R&B and Hip Hop Final
Count Basie Orchestra
used call and response structure for musical change and tension
Aretha Franklin
singer-preacher linkage;vocal inflections, varying timbres, word repetition, and phrase endings punctuated by"grunts," "shouts," and moans; Atlantic
Signifyin
slang,simple example would be insulting someone to show affection
Philadelphia Sound
string and horn instruments ;Orchestra of soul and funk musicians working out Sigma Studios in Philadelphia. Philadelphia international owners Gamble& Huff. Artists include: MFSB, O Jays, Teddy Pendergrass, Harold Melvin& the Blue Notes
sampling
the use of snippets of pre-reccorded song material as the foundation of a new song or as a short thematic reference.
Soul
Gospel-influenced African American popular music style that began to emerged in the late 1950s and became popular during the 1960s
Bebop
Combo Jazz improvised style that evoloved from big band swing in the 1940s, characterized by exceedingly fast tempos, with improvisational lines based on the harmonic structure rather than on the melody
Kool Herc/ Clive Campbell
DJ: brought his knowledge of and experience with the island's musical practices: Jamaican-style toasting, mobile DJ units, and high-energy competitions. He was recognized for his sound system with its signature bass-heavy, massive speakers; known more for his musical choices and sound choices and sound system then for his rhyming ability.
Hip Hop Record Companies
Def Jam, Bad Boy, Cash Money ,Death Row, Atlantic, Philadelphia
DJ
Disc Jockey; a person who plays record s in a dance club or on radio.In HipHop, one who uses turntables to accompany rappers and break dancers or to perform as featured instrumentalists
Biggie Smalls
East Coast; grew up in the bedford-stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York. Dropped out of high school to pursue drug dealing, but eventually gave that up to pursue a rap career with Sean Combs, founder of Bad Boy Entertainment. He was a gifted urban storyteller Had a big beef with Tupac Shakur.His hit singles include Juicy, You're Nobody Till Someone Kills you
Salt N Pepa
Heavily influenced by Roxanne Shante' and even artists like the Supremes, these three ladies (Cheryl James, Sandra Denton and D.J Spinderella), while not the first females in hiphop were nevertheless pioneers and helped to break down the barriers of what had been traditionally a male-dominated genre. They changed the face of hiphop with their fearless rhymes and frank talk about sex, misogyny and motherhood. While Salt-N-Pepa spoke out against misogyny of all kinds (including that which they saw in the hiphop community), they became sex symbols in their own right, embracing sexuality not just in their lyrics, but in their appearance as well. Their fourth and greatest album, Very Necessary went five-times platinum , with more than $7 million in worldwide sales. Selections: Push It, Whatta Man, Shoop, Let's Talk about Sex.
Africa Bambaata
Hip Hop Dj who established electro-funk as a distinctive funk style by using synthesizers and drum machines to incorporate funk beats in the electrive mixes of music from various traditions.Africa Bambaata & the Soul Sonic Force's "Planet Rock", a reworking of Kraftwerk's space age or sci-fi aesthetic in Trans-Europe Express", provided the model for Planet Patrol's "Play at Your Own Risk" and the Jonzun Crew's "pack Jam"
Vocoder
an electronic device used to distort natural vocal sounds
Memphis Sound
best described ad an urban sound with rural undercurrents. It is spontaneous,earthy, gritty, gutsy, and warm. the laidback rhythm and blues- rocabilly stylings of Booker T. & MGs, the syncopated horn riffs and sustained harmonies. Artists include: Johnny Taylor, AL Bell,Otis Redding, Sam& Dave
E-Mu Emulator
digital sampling keyboards using floppy disk storage
MC
emcee( Master of Ceremony); a rapper who performs in a hip hop context( typically, to accompaniment by a DJ, an instrumentalist track, vocal percussion known as a "beat box," or acapella
James Brown
"Godfather of Soul". Transformed the sound of rythm and blues by introducinh a new rythmic concept in "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" that gave preference to beat one in a measure , played on the bass drum and bass guitar. The downbeat, which Brown called "the one" the anchor for the layering of different rythmic -melodic lines or riffs assigned to the rythm snd horn sections, creating polyrythmic foundation.He evolved the blues- sound hybrid into funk.Recorded with King Records from 1958- 1971.
NWA
(*****s with Attitudes) Compton; members included Eazy-E, Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, Dj Yella, MC Ren and the D.O.C; first full- length album , Straight Outta Compton, was released in 1988 and sold more than two million copies. The single **** the Police earned them mainstream promotion from FBI, who accused the group of advocating "Violence against and disrespect for the law enforcement officer" Lead the way for freedom of speech through lyrics
Blaxplotation Films
1970s genre that featured sterotypical images of black urban life.
Toasting: Jamaican
A Dj rap that praised dancers and addressed topical concerns over an instrumental track.
Al Bell
A black disc jockey in Washington D, began promoting the music of the east coast. Bell subsequently joined the Staxx label in 1965 as its first National Director for Promotion, and two years later he became Vice President and Chief Operating director. Bell bega diversifying and broadening the Memphis Sound while retaining its Rhythm and Blues and Gospel foundation. He ushered in Phase II of the company's development.
2 Live Crew
A controversial group with regards to their lyrics. Their song "Me So Horny" , paired hardcore sexual lyrics with video images of scantily clad women dancing suggestively. These artists use of explicit texts and titillating images earned them great notoriety in the early 1990s.
Gangsta Rap
A hardcore style popularized on the west coast, beginning in the late 1980s, with street oriented lyrics and delivery associated with gang culture
Beastie Boys
A white act that fused rock and rap styles. Def Jam Artists
Hip Hop Clothing
Adidas, Nike, Timberland, Sean John Southpole
Outkast
American hip hop duo formed in 1992;A critically acclaimed and commercially successful hip hop group, the duo helped popularize the Dirty South style of hip hop in the 90s while incorporating the influence of wider styles such as funk, soul, psychedelia, techno, gospel and jazz;
Atlantic
Atlantic Records was co founded by Ahmet Ertegun with Herb Abramson in 1947. Ertegun, Abramson and Atlantic's Black Musical director-songwriter-arranager, Jesse Stone traveled into the deep south in search of talent and ideas for developing a commercial blues-oriented rhythm and blues and blues sound. He concluded that if he wrote songs that simplified the boogie bass line to incorporate the rumba rhythm and streamlined the big band horn-styled arrangements common in popular music, they would sell. Atlantic's artists include Ruth Brown, the Clovers and Joe Turner.
Trick Daddy
Atlantic Records; rapper; "Lets Go"
BAM
Black American Music
Ice Cube
Former member of NWA;rapper,actor
George Clinton
Founder and lead singer of Parliament. Combined themes with those of black nationalism advanced by the Black Power Movement to create a unique style known as P-Funk( Pure Funk). His lyrics expressed the views that the movement toward an "integrated" society had resulted in the erosion of Black cultural values and the fragmentation of black communities. Promoted two concepts: Self Liberation from the social and cultural restrections of society; and the creation of new social spaces in which African Americans could redefine themselves and find the funk. Hits include: Flashlight, One Nation Under the Groove, Chocolate City. Used synthesizers
First Amendment Rights
Freedom of speech
Eminem
From Detroit. Founded by Dr Dre. One of the white rappers accepted in mainstream hiphop community. Top selling recording artist of the first decade of the twenty-first century, with sales of 32.2 million albums.
Sugarhill gang
In 1979, The Sugarhill Gang's Rappers Delight hit the airwaves with 15 minutes of boastful rhymes and hip swirling sampled beats. The group took the spoken-word style and transformed it into rhythmic rhyming---in other words, rap. Their song introduced braggadocio stories and creative word play. The complex rhythms and tall-tale boasting created the template for hiphop. More importantly, it introduced the idea of music sampling, rhyming over the bass structures of Chic's Good Times. The trio of MICHAEL "Wonder Mike" WRIGHT, HENRY "BIG HANK" JACKSON and GUY "MASTER GEE" O'BRIEN captured the public with their "hip to the hop." Recruited by Sugar Hill label owner Sylvia Robinson, who wanted to fill a demand for the hiphop craze that was taking over NYC, all three were signed on the spot; Gee and Mike were only 17 years old. Done in one take, and played first by a St. Louis radio station, Rapper's Delight jammed the phone lines for the next 12 hours. Rapper's Delight went on to sale 10 million copies and became the first rap single to crack the Top 40. The rap revolution would not only eclipse the Big Apple, but the world. Other tunes they recorded included 8th Wonder, Apache, and Sugarhill Groove.
Fred Wesley
Jazz and funk muscian, composer-arranger-trombonist for James Brown
Toasting: African American
Long verbal narrative, performed from memory and passed orally from generation to generation, that celebrated the feats of such cultural heroes as Staggolee and Signifying Monkey
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface;sampling; allowed for faster and more convient way to produce hip-hop music, prior to copyright laws that later restricted sample use.
D'Angelo
Neo Soul; speech- song delivery style
Spoken Word Artist
Nikki Giovanni, Gil Scott Heron,Last poets, Amiri Baraka, Sonia Sanchez
PMRC
Parent Music Resource Center; Censorship; American committee formed in 1985 with the stated goal of increasing parental control over the access of children to music deemed to be violent, have drug use or be sexual via labeling albums with Parental Advisory stickers
Prosifunkstification
Parliament
Earth, Wind and Fire
Promoted universal messages of love and peace. References Egyptian cosmology specifically, Maurice White's lyric themes promote an awareness of self, of others, and the world as means of achieving universal peace , harmony and love. Space age and futuristic aesthetic
Kanye West
Rapper, Entreprenuer, GOOD Music,
Jay Z
Rapper, HipHop Mogul, 21 Grammys, Rock-a-fella, Rockawear, entreprenuer
Russel Simmons
Rush Management,cofounded the hip-hop music label Def Jam,created the clothing fashion lines Phat Farm,
Hiphop Movies
Set it Off, Friday 1&2, Belly, House Party , Boyz in the Hood
Queen Latifah
She is perhaps the best of hiphop's pioneer feminists and without a doubt, one of the most significant and respected female rappers in the industry. Very few female rappers have made it in the male-dominated world of hiphop like Latifah, and even fewer have managed to pave the way for other women in such a profound way. In her 25-plus years in the business, she's delivered unyielding creativity, outstanding performances and dynamic, empowering lyrics that continue to inspire each new generation. Her lyrics were pioneering sounds of afro-centric music, and charted even lesser-known territory by focusing on the struggles of black women. She demonstrated that black women could be as strong and fierce as any man in the genre---and that they could deliver equally powerful music. She became one of the most iconic and dominant female figures in rap history, and she became the first woman to make a successful transition from rap music to film and TV. After several hits, numerous roles in blockbuster films, three gold albums, a Golden Globe, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Grammy, an Academy Award nomination and ultimately her own TV talk show, The Queen Latifah Show, the "Queen" showed the world what the nature of a "sista" is all about. Her first single, Wrath of My Madness, forecast her direction. Her greatest album was All Hail the Queen. Her Queen Latifah managed to shock the male-dominated hiphop community with such classics as Ladies First and Dance for Me. Critics applauded her message and style of rap, and the vast majority of male rappers did the same.
HipHop Mags
The Source, XXL,Vibe ,Rap-UP
Dr. Dre
Was a member of NWA. Founded Aftermath enterprises and Beats. Has founded artists such as Eminem, 50 Cent, The Game, Kendrick Lamar, Snoop Dogg.
Tupac
West Coast; Joined Death Row in 1995; "Thug Life"; Songs: "Shorty Wanna Be a Thug", "Brenda's Got a Baby", "Dear Mama", and "California Love" beef with Biggie
Fanon
a Martinique-born Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary, and writer whose works are influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.[1] As an intellectual, Fanon was a political radical, and a Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization, and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization. In the course of his work as a physician and psychiatrist, Fanon supported the Algerian War of Independence from France, and was a member of the Algerian National Liberation Front. For more than four decades, the life and works of Frantz Fanon have inspired national liberation movements in Palestine, Sri Lanka, the U.S. and South Africa
Hook Lines
a musical idea, often a short riff, passage, or phrase, that is used in popular music to make a song appealing and to "catch the ear of the listener".
rap
a popular african american dance musical style usually featuring an MC, who recites rhymed verses over an accompaniment created by a DJ or pre-recorded tracks
Gamble&Huff
an American songwriting and record production team who have written and produced 15 gold singles and 22 gold albums.They were pioneers of Philadelphia soul and the in-house creative team for the Philadelphia International Records label. On March 10, 2008, the team was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the non-performer category
Loops
a short recorded phrase programmed to repeat indefinitely
Snoop Dogg
an American rapper and actor from Long Beach, California. His music career began in 1992, when he was discovered by Dr. Dre of N.W.A and as a result was prominently featured throughout Dr. Dre's solo debut album, The Chronic (1992). He has since sold over 21 million albums in United States and 35 million albums worldwide
Ludacris
an American rapper, entrepreneur, and actor. Along with his manager, Chaka Zulu, Ludacris is the co-founder of Disturbing tha Peace, an imprint distributed by Def Jam Recordings. Ludacris has won Screen Actors Guild, Critic's Choice, MTV, and Grammy Award awards during his career.
Public Enemy
gangsta rap; urban appeal was based on texts that encouraged political confrontation; they are known for their politically charged lyrics and criticism of the American media, with an active interest in the frustrations and concerns of the African American community.
Last Poets
he name for several groups of poets and musicians who arose from the late 1960s African-American civil rights movement's black nationalist movement.
Nikki Giovanni
is an American writer, commentator, activist, and educator. One of the world's most well-known African American poets,her work includes poetry anthologies, poetry recordings, and nonfiction essays, and covers topics ranging from race and social issues to children's literature. She has won numerous awards, including the Langston Hughes Medal, the NAACP Image Award, and has been nominated for a Grammy Award,for her Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection. Additionally, she has recently been named as one of Oprah Winfrey's twenty-five "Living Legends."
race records
music industry term used from the 1920s through the 1940s to designate recordings produced by and marketed to african americans
Funk
music that combines elements of rhythm and blues and soul music and that is characterized by a percussive vocal style, static harmonies, and a strong bass line with heavy downbeats; urban form of dance music that emerged in the late 1960s
Sean Combs/Puff Daddy
popularized R&B rap
Freestyling
rapped improvisation
Sequences
singer layers own vocals over vocals that are already in place
MFSB
was a pool of more than thirty studio musicians based at Philadelphia's famed Sigma Sound StudiosLove is the Message" is one of the most influential disco records of all time; "T.S.O.P became the theme song for Soul Train.
Curtis Mayfield
was an American soul, R&B, and funk singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer, who was one of the most influential musicians behind soul and politically conscious African-American music.Mayfield released several albums, including the soundtrack for the blaxploitation film Super Fly in 1972. The soundtrack was noted for its socially conscious themes, mostly addressing problems surrounding inner city minorities such as crime, poverty and drug abuse. The album was ranked at no. 72 on Rolling Stone's list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Grandmaster Flash
was one of several Bronx DJs who developed the act of turntable manipulations into a distinct musical practice. Flash combined his traning in electronics with his interests in music to become one of the most influential figures in Hip Hop. He introduced the electronic percusion system known as the "Beat Box" which eventually characterized the 1980s hip hop sound, in which the sound of the beat box was reproduced orally.