective c. Active d. Support

c. Active

Shuttering, a postexposure image manipulation technique, is ________ . Select one: a. Placed on the patient b. Placed on the cassette c. Added to the screen image d. Changes the amount of scatter

c. Added to the screen image

Which of the following exposure indicators have a logarithmic relationship to the exposure level? Select one: a. Cannon REX b. Siemens EXI c. Agfa LgM d. Fuji/Kodak/Phillips S number

c. Agfa LgM

Which of the following components found in a digital fluoroscopy are not found in conventional fluoroscopy? Select one: a. A video monitor b. An automatic brightness stabilizer (ABS) c. An analog-to-digital converter d. An image intensifier e. A source-to-image receptor distance indicator

c. An analog-to-digital converter

In digital fluoroscopy and computed radiography, the energy must be changed to a digital format by a(n): Select one: a. Digital-to-analog converter b. Flux capacitor c. Analog-to-digital converter d. DVD-ROM

c. Analog-to-digital converter

The series of connections, controllers, and chips that create the information highway within the computer system is known as the ________ . Select one: a. Motherboard b. BIOS c. BUS d. Memory

c. BUS

The phosphor layer is made of phosphors from the ______ family. Select one: a. Barium sulfate b. Halide calcium c. Barium fluorohalide d. Calcium fluorohalide

c. Barium fluorohalide

UNIX was first developed by ________ . Select one: a. Microsoft b. Dell c. Bell d. Hewlett-Packard

c. Bell

In all systems, exposures outside the range indicate _______ . Select one: a. Overexposure b. Underexposure c. Both overexposure and underexposure d. Neither overexposure nor underexposure

c. Both overexposure and underexposure

Other than printing films, another alternative would be to ________. Select one: a. Digitize the image into the PACS b. Have the physician come to the hospital to view the images c. Burn images to an optical disk d. Both A and B

c. Burn images to an optical disk

Upon which principle does conventional linear tomography work? Select one: a. Alpha and gamma rays react in special ways to create a different image. b. Averaging multiple exposures produces a clearer image than one exposure. c. By moving the x-ray tube and film in opposite directions, only structures in a certain focal plane are in focus. d. The computer can assemble a cross-sectional image from multiple exposures.

c. By moving the x-ray tube and film in opposite directions, only structures in a certain focal plane are in focus.

A detector in which each pixel has its own amplifier is known as a _______ . Select one: a. Charged-coupled device b. Field-effect transistor c. CMOS d. Thin-field transistor

c. CMOS

A highly efficient indirect conversion system that takes up less fill space than CCDs is known as a ________ . Select one: a. Charged-coupled device b. Field-effect transistor c. CMOS d. Thin-field transistor

c. CMOS

Which of the following flat-panel detector technologies was developed by NASA? Select one: a. Charged-coupled device b. Field-effect transistor c. CMOS d. Thin-field transistor

c. CMOS

Which of the following have the greatest DQE? Select one: a. Film/screen systems b. Cassette-based radiography c. Cassetteless radiography d. All have the same DQE

c. Cassetteless radiography

Which function allows the user to move through a series of images frame by frame? Select one: a. Pan/zoom b. Hanging protocol c. Cine d. Both A and C

c. Cine

During fluoroscopic procedures, the automatic brightness control (ABC) functions to: Select one: a. Increase resolution in the image b. Decrease noise in the image c. Compensate for loss of photons during the magnification of the image d. Change the focal point, thus magnifying the image

c. Compensate for loss of photons during the magnification of the image

Low kVp is required for mammography because of which of the following? Select one: a. High mAs b. Patient positioning and compression c. Composition of breast tissue d. Type of image receptor used e. Varying thickness of breast tissue

c. Composition of breast tissue

The data attached to a digital image that contains information and directions that enables that image to be captured, reviewed, altered, edited, transferred, stored and printed is called a/an: Select one: a. TCP/IP code b. IP address c. DICOM header d. HL7

c. DICOM header

Early reconstruction of raw compute tomography data took a few ______ to form a recognizable image. Select one: a. Minutes b. Hours c. Days d. Weeks

c. Days

If the distance between the object and the image receptor is decreased by a factor of 2, the amount of image blur will: Select one: a. Increase proportionally b. Increase by a factor of 4 c. Decrease proportionally d. Remain unchanged

c. Decrease proportionally

Each light photon is assigned a number during _______ . Select one: a. Amplification b. Sampling c. Digitization d. Laser scanning

c. Digitization

Which term describes the act of keeping a complete copy of the archive in another remote location? Select one: a. ASP b. SAN c. Disaster recovery d. All of the above

c. Disaster recovery

The most common reporting method of dose reporting on the present CT scanners is: Select one: a. Multiple Scan Average Dose (MSAD) b. Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) c. Dose-length product (DLP) d. Computed Tomography Dose Index Volume (CTDIvol)

c. Dose-length product (DLP)

Which one of the following serves to protect against static buildup, dust collection, and mechanical damage to the imaging plate? Select one: a. Aluminum backing b. Lightweight plastic c. Felt material d. Cassette front

c. Felt material

Kilovoltage peak (kVp) should be chosen ______ . Select one: a. To provide the least contrast possible b. To provide minimal penetration c. For the type and amount of contrast desired d. For the type of imaging plate phosphor

c. For the type and amount of contrast desired

If the cathode of the x-ray tube is positioned toward the chest wall during a cranial-caudad view: Select one: a. Absorption blur will be reduced b. Exposure time will be reduced c. Geometric blur will be greater toward the chest wall d. The central ray will miss the breast e. Optical density on the nipple side will be greater

c. Geometric blur will be greater toward the chest wall

What metal is contained behind the outer layers of a DVD? Select one: a. Silver b. Aluminum c. Gold d. Platinum

c. Gold

The standards for the performance of software used to exchange text-based electronic information in health care are called: Select one: a. Internet protocols b. DICOM headers c. HL7 d. TCP/IP codes

c. HL7

All of the following are major operating systems except _______ . Select one: a. Windows b. Macintosh c. Hologic d. UNIX/Linux

c. Hologic

A GUI is best known as a(n) _______ . Select one: a. Word command b. File command c. Icon d. Memory unit

c. Icon

A look-up table maps ________ . Select one: a. Latent images b. Subject contrasts c. Image gray scale values d. Optical density

c. Image gray scale values

When the radiographic intensifying screen is changed from screen "X" to screen "Y", which has twice the x-ray-to-light conversion efficiency, and the same film is used: Select one: a. Exposure time is doubled. b. Geometric blur is accentuated. c. Image noise is increased. d. Motion blur is reduced. e. Patient dose is increased.

c. Image noise is increased.

The signal plate used with an image intensification system is located: Select one: a. On the input side b. On the output side c. In the television camera tube d. In the x-ray tube

c. In the television camera tube

In mammography, low kVp is selected to do which of the following? Select one: a. Improve spatial resolution b. Increase Compton absorption c. Increase photoelectric absorption d. Reduce patient dose e. Reduce skin reaction

c. Increase photoelectric absorption

A unique identifier for every computer connected to the Internet is called the ________ address. Select one: a. firewall b. DICOM header c. Internet protocol d. router

c. Internet protocol

An S number of 400 in a Fuji system _________ an S number of 200. Select one: a. Is double the exposure of b. Equals the exposure c. Is half the exposure of d. Does not relate to

c. Is half the exposure of

A Hounsfield unit: Select one: a. Has a value from -100 to +100. b. Has a value from -500 to +500. c. Is the numerical value of a pixel. d. Is the numerical value of anode heat generated. e. Is the volume of a voxel expressed in mm3.

c. Is the numerical value of a pixel.

Which of the following modes of a trifield image intensifier will result in the highest patient dose? Select one: a. Its 25 cm mode b. Its 17 cm mode c. Its 12 cm mode d. Diameter does not affect patient dose

c. Its 12 cm mode

Conventional tomography has been called which of the following? Select one: a. Cisternography b. Heel effect c. Laminography d. Myelography e. The line-focus principle

c. Laminography

Detectors must be __________ . Select one: a. Smaller than the area to be imaged b. As large as possible c. Large enough to cover the area to be imaged d. The same size for every part to be imaged

c. Large enough to cover the area to be imaged

The use of a longer SID will result in: Select one: a. An increase in patient dose b. The need for reduced kilovolts (peak) c. Less geometric blur d. Greater magnification

c. Less geometric blur

In cesium iodide detectors, _________ . Select one: a. There is a great deal of light spread b. Crystalline needles block light from the detector c. Light hitting the photodiode reduces the charge d. Light spread cause resolution to decrease

c. Light hitting the photodiode reduces the charge

The function of a plumbicon and vidicon is to convert: Select one: a. X-ray photon energy to visible light energy b. Light energy to x-ray photon energy c. Light to an electrical signal that is sent to the TV monitor d. An electrical signal to a light signal that is sent to the TV monitor

c. Light to an electrical signal that is sent to the TV monitor

Noise on a CT image increases with an increase in: Select one: a. kVp b. mA c. Matrix size d. Pixel size e. Slice thickness

c. Matrix size

In an image intensifier, the squared ratio of the area of the input screen to the output screen is defined as: Select one: a. Brightness gain b. Intensification factor c. Minification gain d. Automatic brightness control

c. Minification gain

What term is used to describe a database that is running tow identical databases simultaneously? Select one: a. Image manager b. Server c. Mirrored d. Striped

c. Mirrored

Conventional tomography uses which of the following principles? Select one: a. Tridimensional image b. Optical illusion c. Motion blur d. Random movement e. Stereoscopy

c. Motion blur

During conventional tomography, the image receptor: Select one: a. Is focused by the angle of movement. b. Is focused to the automatic plane of interest. c. Moves with the x-ray tube similarly to the x-ray tube tower assembly in fluoroscopy. d. Remains fixed.

c. Moves with the x-ray tube similarly to the x-ray tube tower assembly in fluoroscopy.

Which of the following is an archive storage configuration that has RAID arrays directly attached to the network? Select one: a. SAN b. DAS c. NAS d. All of the above

c. NAS

The main factor that limits image quality in cassetteless image acquisition is _______ . Select one: a. Time b. Heat c. Noise d. DQE

c. Noise

Milliamperage-seconds (mA-s) is selected for the _______ . Select one: a. Shortest time possible b. Longest time possible c. Number of electrons needed d. Amount of penetration needed

c. Number of electrons needed

A viewing system that allows for only one person viewing at a time and is composed of a series of reflective mirrors is called a (an): Select one: a. Video relay mirror system b. Direct exposure system c. Optical mirror system d. There is no such viewing system

c. Optical mirror system

Detective quantum efficiency is a measurement of the ______ . Select one: a. Total number of x-rays that is absorbed b. Percentage of light that is absorbed c. Percentage of x-rays absorbed d. Total amount of light that is absorbed

c. Percentage of x-rays absorbed

The x-ray absorber typically used in direct capture DR is a ________ Select one: a. Photodiode b. Phototransistor c. Photoconductor d. Photoelectron

c. Photoconductor

During the two-part conversion system, a(n) _____ converts light into an electronic digital signal. Select one: a. Input phosphor b. Scintillator c. Photodetector d. Output phosphor

c. Photodetector

Which of the following devices captures the luminescent light from the CR screen during photostimulation and converts it to an electrical signal? Select one: a. Analog-to-Digital converter b. Digital-to-Analog converter c. Photomultiplier tube d. Laser focuser

c. Photomultiplier tube

A CT image matrix contains which of the following? Select one: a. Algorithms b. Equations of information c. Picture elements d. Silver halide information units e. Slice sensitivity 1.00

c. Picture elements

Digital radiographic images are formed as an electronic image that is displayed from a matrix called an image matrix. What is each cell in the image matrix called? Select one: a. Voxel b. Image Cell c. Pixel d. Window

c. Pixel

The basic picture element is known as a _________ . Select one: a. Matrix b. Dot c. Pixel d. Bit

c. Pixel

Spatial resolution in CT imaging depends principally on: Select one: a. Focal spot size. b. kVp. c. Pixel size. d. Postpatient collimation. e. Slice thickness.

c. Pixel size.

If the number of _______ increase on a monitor, resolution _______ . Select one: a. Pixels, decreases b. Matrices, decreases c. Pixels, improves d. Dot pitch, improves

c. Pixels, improves

The collection of connectors sticking out of the back of the PC is known as ________ . Select one: a. Terminals b. Piers c. Ports d. Docks

c. Ports

One of the early goals related to the development of PACS was to _______ . Select one: a. Reduce costs related to overstaffing b. Allow radiologists to read stat films from a hospital while at home c. Provide a means to move battlefield images to an established hospital d. Eliminate the need for chemical processing

c. Provide a means to move battlefield images to an established hospital

"Write once, read many" is represented by which of the following identifiers? Select one: a. ROM b. RO c. R d. RW

c. R

In which RAID level are all data striped across all connected disks and error correction (parity) is contained on one disk? Select one: a. RAID 0 b. RAID 1 c. RAID 3 d. RAID 5

c. RAID 3

The acronym RIS stands for _______ system. Select one: a. Radiology integrated b. Redundant information c. Radiology information d. Reading integrated

c. Radiology information

CT is preformed at high kVp principally to: Select one: a. Improve image contrast. b. Minimize beam hardening. c. Reduce patient dose. d. Reduce scatter radiation. e. Reduce x-ray tube loading

c. Reduce patient dose.

The imaging plate layer that absorbs stimulating light and reflects emitted light is the ______ . Select one: a. Active b. Color c. Reflective d. Backing

c. Reflective

The number of pixels contained on a display is known as ________ . Select one: a. Matrix b. Pixel c. Resolution d. Dot pitch

c. Resolution

Pixel pitch refers to the _______ . Select one: a. Angle of the pixel b. Size of the pixel c. Space between pixels d. Tone value of pixels

c. Space between pixels

The amount of detail present in any image is known as _______ resolution. Select one: a. Contrast b. Density c. Spatial d. Optical

c. Spatial

The term used to describe the speed of a digital imaging system is: Select one: a. Relative Speed b. Speed Point c. Speed Class d. Detective Quantum Efficiency

c. Speed Class

Which advanced function allows the user to put multiple images together into one single image, such as a scoliosis series? Select one: a. Image post-processing b. MPR c. Stitching d. VRT

c. Stitching

All of the following are components of the image intensifier, except the Select one: a. photocathode. b. focusing lenses. c. TV monitor. d. accelerating anode.

c. TV monitor.

Which workstation is used to review images after acquisition but before being sent off for reporting? Select one: a. Primary reading workstation b. Referring physician workstation c. Technologist QC workstation d. Image management workstation

c. Technologist QC workstation

Which of the following subsystems would normally be associated with the gantry assembly? Select one: a. Image postprocessing. b. The algorithms. c. The detector array. d. The physician's viewing console. e. The software.

c. The detector array.

When film is loaded for mammography: Select one: a. The base should be in contact with the screen. b. The emulsion should be in contact with the cover. c. The film should be on the x-ray tube side of the radiographic intensifying screen. d. The radiographic intensifying screen should be on the x-ray tube side of the film. e. The spatial resolution is the same as for routine radiography.

c. The film should be on the x-ray tube side of the radiographic intensifying screen.

During mammography: Select one: a. More filtration is required. b. Radiographic contrast is low. c. The half-value layer is relatively low. d. Radiation quality is relatively high. e. X-ray transmission predominates.

c. The half-value layer is relatively low.

A device that acts like a switch to send electrical charges to the image processor in a direct conversion flat-panel detector is known as a ________ transistor. Select one: a. Thin-field b. Field-effect c. Thin-film d. Field-energy

c. Thin-film

A device that includes a photosensitive array and small pixels that convert light into electrical charges is known as a _________ transistor. Select one: a. Thin-field b. Field-effect c. Thin-film d. Field-energy

c. Thin-film

During mammography, it is important: Select one: a. To use 2.5 mm of Al filtration. b. To select a kVp greater than 30. c. To use at least 0.5 mm Al equivalent filtration. d. To use grids. e. To keep the SID as short as practicable.

c. To use at least 0.5 mm Al equivalent filtration.

Coherent light is formed by the laser because the photons ________ . Select one: a. Are at right angles to each other b. Travel in all directions c. Travel in the same direction d. Are at varying frequencies

c. Travel in the same direction

Which two modalities could easily be converted to digital imaging properties? Select one: a. CT and ultrasonography b. CT and MRI c. Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine d. Nuclear medicine and CT

c. Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine

When using a CCD with fluoroscopy, the image from the output phosphor is recorded. One of the drawbacks of using a CCD and the production of digital fluoroscopy is: Select one: a. More patient exposure b. Less resolution than with film/screen combinations c. Unable to use other recording devices such as a Spot-film camera or Cine camera. d. Digital image can not be transferred onto a film

c. Unable to use other recording devices such as a Spot-film camera or Cine camera. Correct

Which advanced function uses a histogram-type graph to differentiate various structures using different colors that represent each of the intensities in the image? Select one: a. MPR b. MIP c. VRT d. SSD

c. VRT

The system clock uses a ________ . Select one: a. Lithium battery b. Quartz battery c. Vibrating quartz crystal d. Vibrating lithium crystal

c. Vibrating quartz crystal

In computed radiography, each pixel corresponds to a shade of gray representing an area in the patient known as a(n): Select one: a. Pathology b. Density c. Voxel d. Artifact

c. Voxel

In which system architecture do the images and application software reside on a central server? Select one: a. Client/server-based system b. Distributed system c. Web-based system d. Image manager system

c. Web-based system

An image receptor with a high detective quantum efficiency (DQE) compared to an image receptor with a low DQE would result in: Select one: a. a less optimal image b. an image with increased blur c. a lower patient dose d. a dimmer image

c. a lower patient dose

The AEC system on most mammography machines utilizes _______ radiation-sensitive detector(s) located _______ the cassette. Select one: a. a single, in front of b. three, in front of c. a single, behind d. three, behind

c. a single, behind

The biggest advantage of coupling the image intensifier to the TV camera or CCD via a lens coupling device is its Select one: a. compact size b. durability c. ability to accommodate cine and/or spot films d. east maneuverability

c. ability to accommodate cine and/or spot films

In fluoroscopy, an image distributor (beam splitter) is used to: Select one: a. split the fluoroscopic image between two recording devices b. decrease patient dose by allowing only recording or viewing to occur at one time c. allow both recording and viewing of the fluoroscopic image at one time d. split the fluoroscopic image between two viewing systems

c. allow both recording and viewing of the fluoroscopic image at one time

Increasing the object-to-image receptor distance (OID) causes: Select one: a. an increase in image blur and a decrease in magnification b. a decrease in image blur and a decrease in magnification c. an increase in image blur and a increase in magnification d. a decrease in image blur and a increase in magnification

c. an increase in image blur and a increase in magnification

To engage the small focal spot in a dedicated mammography tube, ________ focusing must be used. Select one: a. convex b. dual c. biased d. concave

c. biased

In a modern fluoroscope, the fluoroscopic x-ray tube: Select one: a. is always under the table. b. is always over the table. c. can be either under or over the table. d. is always the same as the radiographic tube

c. can be either under or over the table.

Detectors currently used in computed radiography include all of the following except: Select one: a. photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plates b. charged coupled devices c. capacitor plates d. silicon receptors

c. capacitor plates

The input phosphor of a modern image intensifier is made of: Select one: a. zinc cadmium sulfide b. lanthanum fluoride c. cesium iodide d. lithium fluoride

c. cesium iodide

The DAP meter generally is found in the: Select one: a. Bucky assembly b. AEC assembly c. collimator assembly d. x-ray tube housing

c. collimator assembly

The ____ is determined by how well the detector converts the absorbed photon information to a digital signal for the computer. Select one: a. capture efficiency b. absorption efficiency c. conversion efficiency d. response time

c. conversion efficiency

The time between a 90-degree pulse and the echo during a spin-echo pulse sequence is: Select one: a. spin density b. repetition time c. echo time d. inversion time

c. echo time

An imaging department may choose to switch from analog to digital image receptors because they accomplish all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. transmit images quickly b. improve image throughput c. eliminate the need for repeats d. provide a larger dynamic range

c. eliminate the need for repeats

A software program or piece of computer hardware that controls traffic between a trusted network and an unsecured network is called a: Select one: a. router b. network interface card c. firewall d. network bridge

c. firewall

Tomography causes the blurring of nearly all recorded detail of objects outside the: Select one: a. area above the fulcrum b. area below the fulcrum c. focal plane d. amplitude

c. focal plane

When referring to gradient coils, the x axis is referred to as the _______ gradient when performing Axial images. Select one: a. selection b. phase encoding c. frequency encoding d. none of the above

c. frequency encoding

When the backup time is reached during a breast exposure, the radiographer should select a __________ setting for the repeat radiograph. Select one: a. lower mAs b. higher mAs c. higher kVp d. lower kVp

c. higher kVp

CT is able to differentiate between tissues with similar densities compared with conventional radiography due to: Select one: a. digital magnification b. the use of a computer for data processing c. improved contrast resolution d. axial slices

c. improved contrast resolution

The exposure time, with tomography, must match the: Select one: a. fulcrum height b. section thickness c. length of time required for the x-ray tube to complete the tomographic amplitude d. none of the above

c. length of time required for the x-ray tube to complete the tomographic amplitude

Oral contrast for CT should be mixed so it is: Select one: a. the same as for general diagnostic examinations b. more concentrated than for general examinations c. less concentrated than for general examinations d. contrast media is not necessary

c. less concentrated than for general examinations

The digital signal created by a charge-coupled device (CCD) is created through: Select one: a. light photons from a TFT b. electrons from a TFT c. light photons from a scintillator d. electrons from a scintillator

c. light photons from a scintillator

Presently, the only radiography examination fully regulated by the federal government is: Select one: a. angiography b. fluoroscopy c. mammography d. none of the above

c. mammography

A series of numerical values combine to form a digital image in a grid of individual picture elements called a: Select one: a. scintillator b. voxel c. matrix d. pixel

c. matrix

An array of numbers arranged in a grid of rows and columns is called a: Select one: a. pixel b. voxel c. matrix d. scan profile

c. matrix

The anode material of choice for a mammography machine is: Select one: a. lead b. tungsten c. molybdenum d. none of the above

c. molybdenum

The gyromagnetic ratio is the ratio of the magnetic Select one: a. moment to the moment of magnetic force b. force to moment of inertia c. moment to the moment of inertia d. none of the above

c. moment to the moment of inertia

Conventional tomography employs the principle of: Select one: a. stereoscopy b. random movement c. motion blur d. a tridimensional image and an optical illusion

c. motion blur

A cause of image blur common to both analog and digital imaging is: Select one: a. reflective layer b. DEL size c. patient motion d. phosphor layer dye

c. patient motion

A PACS can anticipate the need to compare previous images to others that a patient acquires later in the day. Images automatically are sent to a designated workstation based on predefined rules. This is called: Select one: a. image pulling b. image pushing c. pre-fetching d. data switching

c. pre-fetching

The advantage of using molybdenum for the anode material in mammography tubes is: Select one: a. a decreased number of low-energy photons b. low radiographic contrast c. production of specific x-ray energies d. none of the above

c. production of specific x-ray energies

The process that assigns discrete values to signal samples from the image receptor is called? Select one: a. bit depth b. amplification c. quantization d. rescaling

c. quantization

The optimal value ranges for exposure indicators are best determined by evaluating the noise level. This evaluation is best determined by a: Select one: a. radiography manager b. neural analysis c. radiologist d. DAP meter

c. radiologist

To achieve coronal or sagittal sections with computed tomography: Select one: a. the gantry is repositioned b. the patient is repositioned c. reconfiguration software is implemented d. none of the above

c. reconfiguration software is implemented

The actual response of proton spin to an RF pulse is to: Select one: a. change the magnetic moment in a recovery circular motion b. change the magnetic moment in a precessing corkscrew motion c. remain stationary d. change the magnetic moment in a precessing circular motion

c. remain stationary

The locilization image produced by the CT scanner is called: Select one: a. fluoroscopy b. scout film c. scanogram d. all of the above

c. scanogram

With tomography, the distance between fulcrum levels is the Select one: a. tomographic angle b. exposure amplitude c. section interval d. none of the above

c. section interval

With MRI, the size of the tissue voxel determines: Select one: a. brightness b. field strength c. section thickness d. spatial resolution

c. section thickness

The primary variable in the data collection procedure during MRI is the: Select one: a. repeats b. stationary magnet c. sequence of RF pulses d. all of the above

c. sequence of RF pulses

In a CRT monitor, phosphor granularity contributes to the image: Select one: a. contrast b. persistence c. spatial noise d. brightness

c. spatial noise

A _____ artifact is caused by the presence of metal in the patient when performing CT. Select one: a. beam-hardening b. ring c. star d. streak

c. star

The personnel who have deep level software privileges particularly associated with screen configurations and data displays are: Select one: a. all users b. technologist users c. super users d. physician users

c. super users

Which can serve as both the transmitter and receiver of the MRI signal? Select one: a. the stationary magnet b. the gradient coils c. the RF coils d. the cryogen coils

c. the RF coils

The brightness gain in an image intensifier may be determined by: Select one: a. the intensification factor b. the penumbra formula c. the product of minification gain and flux gain d. (Input phosphor size/output phosphor size)2

c. the product of minification gain and flux gain

Choose the answer below that will make this statement correct: In tomography, the larger the tomographic angle---- Select one: a. the larger the area that will be presented in focus b. the farther away structures outside the object plane will appear. c. the thinner the section of tissue that is clearly shown. d. the smaller the patient dose will be.

c. the thinner the section of tissue that is clearly shown.

To produce magnetic field gradients in MRI, electromagnetic coils are oriented in: Select one: a. one dimension b. two dimensions c. three dimensions d. four dimensions

c. three dimensions

Digital radiography replaces: Select one: a. The reusable detector b. grids c. traditional film d. all of the above

c. traditional film

The production of phantoms would be least likely with which tomographic motion? Select one: a. linear b. circular c. trispiral d. elliptical

c. trispiral

In digital radiography, the radiographic contrast on a CRT can be adjusted by changing the: Select one: a. matrix size b. window level c. window width d. mAs

c. window width

When performing magnification radiography, if the SID is 40 in. (100 cm) and the object-image receptor-distance (OID) is 6 in. (15 cm), how much would the object be magnified? Select one: a. x 1.35 b. x 1.50 c. x 1.18 d. x 0.85

c. x 1.18

The gantry of the CT unit contains the: Select one: a. film b. menu c. x-ray tube d. all of the above

c. x-ray tube

The crystal utilized in fluoroscopic screens is: Select one: a. calcium tungstate b. cesium iodide c. zinc cadmium sulfite d. silver bromide

c. zinc cadmium sulfide

What range of beam pitch is recommended for multislice spiral CT? Select one: a. 0.5 to 1 b. 0.5 to 2.0 c. 0.5 to 4 d. 1 e. 1 to 2

d. 1

Analog image receptor spatial resolution can be measured in: 1. Line pairs/mm 2. Cycles/mm 3. Pixels/mm

d. 1 and 2

The modality work list is compiled from information sent to the acquisition workstation from the: 1. HIS 2. PACS 3. RIS

d. 1 and 3

Spatial resolution for CT imaging systems is approximately: Select one: a. 1 cm b. 10 cm c. 100 cm d. 1 mm e. 10 mm

d. 1 mm

Moving the image intensifier closer to the patient during fluoroscopy 1. decreases the source-image distance (SID). 2. decreases patient dose. 3. improves image quality.

d. 1, 2, and 3

Patient dose during fluoroscopy is affected by the 1. distance between the patient and the input phosphor. 2. amount of magnification. 3. tissue density

d. 1, 2, and 3

The advantages of 100-mm spot filming over cassette spot filming include: 1. less patient exposure 2. lower film cost 3. practical storage

d. 1, 2, and 3

The brightness level of the fluoroscopic image can vary with 1. milliamperage. 2. kilovoltage. 3. patient thickness.

d. 1, 2, and 3

The brightness level of the fluoroscopic image is dependent on 1. milliamperage. 2. kilovoltage. 3. patient thickness.

d. 1, 2, and 3

What factors might be used when determining the best type of monitor for each workstation? 1. Resolution 2. Size 3. Monitor orientation

d. 1, 2, and 3

When using the smaller field in a dual-field image intensifier, 1. a smaller patient area is viewed 2. the image is magnified 3. the image is less bright

d. 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following would be considered categories of workstation functions? 1. Navigation functions 2. Image manipulation and enhancement functions 3. Image management functions

d. 1, 2, and 3

Common mA stations found on dedicated tomographic machines may include each of the following except: Select one: a. 10 b. 30 c. 40 d. 100

d. 100

A 120 x 120 matrix will consist of how many pixels? Select one: a. 120 b. 240 c. 625 d. 14,400 e. 65,536

d. 14,400

The current ACR standards for a gray-scale video display's minimum luminance is: Select one: a. 800 condelas/meter squared b. 1,500 candelas/meter squared c. 3,000 candelas/meter squared d. 160 candelas/meter squared

d. 160 candelas/meter squared

The total brightness gain of an image intensifier is a result of 1. focusing gain 2. minification gain. 3. flux gain.

d. 2 and 3 only

hich of the following Hounsfield unit (HU) values most closely represents the value for blood? Select one: a. -80 HU b. -40 HU c. -2 HU d. 20 HU e. 100 HU

d. 20 HU

An object to be radiographed measures 18 in diameter and lies 8 above the film. The SID is 40. What is the magnification of the radiographic image? Select one: a. 100% b. 50% c. 75% d. 25%

d. 25%

What is the ideal technique for 4.5 cm compressed breast, 50-50 glandular/fat tissue? Select one: a. 22 kVp/60 mAs b. 22 kVp/150 mAs c. 26 kVp/60 mAs d. 26 kVp/150 mAs e. 28 kVp/150 mAs

d. 26 kVp/150 mAs

Which of the following tomographic exposures would result in the thinnest tomographic cut? Select one: a. 20 degree tomographic angle, linear, 50 mA, 3 sec., 76 kVp b. 30 degree tomographic angle, linear, 100 mA, 2 sec., 80 kVp c. 30 degree tomographic angle, circular, 100 mA, 3 sec., 76 kVp d. 30 degree tomographic angle, elliptical, 100 mA, 2.5 sec., 80 kVp

d. 30 degree tomographic angle, elliptical, 100 mA, 2.5 sec., 80 kVp

To avoid excessive shape distortion, pluri directional tube motions do not exceed ____ degrees when doing tomography. Select one: a. 20 b. 25 c. 30 d. 48

d. 48

Typical cassette throughput is _______ . Select one: a. 5 cassettes/min b. 25 cassettes/min c. 25 cassettes/hour d. 50 cassettes/hour

d. 50 cassettes/hour

To obtain a tomographic layer of approximately 1 mm, the tomographic angle should be approximately: Select one: a. 10 degrees b. 20 degrees c. 40 degrees d. 50 degrees e. 60 degrees

d. 50 degrees

What is the wavelength in nm of the laser used to release stored energy from the CR screen s phosphors? Select one: a. 300 b. 400 c. 500 d. 633

d. 633

The information storage capacity of a DVD is _______ times more than that of a CD. Select one: a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

d. 7

A photostimulable imaging plate includes a ______ layer. Select one: a. Phosphor b. Conductor c. Protective d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Postprocessing image manipulation in digital fluoroscopy allows for which of the following? Select one: a. Black/white reversal b. Contrast and edge enhancement c. Subtraction d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The major quality problem of linear tomography is changing Select one: a. SID b. OID c. SOD d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The DICOM version 3.0 was published as a joint venture between the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and the: Select one: a. American Medical Association b. American Society of Radiologic Technologists c. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists d. American College of Radiology

d. American College of Radiology

The type of flat-panel detector that uses thin films of silicon integrated with arrays of photodiodes is known as a _________ . Select one: a. CsI detector b. Charge-coupled device c. CMOS d. Amorphous silicon detector

d. Amorphous silicon detector

A conventional radiograph is which of the following? Select one: a. A digital image b. A geometric image c. A linear image d. An analog image e. An exponential image

d. An analog image

In which part of the image intensifier is the electronic image created? Select one: a. At the input phosphor b. At the electrostatic lenses c. At the output phosphor d. At the photocathode

d. At the photocathode

Which component varies the actual technique used by the image intensification tube to compensate for varying densities? Select one: a. Anode b. Automatic exposure control (AEC) c. Total brightness gain d. Automatic brightness control (ABC)

d. Automatic brightness control (ABC)

Which device may be used to maintain the x-ray intensity incident on the input phosphor of an image intensifier? Select one: a. Photocathode b. Plumbicon c. Electrostatic lenses d. Automatic brightness control (ABC)

d. Automatic brightness control (ABC)

The first full-scale PACS was first used in 1993 in ________ . Select one: a. Boston b. Philadelphia c. New York d. Baltimore

d. Baltimore

The active element in a storage phosphor is ______ . Select one: a. Lithium b. Glutaraldehyde c. Europium d. Barium fluorhalide

d. Barium fluorhalide

The imaging plate reader uses a laser to scan the imaging plate, releasing the energy stored in the conductive layer as ______ light. Select one: a. Infrared b. Ultraviolet c. White d. Blue

d. Blue

Which component of the archive consists of the physical storage devices? Select one: a. Image storage b. Archive server c. Image manager d. Both A and B

d. Both A and B

The acronym for RAID is redundant ________ . Select one: a. Array of inexpensive disks b. Archive of independent databases c. Array of independent disks d. Both A and C

d. Both A and C

What moves during a conventional tomography exposure? Select one: a. The patient b. The tube only c. The image receptor only d. Both the tube and the image receptor.

d. Both the tube and the image receptor.

Spatial resolution in a flat-panel receptor primarily is controlled by the size of the: Select one: a. TFT b. FPD c. PSP d. DEL

d. DEL

Information critical to printing a digital image on a laser printer is contained in the: Select one: a. PACS router b. RIS work list c. HIS work list d. DICOM header

d. DICOM header

Fine white lines appearing on a hard copy of the image may be caused by _______ . Select one: a. Dirt on the light guide in the plate reader b. Double exposure c. Cracks in the imaging plate d. Debris on the mirror in the laser printer

d. Debris on the mirror in the laser printer

Using an imaging plate that is much larger than the part being examined will _______ . Select one: a. Increase resolution b. Decrease the size of the matrix c. Decrease the sampling rate d. Decrease resolution

d. Decrease resolution

Collimation to a smaller area _______ . Select one: a. Increases scatter b. Increases amount of tissue irradiated c. Decreases resolution d. Decreases Compton interactions

d. Decreases Compton interactions

In a CT imaging system, prepatient collimation: Select one: a. Controls pixel size b. Controls scatter radiation that reaches the detector c. Determines image noise d. Determines patient dose e. Determines slice thickness

d. Determines patient dose

Any computer that a health care worker uses to view a digital image is a(n) _______ . Select one: a. Archive b. Web server c. Image manager d. Display workstation

d. Display workstation

Which is the most interactive part of a PACS? Select one: a. Archive b. Image manager c. Web-server d. Display workstation

d. Display workstation

____________ represents how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel. Select one: a. Dot matrix b. Aspect ratio c. Viewable area d. Dot pitch

d. Dot pitch

Another name for exposure latitude is ________ . Select one: a. Characteristic response b. Linear manner c. Subject contrast d. Dynamic range

d. Dynamic range

An imaging tool the radiographer should use to monitor plate exposure so that the patient is not overexposed during CR imaging is the ___?___. Select one: a. Relative exposure b. Variable mAs Chart c. Variable kVp chart d. Exposure index

d. Exposure index

Which function can be used to orient the image in the anatomic hanging position? Select one: a. Pan/zoom b. ROI c. Annotations d. Flip/rotate

d. Flip/rotate

The primary mathematical method used in the creation of computerize medical images is the ______ transformation. Select one: a. Pythagorean b. Bohr c. Einstein d. Fourier

d. Fourier

Which of the following will result if a 6-inch image intensification field is used instead of a 9-inch field during fluoroscopy? Select one: a. Less dose to the patient b. Less quantum mottle c. Lower resolution d. Greater magnification

d. Greater magnification

The exported data and images must be stripped of all identifying information when image data are used as part of medical research or education. This procedure is in keeping with the guidelines of? Select one: a. PACS b. ALARA c. DICOM d. HIPAA

d. HIPAA

A CCD: Select one: a. Has a lifespan of approximately 100,000 exposures. b. Requires regular maintenance. c. Results in higher patient dose but better contrast resolution than a television camera. d. Has a sensitive element composed of a layer of amorphous silicon.

d. Has a sensitive element composed of a layer of amorphous silicon.

The mask image is usually the: Select one: a. First image b. Image at the peak of contrast c. Last image d. Image just preceding contrast

d. Image just preceding contrast

Which workstation might be used to print copies of images or burn images to a CD for outside use? Select one: a. Primary reading workstation b. Referring physician workstation c. Technologist QC workstation d. Image management workstation

d. Image management workstation

Database that keeps track of how the images are related and provides search capability is a/an __________ . Select one: a. Workflow manager b. Security manager c. Image storage d. Image manager

d. Image manager

Which PACS component interfaces with the radiology information system and hospital information system? Select one: a. Image storage b. Archive server c. ASP d. Image manager

d. Image manager

During spiral CT examination of a supine patient, the z-axis: Select one: a. Is the anterior-posterior axis. b. Is the lateral axis, left to right. c. Is the lateral axis, right to left. d. Is the long axis of the body. e. Varies with the examination.

d. Is the long axis of the body.

Which of the following manufacturers uses exposure indicator numbers in the thousands? Select one: a. Konica b. Phillips c. Fuji d. Kodak

d. Kodak

A computer network that is limited to a relatively small geographic area and uses privately owned transmission lines is called a: Select one: a. MAC b. WAN c. RAID d. LAN

d. LAN

Which of the following is one advantage of spiral CT over conventional CT? Select one: a. Better patient dose utilization b. Improved contrast resolution c. Improved spatial resolution d. Lack of motion artifact e. Large matrix reconstruction

d. Lack of motion artifact

Which of the following will increase resolution? Select one: a. Small matrix, large pixels b. Small matrix, small pixels c. Large matrix, large pixels d. Large matrix, small pixels

d. Large matrix, small pixels

Which of the following does not determine CR resolution? Select one: a. Phosphor layer thickness b. Pixel size c. The number of pixels d. Laser scan speed

d. Laser scan speed

The response of the imaging plate to ionizing radiation is: Select one: a. the characteristic curve similar to the one for film. b. The D log E curve c. The H and D curve d. Linear

d. Linear

With conventional radiography, optical density is primarily controlled by ________ . Select one: a. Kilovoltage b. Milliamperage c. Line voltage d. Milliampere-seconds

d. Milliampere-seconds

During conventional tomography, structures that lie outside the object plane are blurred because of which of the following? Select one: a. Absorption blur b. Geometric blur c. Image receptor blur d. Motion blur e. Subject blur

d. Motion blur

The EI number is used by _______ with their CR imaging. Select one: a. Fuji b. Phillips c. Konica d. None of the above

d. None of the above

The fulcrum setting during tomography determines the: Select one: a. Exposure factors b. Thickness of the tomographic section c. Amplitude d. Objective plane

d. Objective plane

A dot triad is a grouping of _______ . Select one: a. One red dot, one green dot, one yellow dot. b. One green dot, one blue dot, one yellow dot. c. One red dot, one blue dot, one yellow dot. d. One green dot, one blue dot, one red dot

d. One green dot, one blue dot, one red dot

The moiré artifact results when grid lines and scanning laser are ________ . Select one: a. Not perpendicular b. Not parallel c. Oscillating d. Parallel

d. Parallel

An artifact that occurs during the image acquisition phase due to incomplete image plate erasure is called: Select one: a. Fogging b. Dropout c. Quantum mottle d. Phantom images

d. Phantom images

What is the principal disadvantage of using a CCD? Select one: a. Cassette-loaded spot film cannot be used. b. Image noise is increased. c. Spatial resolution is reduced. d. Photospot camera cannot be used.

d. Photospot camera cannot be used.

The thickness of section in CT depends primarily on: Select one: a. kVp b. mAs c. Matrix size d. Predetector collimation e. Prepatient collimation

d. Predetector collimation

A category of disk drives that use two or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and performance is ___________ . Select one: a. Hard drive b. UDO c. DLT d. RAID

d. RAID

In which RAID level are all data and error correction (parity) striped across all connected disks? Select one: a. RAID 0 b. RAID 1 c. RAID 3 d. RAID 5

d. RAID 5

Which RAID level is most often used in PACS archives? Select one: a. RAID 0 b. RAID 1 c. RAID 3 d. RAID 5

d. RAID 5

Compression during mammography is necessary to do which of the following? Select one: a. Comfort the patient. b. Increase OID. c. Increase SID. d. Reduce geometric blur. e. Use the smaller focal spot.

d. Reduce geometric blur.

The fastest and most versatile port is the _________ . Select one: a. Parallel port b. Serial port c. USB d. SCSI

d. SCSI

Which advanced function allows the user to remove all tissue above and below a certain threshold and to show the object in three-dimensions for better visualization? Select one: a. MPR b. MIP c. MinIP d. SSD

d. SSD

Which of the following is another term for slice thickness? Select one: a. Dose profile b. Interpolation profile c. Reconstruction index d. Section sensitivity profile e. Z-axis profile

d. Section sensitivity profile

The reflective layer ________ . Select one: a. Absorbs and reduces static b. Gives the imaging sheet strength c. Protects the back of the cassette d. Sends light in a forward direction

d. Sends light in a forward direction

Slice thickness can also be expressed as which of the following? Select one: a. Dose profile b. Low-contrast resolution c. Resolution profile d. Sensitivity profile e. Spatial profile

d. Sensitivity profile

Which of the following technique developments made spiral CT possible? Select one: a. Dose-efficiency detectors b. High-frequency generators c. Interpolation algorithms d. Slip rings e. Volume imaging

d. Slip rings

When a shaded surface display reformation is implemented, the image will appear: Select one: a. As CT angiography b. As z-axis reformation c. Isometric d. Surface-rendered e. Volume-rendered

d. Surface-rendered

Teleradiography incorporated _______ to produce radiographic images. Select one: a. Satellite feeds b. Cable lines c. T1 cables d. Telephone lines

d. Telephone lines

The principal reason why mammography is widely used is that: Select one: a. It is easy. b. It is inexpensive. c. It is reimbursable. d. The incidence of breast cancer is high. e. The radiation dose is low.

d. The incidence of breast cancer is high.

With linear tomography, which of the following is true? Select one: a. The source and the image receptor are the same distance from the focal plane. b. The source and the image receptor cover different tomographic angles. c. The source and the image receptor move at the same speed. d. The source and the image receptor move in opposite directions. e. The source and the image receptor move the same distance

d. The source and the image receptor move in opposite directions.

Which of the following is true about the mammographic screen-film image receptors? Select one: a. A single screen is between the source and the film. b. Fixed grids are used. c. The receptor is non-screen. d. The speed is approximately 200. e. Two screens with double-emulsion film are used.

d. The speed is approximately 200.

An advantage to the use of a molybdenum-targeted x-ray tube for mammography is that: Select one: a. Bremsstrahlung radiation predominates over characteristic radiation. b. The tube can handle more heat. c. The tube is recommended for all types of image receptors. d. The tube's emission spectrum is better for differential absorption in breast tissue. e. The radiation dose is less than one-half that of a tungsten-targeted tube.

d. The tube's emission spectrum is better for differential absorption in breast tissue.

Computed radiography acquires an image through _______ . Select one: a. Conventional film/screen processing using a digital scanner. b. The heating of a themoluminescent device. c. An electrically charged cassette. d. The use of a storage phosphor plate.

d. The use of a storage phosphor plate.

The precise pixel value in HU depends on which of the following? Select one: a. 32 shades of gray. b. Light field, x-ray beam coincidnce. c. Pixel size. d. The x-ray attenuation coefficient. e. X-ray beam size.

d. The x-ray attenuation coefficient.

During digital fluoroscopy: Select one: a. Both cine and spot films modes can be used. b. The x-ray beam is continuous and at high mA c. The x-ray beam is continuous and at low mA d. The x-ray beam is pulsed

d. The x-ray beam is pulsed

Mammography is used a great deal now in the United States. Which of these reasons helps explain this? Select one: a. It is inexpensive. b. It is easy to use. c. The radiation dose is low. d. There is a high incidence of breast cancer now in this country, and when properly done, mammography can detect tumors easily.

d. There is a high incidence of breast cancer now in this country, and when properly done, mammography can detect tumors easily.

Partial volume artifacts are more likely with: Select one: a. Higher kVp b. Higher mA c. Larger pixel size d. Thicker slices e. Thinner slices

d. Thicker slices

The process of scanning the moving imaging plate is known as ________ . Select one: a. Transition b. Raster scanning c. Digitization d. Translation

d. Translation

By what method is the CR cassette erased following extraction of the latent image by the reader? Select one: a. Black light exposure b. Red light exposure c. Green light exposure d. White light exposure

d. White light exposure

Flat-panel detectors that use indirect conversion technology convert ______ . Select one: a. Electrical signals to light b. Light to x-rays c. X-rays to electrical signals d. X-rays to visible light

d. X-rays to visible light

A unique identifier associated with each imaging examination performed in a radiology department is the: Select one: a. image routing number b. medical record number c. universal identification number d. accession number

d. accession number

A disadvantage of using molybdenum for the anode material in mammography tubes is: Select one: a. less x-ray photon output b. increased mAs required to maintain film density c. increased patient dose d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Breast compression Select one: a. provides a more uniform film density b. improves visualization c. reduces magnification d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Breast tissue is made up of: Select one: a. fat b. glands c. fiber d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Computed tomography sections are available as: Select one: a. coronal b. transverse c. sagittal d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Digitization of the fluoroscopic image permits Select one: a. storage on a computer disc. b. transfer via Internet. c. hard copy printing via laser disc. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

MRI has been achieved with _____ magnets. Select one: a. resistive b. permanent c. superconductive d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Magnification projections of the breast provide Select one: a. increased resolution b. a reduction in scatter radiation c. reduces scatter reaching the film d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Mammography grids are Select one: a. linear b. moving c. very low ratio d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Modern pulsed CT scanners operate at: Select one: a. 120 kVp b. 1 to 5 msec pulses c. up to 1,000 mA d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Terms used to refer to the tomographic image include: Select one: a. cut b. section c. slice d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The CT console provides the radiographer access to: Select one: a. the software program b. data acquisition c. data display d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The CT radiation beam is collimated: Select one: a. at the tube exit b. at the detector entrance c. twice d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The advantage to using low kVp in mammography is its ability to produce: Select one: a. a very low-energy x-ray beam b. high radiographic contrast c. a soft x-ray beam d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The fulcrum, in tomography, Select one: a. is the pivot point b. determines the focal plane c. controls the section level d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The gradient coils determine the: Select one: a. section thickness b. resolution c. plane of the image d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The most common variable in operating an MRI unit is the _____ used to enhance image quality. Select one: a. TI b. TE c. TR d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The smaller the scan field size in CT, the: Select one: a. better the resolution b. faster the scan time c. less risk of motion d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The type of generator used in dedicated mammography machines allow very precise control of: Select one: a. kVp b. mA c. time d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The use of a grid in mammography Select one: a. improves radiographic quality b. increases patient exposure c. reduces scatter reaching the film d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Total brightness gain is Select one: a. a measure of the increase in image intensity. b. determined by minification gain. c. determined by flux gain. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Window width changes are sometimes called Select one: a. gray scale expansion. b. enhancing visibility of detail. c. gray scale compression. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is(are) a television camera tube(s)? Select one: a. vidicon b. image orthicon c. plumbicon d. all of these

d. all of these

The degree of shift in stereoradiography depends on: Select one: a. SID b. interpupillary distance c. viewing distance d. all of these.

d. all of these.

The disadvantage to using low kVp in mammography is its ability to produce: Select one: a. a very low-energy x-ray beam b. high radiographic contrast c. a soft x-ray beam d. an increased patient dose

d. an increased patient dose

The ratio of the video display screen's width to its height defines the: Select one: a. display ratio b. vertical ratio c. contrast ratio d. aspect ratio

d. aspect ratio

The port of the x-ray tube in mammography is composed of: Select one: a. barium b. rhodium c. molybdenum d. beryllium

d. beryllium

In MRI, the primary visual factor is often called: Select one: a. linearity b. geometric shape c. resolution d. brightness

d. brightness

The thin film transitor (TFT) assembly in a flat-panel detector is made up of rows and columns of: Select one: a. picture elements (pixels) b. columnar scintillators c. turbid scintillators d. detector elements (DELs)

d. detector elements (DELs)

A latent image is "captured" by photostimulable phosphors during a radiographic exam. What does the PSP plate actually capture/alter? Select one: a. light photons b. x-ray photons c. heat d. electrons

d. electrons

"Metal mottle" is associated with: Select one: a. smoothing b. shuttering c. edge enhancement d. equalization

d. equalization

Digital radiography cassettes are also known as: Select one: a. grid cassettes b. image diskettes c. image intensifying cassettes d. filmless cassettes

d. filmless cassettes

To produce an image with the highest recorded detail, the information on a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) should be extracted using a: Select one: a. thin film transitor b. low sampling frequency c. scintillator d. high sampling frquency

d. high sampling frquency

The latent image is processed by a(n): Select one: a. hand processor b. automatic processor c. daylight processor d. image reader device

d. image reader device

The time between a 180-degree pulse and a 90-degree inversion pulse in an inversion recovery pulse system is: Select one: a. spin density b. repetition time c. echo time d. inversion time

d. inversion time

Compared with radiography, the x-ray technique required for fluoroscopy calls for: Select one: a. higher kVp b. higher mA c. lower kVp d. lower mA

d. lower mA

Which is incorrect? Grids used in tomography: Select one: a. must be linear. b. must have their grid lines oriented in the same direction as the tube movement. c. must change with the movement of the tube head in multidirectional tomography. d. must remain fixed, eliminating all rotation during multidirectional tomography.

d. must remain fixed, eliminating all rotation during multidirectional tomography.

Fourth-generation CT scanners use the following configuration: Select one: a. translate tube and rotating detectors b. rotating tube and detectors c. only rotating detectors d. only rotating tube

d. only rotating tube

The latent image is created by energy transfer during: Select one: a. pair production b. coherent scattering c. photodisintegration d. photoelectric interactions

d. photoelectric interactions

The measurement from the center of one pixel to the center of an adjoining one is defined as the: Select one: a. contrast resolution b. luminance c. aspect ratio d. pixel pitch

d. pixel pitch

Which of the following is incorrect? The tomographic angle: Select one: a. refers to the angle of movement of the x-ray tube and image receptor. b. determines section thickness during tomography. c. determines what tissue will not be blurred during tomography. d. refers to the fulcrum or pivot point in the object plane

d. refers to the fulcrum or pivot point in the object plane

The object tomographed at the area located at the fulcrum is: Select one: a. minified b. blurred c. streaked d. sharp

d. sharp

Increasing the sampling frequency increases: Select one: a. image noise b. contrast resolution c. patient dose d. spatial resolution

d. spatial resolution

The ability to identify small objects as separate and distinct on a digital image is referred to as: Select one: a. pitch resolution b. pixel resolution c. contrast resolution d. spatial resolution

d. spatial resolution

The time required after precessing spins to align at an angle to the external field due to an RF pulse losing 63% of their coherence is: Select one: a. spin density b. repetition time c. echo time d. spin-lattice relaxation time

d. spin-lattice relaxation time

The time required for precessing spins to align with the constant external field to 63% of the maximum possible strength is: Select one: a. spin density b. repetition time c. echo time d. spin-lattice relaxation time

d. spin-lattice relaxation time

A _____ artifact is caused by motion when performing CT examinations. Select one: a. beam-hardening b. ring c. star d. streak

d. streak

Extending a PACS directly to a radiologist's home so that images can be read at night or on weekends is called: Select one: a. HIS b. tele-PACS c. RIS d. teleradiology

d. teleradiology

The terms vidicon and plumbicon refer to: Select one: a. specialized equipment used for dental radiography b. rapid cassette changers used in cerebral angiography c. the tube-film trajectories used in tomography d. the type of television cameras used for fluoroscopy

d. the type of television cameras used for fluoroscopy

Approximately what is the minimum power requirement for the high-voltage generator and x-ray tube for spiral CT? Select one: a. 10 kW b. 20 kW c. 30 kW d. 40 kW e. 50 kW

e. 50 kW

The image intensifier's output phosphor differs from the input phosphor in that the output phosphor: Select one: a. Is much larger than the input phosphor b. Emits electrons, and the input phosphor emits light photons c. Absorbs electrons, and the input phosphor absorbs x-ray photons d. Is a fixed size, and the input phosphor size can vary e. Both C and D are correct

e. Both C and D are correct

Streak artifacts on a CT image are usually due to: Select one: a. Beam Hardening b. Bone/soft tissue interface c. Bowel gas d. Detector imbalance e. Metal clips

e. Metal clips

The major disadvantage of magnification radiography is increased: Select one: a. Artifacts b. Blur c. Cost d. Noise e. Patient dose

e. Patient dose

Which of the following is the major disadvantage of conventional tomography? Select one: a. Cost b. Enhanced contrast c. Image blur d. Lost spatial resolution e. Patient dose

e. Patient dose

Why is it recommended that beam pitch should not exceed 2.0? Select one: a. Increased noise b. Poor contrast resolution c. Poor patient dose utilization d. Poor spatial resolution e. Poor z-axis resolution

e. Poor z-axis resolution

Aggressive breast compression in mammography improves all except: Select one: a. Examination speed b. Exposure time c. Image contrast d. Patient dose e. Quantum mottle

e. Quantum mottle

If an x-ray tube is positioned so that the anode is toward the chest wall during the cranial-caudad view for mammography: Select one: a. Image-forming x-rays will have more uniform intensity at the image receptor. b. Patient dose will be lower. c. Spatial resolution will be higher toward the nipple. d. Exposure time will be about one half. e. Radiation exposure will be greater at the nipple than at the chest wall.

e. Radiation exposure will be greater at the nipple than at the chest wall.

Which of the following is an advantage of spiral CT over conventional CT? Select one: a. Better patient dose utilization. b. Improved contrast resolution. c. Improved spatial resolution. d. Large matrix reconstruction. e. Reduced scanning time.

e. Reduced scanning time.

A principal advantage of reconstruction in any z-axis position is: Select one: a. Image acquisition during a single breath-hold. b. Improved contrast resolution. c. Improved spatial resolution. d. Larger volume of tissue imaged. e. Reduction of partial volume.

e. Reduction of partial volume.

CT imaging systems incorporate: Select one: a. Charged electrostatic plates b. High-frequency radiographic grids c. Light-localizing, variable-aperture collimators d. Multiple reconstruction algorithms e. Single-focus x-ray tubes

e. Single-focus x-ray tubes

Magnification radiography is normally used to image what type of structure? Select one: a. High-contrast b. Large c. Low-contrast d. Moving e. Small

e. Small

Poor mammographic screen-film contact results in which of the following? Select one: a. Higher patient dose b. Large region blurring c. Lower patient dose d. Patient discomfort e. Small region blurring

e. Small region blurring

The tomographic angle is: Select one: a. Determined by the tabletop angle b. Equal to the anode angle c. That found between the anatomic part and the image receptor d. That found between the vertical and the image plane e. That of tube movement during x-ray exposure

e. That of tube movement during x-ray exposure

Regarding the incidence of breast cancer in women, which of the following is true? Select one: a. Each year, about 10,000 new cases appear in the United States. b. It is on the decline. c. More than 80% of breast cancer results in death. d. The most critical decade is that of 30 to 40 years. e. The odds of developing breast cancer are 1 in 8

e. The odds of developing breast cancer are 1 in 8

When a mammogram taken at 23 kVp is compared with one taken at 28 kVp: Select one: a. For the same exit dose, the 28 kVp examination will require a higher entrance dose. b. If the mAs is constant, exposure time will be less, at 23 kVp. c. If the mAs is constant, the number of x-rays reaching the image receptor will be the same. d. Radiographic contrast will be enhanced, at 28 kVp. e. The ratio of entrance dose to exit dose will be higher, at 23 kVp.

e. The ratio of entrance dose to exit dose will be higher, at 23 kVp.

A comparison of scintillation and gas-filled detectors shows that: Select one: a. Both have approximately the same total detection efficiency. b. Both rely heavily on Compton interaction. c. Only scintillation detectors require prepatient collimation. d. The gas-filled detectors have higher intrinsic efficiency. e. The scintillation detectors have higher geometric efficiency.

e. The scintillation detectors have higher geometric efficiency.

With increasing slice pitch: Select one: a. Image noise is reduced. b. Patient dose is increased. c. Sagittal/coronal reconstruction is improved. d. The section sensitivity profile decreases. e. The section sensitivity profile increases.

e. The section sensitivity profile increases.

The largest number of individual detectors in a multislice CT imager is approximately: Select one: a. Two b. Four c. Ten d. Hundreds e. Thousands

e. Thousands

The principle reason why molybdenum-targeted x-ray tubes are used in mammography is that molybdenum produces which of the following? Select one: a. A high atomic number b. A high melting point c. A higher heat capacity d. Useful bremsstrahlung x-rays e. Useful characteristic x-rays

e. Useful characteristic x-rays

When molybdenum is used for the x-ray tube target: Select one: a. kVp can be higher b. mAs can be lower c. No added filtration is required d. No bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced e. Useful characteristic x-rays are used

e. Useful characteristic x-rays are used

Which of the following statements about multislice CT is true? Select one: a. Higher-resolution multislice spiral CT results in low patient radiation dose. b. Larger detector size results in better spatial resolution. c. Narrower slice scanning results in better contrast resolution at the same mA. d. The simplest approach to multislice scanning is the use of eight detector arrays, each of equal width. e. Wider multislices allow imaging of a greater tissue volume.

e. Wider multislices allow imaging of a greater tissue volume.

The tomographic arc is the angle of x-ray tube movement during which of the following? Select one: a. Anode preparation b. Cathode boost c. Fulcrum adjustment d. Fulcrum motion e. X-ray exposure

e. X-ray exposure

X-ray tube potential below 20 kVp is not used in mammography because: Select one: a. Characteristic x-rays are not produced. b. Compton interaction predominates. c. Generators are not available for such low voltage. d. There are no x-rays below 20 keV. e. X-ray penetration is not sufficient

e. X-ray penetration is not sufficient