Radiation Protection Midterm
A Nuclear power plant severely damaged as a consequence of a 9.0- magnitude earthquake that triggered a tsunami in 2011 was ________________________
Fukushima Daiichi
Acute melting of the uranium dioxide fuel of a nuclear reactor core requires how great a temperature?
Greater than 5000° F
Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes?
Ionizing radiation
When exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer?
Smokers
Reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure, but also .....
increase recorded image quality by decreasing scatter
When radiation is safely and prudently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be ______________ and the potential risk of biologic damage is _________________.
maximized, minimized
As a result of technologic advances since the 1970s and strict regulations imposed within the United States by the FDA regarding consumer products containing radioactive material, the radiation exposure of the general public from such produces may now be considered
negligible.
The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term
optimization for radiation protection (ORP)
The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many
regulatory agencies
Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as
wave-particle duality.
Nuclear disasters may create panic in the general public, which may create fear of medical imaging/treatments involving radiation T of F
True
Which of the following radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation?
effective dose
Radiation is _______________ energy.
kinetic
BERT is a :
method of comparison
What SI unit and traditional unit of measure are used for x-ray equipment calibration?
C/kg
Nuclear weapons have completely unique effects when compared to X-radiation. T or F
False
Radiofrequency waves are ionizing. T or F
False
Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device?
Filter
The goal of reducing retake rates is to obtain optimal radiographic images with the ___________ exposure.
First
In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program?
Radiation Safety Officer
The amount of energy received by an individual is termed:
Radiation dose
The first decay product of radium is
Radon
Thoron is a radioactive decay product of an isotope of:
Radon
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the ____________ syndrome
bone marrow
Why is a question concerning the amount of radiation a patient will receive during a specific x-ray procedure difficult to answer? 1. Because the received dose is specified in a number of different units of measure 2. Because the scientific units for radiation dose are normally not comprehensible by a patient 3. Because the patient should not receive any information about radiation dose a) 2 and 3 only b) 1, 2, and 3 c) 1 and 2 only d) 1 and 3 only
c) 1 and 2 only
Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses? 1. Crawl spaces under living areas 2. Floor drains and sump pumps 3. Porous cement block foundations a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 1, 2, and 3 d) 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 2, and 3
______________ is a stochastic effect of radiation exposure
cancer
__________ syndrome is not a form of acute radiation syndrome
carcinogenic
Consequences of ionization in human cells include 1. creation of unstable atoms. 2. production of free electrons. 3. creation of highly reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell. 4. creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell. 5. injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function. a) 2, 3, and 4 only b) 3, 4, and 5 only c) 1, 2, and 3 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
d) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Radiology departments or individual radiologic technologists can "pledge" to image gently. The pledge includes which of the following? 1. Make the image gently message a priority in staff communications each year. 2. Review the protocol recommendations and, when necessary, implement adjustments to practice processes. 3. Communicate openly with parents. a) 3 only b) 1 only c) 2 only d) 1, 2, and 3
d) 1, 2, and 3
BERT implies risk from radiation exposure T of F
False
What is the latent period for most radiation-induced cancers?
15 years or more
The primary function of filtration is to reduce
patient skin dose
X rays are classified as what type of radiation?
electromagnetic
The whole body TEDE (total effective dose equivalent) regulatory limit for exposed personnel is ____________ and ___________ for the general public.
0.05 sievert and 0.001 sievert
The monthly dose equivalent limit to an embryo/fetus is _______ mSv
0.5 mSv
When a quality control test for exposure linearity is performed, adjacent mA stations must be within _____ % of one another.
10%
Which of the following are areas of the body that should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible? 1. lens of the eye 2.breast 3.thyroid gland 4.reproductive organs 5.all muscle tissue
1, 2, 3, and 4 only
if the output intensity of an xray machine is 0.064mGy/mAs at 80 kVp, what is the patients ESE for an exam done at 20 mAs at 80 kVp? ESE = (output intensity x mAs)
1.28 mGy
The millisievert (mSv) is equal to
1/1000 of a sievert.
Current federal standards limit entrance skin exposure rates of general purpose intensified fluoroscopic units with maximum technique factors engaged to a maximum of ___________________ as measured at tabletop, with the image intensifier entrance surface at a prescribed 30cm above the tabletop
100 mGy/min
Total filtration of ________________________________ for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory standard
2.5 -mm aluminum equilvalent
What is the typical oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) value for sparsely ionizing radiation ?
2.5 to 3.0
if the radiographic technique for a KUB calls for 40mAs, what is the ESD when the output intensity is 0.075 mGy/mAs? ESD (entrance skin dose) = output intensity X mAs
3 mGy
Natural background radiation in the United states results in an estimated average annual individual EqD (equivalent dose) of _________ mSv.
3.0 mSv
When performing a mobile radiographic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimal source- skin distance of ______cm
30 cm
The most recently available data indicate that the gaseous radionuclide radon and, to a much lesser degree, the radionuclide thoron account for what percentage of natural background radiation exposure?
37%
Radiation induced leukemia has latent period of _________ years
4-7
When a quality control test for exposure reproducibility is performed, successive exposures must be within _______ % of one another
5%
The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to _____% of the exposed population in _____ days
50;30
What is the half-life of radon-220?
54.5 seconds
The total average annual EfD (effective dose) from natural background and manmade radiations combined is about _________ mSv.
6.3 mSv
What is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose for estimated levels of radiation exposure for humans?
6.3 mSv
Beta particles are :
8000 times lighter than alpha particles
Which of the following statements below is true? A) It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease. B) The BERT method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. C) The ALARA principle establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. D) The NEXT program and reference values establish a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy.
A) It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease.
The lenses of the eyes will receive the greatest dose during which one of the following procedures
AP skull
A whole-body radiation dose given in a period of seconds to minutes produces a clinical pattern called what?
Acute radiation syndromes
Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public?
BERT
Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always follow ALARA?
Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease.
which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of a radiographic examination table to make the tabletop as radiolucent as possible so that it will absorb only a minimal amount of radiation, thereby reducing the patients radiation dose?
Carbon fiber material
Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified?
Diagnostic efficacy
Man-made radiation is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation T or F
False
Thermoluminescent dosimeters are composed of ________
LiF
Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?
Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth
Which of the following statements concerning the 1979 nuclear reactor accident at TMI-2 is not true?
Many excess cancer deaths have been predicted to occur in the 2 million people living within 50 miles of the plant at the time of the accident.
Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year?
Natural
All of the following are true of positive beam limitation (PBL) except:
PBL is possible w/ portable radiogrpahy
BERT Is a method of explaining radiation to the public T or F
True
Both nuclear reactors and X-ray tube create large amounts of heat. T or F
True
Radiation can be used to cook food. T or F
True
Which of the following are required by The Joint Commission for CT? 1. Annual education of staff in dose reduction techniques 2. Minimum qualifications for medical physicists 3. Documentation of CT radiation doses 4. Management of CT protocols to minimize radiation dose a) 1, 2, 3, and 4 b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 4 only d) 1 and 3 only
a) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Which of the following groups of exposure will deliver the least amount of exposure to the patient a. 400 mA, 0.25sec, 100 kVp b. 600 mA, 0.33sec, 90 kVp c. 800 mA, 0.5sec, 80 kVp d.800 mA, 1.0sec, 70 kVp (highest kVp, lowest mAs)
a. 400 mA, 0.25sec, 100 kVp
which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs?
adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
X-rays: 1) can have varying degrees of penetration in normal biologic tissue 2) can be focused by a lens 3) are invisible a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3
b) 1 and 3 only
The cardinal principles of radiation protection include which of the following? 1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding a) 3 only b) 1, 2, and 3 c) 1 only d) 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 3
If ionizing radiation from natural sources grows larger because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining radioactive elements, the sources are termed
enhanced natural sources
The mass of an alpha particle is approximately
four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron.
Which of the following technical factors are chosen to minimize patient dose?
high kVp/ low mAs
During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors and filtration reduce patient radiation dose?
higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration
which of the following would not be helpful in a personnel radiation monitoring program?
routine blood examinations
In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with
shorter wavelengths and higher energies.
What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration?
to increase beam hardness, thereby reducing patient skin dose and the dose to superficial tissues