Reading Quiz

How did Akbar promote religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire?

Akbar promoted religious tolerance in the Mughal empire because he abolished the jizya tax. He worked to integrate Muslim and Hindu beliefs. Akbar tolerated all faiths, and had debates between Muslims, Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Christians. He did this to connect the religious communities.

Who was more important in establishing the Mughal Empire in India, Babur or Akbar? Explain.

Akbar was more important in establishing the Mughal Empire in India.he took personal control of the empire, and did not tolerate challenges to his rule. He mad a centralized administrative structure. He was a no nonsense ruler, and was deeply interested in religion and philosophy. He had a policy of religious toleration and wanted to reduce the tensions between Hindus and Muslim communities. He had a syncretic divine faith instead of forcing Islam.

Explain Akbar's Divine Faith religion.

Akbar's Divine Faith religion emphasized loyalty to the emperor. Most of the ideas came from Islam. It also got inspiration from Zoroastrianism. His Divine Faith was monotheistic, and reflected influence from the shiite and sufi teachings. Akbar's Divine Faith was tolerant of Hinduism.

How were the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires religiously diverse?

Each of the Islamic empires were religiously diverse. The Ottoman empire contained religions such as Christians and Jews located in the Balkans, Armenia, Lebanon and Egypt. In the Safavid empire, they had religions such as Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity. Lastly, in the Mughal empire they had religions such as Hinduism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Sikhism.

.How did the Ming government attempt to remove any lingering influence of the Mongols?

Hongwu drove the Mongols out of China and built a tightly centralized state. The MIng emperors set out to foreign influences and create a stable society in the image of China's past. People abandoned Mongol names and dress that had been adopted during the Yuan dynasty. Respect for Chinese traditions facilitated the restorations of institutions that the Mongols had ignored. The Ming state also restored the civil service examinations that Mongol rulers had neglected

Discuss the patriarchal nature in the Qing Dynasty. Would you consider this a continuity? Why or why not? Make sure to provide at least two examples to support your response.

In the Qing Dynasty, families were basically. hierarchal, patriarchal, and authoritarian. Subjects followed filial piety which was the law in which inferiors were honorable to their superiors. Referring to gender relations, men were more valued than women, which is something that is continued throughout history. Men usually went out and worked, participated in social/religious affairs, etc while women stayed at home, took care of the household, and beared children. During this dynasty, Chinese parents preferred boys over girls and women did not have opportunities like men to pursue government positions and take examinations that would impact their lives. In addition to women being valued less, women took part in the art of footbinding which demonstrated an ability to support women who could not perform physical labor and helped with the arrangement of arranged marriages that gave women no power whatsoever. Women didn't know who they were marrying until she was face to face with him at the altar and basically had no say in the marriage.

Who was Ismail?

Ismail was the ruler of the Safavid empire. He said that the religion of his empire should be the Twelver Shiism, and imposed it onto the Sunni population. He seized control of the Iranian plateau and launched expeditions. The Safavids changed their religious preferences in hopes of gaining popular support before they settled on Shiism, which appealed to Turkish nomadic tribes.

Why did moralists initially protest the establishment of coffeehouses in the Ottoman Empire? What was the ultimate result?

Moralists initially protested the establishment of coffeehouses in the Ottoman empire because it was distracting towards religious duties, and that they were dens full of bad behavior. People also believed that smoking could cause fires, and that drinking coffee was illegal. The ultimate result was that coffeehouses began to gain popularity and people would go there to discuss business. Coffeehouses became a prominent social institution in the Islamic empires.

Who was Osman? Why did Osman and his followers want to become ghazi?

Osman was the founder of the Ottoman empire. Osman was the chief of semi nomadic Turks that migrated from northwestern Anatolia. Him and his followers sought to be ghazis, Muslim warriors. They believed that the ghazis were the instrument of the religion of Allah. The ghazi is the sword of god and protector and refuge of the believers.

What was the Ottoman millets?

Ottoman millets were religious communities that retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages. Millet communities were involved in social and administrative functions such a births, marriage, death, health, and education. However, in the Mughal empire, they did not have millets because of the vast amount of religious communities that made it impractical.

Describe the golden age of the Qing Dynasty under Emperor Qianlong?

Qianlong's reign was the height of the in dynasty. The imperial treasury bulged so much that he cancelled tax collections. He paid less attention to imperial affairs and delegated many responsibilities to his favorite eunuchs. Throughout the reign of Qianlong, China remained a wealthy and well organized empire.

Why is Suleiman the Magnificent considered a "Patron of the Arts"? (Also, make sure to refer to image on p. 607)

Suleiman the magnificent is considered a "Patron of the Arts" because he built one of the most elaborate and celebrated monument in Istanbul. He made a mosque called the Süleymaniye which combined both Islamic and Byzantine architecture. The mosque contained minarets with domed buildings supported by half domes.

How did Islamic Empires traditionally deal with religious minorities?

The Islamic empires were tolerant to non Muslims. They did not require them to convert to Islam. Non Muslims had to pay a tax called the jizya. Non Muslims had their freedom to practice their own religion (as long as they paid the jiza), they kept their property, and they also kept personal freedom and could handle legal affairs.

How did the Manchus try to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity?

The Manchus tried to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity because the outlawed intermarriage between Manchus and CHinese. They also forbade the chinese to travel to Manchuria, and forbade them from learning the Manchu language. Qin authority also made Chinese men have the front of their heads, and grow a Manchu-style line.

What two groups of officials did the Ming Emperor, Hongwu, use to help run his government?

The Ming emperor Hongwu used mandarin to help run his government. Mandarins were imperial officials hat traveled across the land and oversaw implementation of government policies. Hongwu also put great trust into eunuchs because they could not have families so they would not be able to generate power that would challenge the imperial authority.

Describe the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire?

The Ottomans went against the Safavid empire in the battle of Chaldiran. The Sunni ottomans detested the Shiite safavids. The Ottomans had a heavy military and they used janissaries. They also had fire arms and a barrier of carts. However, the Safavid empire did not use gunpowder because they believed that it was unreliable and unmanly. The Safavid empire attacked the ottomans and suffered tremendous casualties. They ottomans won the battle.

How was the Ottoman military able to effectively expand the empire?

The Ottomans were able to expand their empire because they had two divisions of ghazi. The light cavalry and the volunteer cavalry. The force was equipped with heavy armor and it was financed by land grants.The Ottomans created an important force composed of slave troops.

Did the Civil Service Exam ensure a government position during the Qing Dynasty?

The civil service exams did not ensure a government position during the Qin dynasty. There was too little job for too many people. Only the people that were able to pass the district exam had few opportunities for bureaucratic employment. The people that passed the metropolitan exams were able to look forward to powerful positions in the imperial bureaucracy.

Why was the civil service examination system still considered a pivotal institution?

The civil service exams were considered a pivotal institution because it opened the door to honor, power, and rewards. The exams encouraged people to pursue formal education. The system did not have social barriers, and it also provided chances for upward social mobility. The exams were open to all males regardless of age or class. He exams guaranteed that Confucianism would be at the heart of Chinese education.

. Why was the capture of Constantinople by Mehmed II so important to the Ottoman Empire?

The conqueror of constantinople was so important because it opened a new chapter in ottoman expansion. Due to its location, it became the new capital of the ottoman empire. Mehmed presented himself as a warrior sultan. He laid foundations for a tight centralized, absolute monarchy, and his army did not face any serious rivals.

Describe the institution known as devshirme?

The devshirme system was a system where the ottomans would take Christian boys to become slaves of the sultan.the christian os received special training, learned Turkish, and converted to Islam. They either entered the ottoman civilian administration, or the military. The boys that became soldiers were called janissaries. The ottoman empire also had gunpowder weapons and they were able to use them efficiently in battles.

Describe Ottoman expansion under Suleyman the Magnificent?

The expansion of the ottoman empire continued under Suleyman the magnificent. Ottoman imperialism grew under his reign. He promoted expansion in southwest Asia and in Europe.He was able to capture Baghdad, and Belgrade. Under Suleyman, the Ottoman empire also became a major naval power.

Who were the Manchus?

The manchus were pastoral nomads. They came from Manchuria, north of the great wall. In the 1680s, the manchus had consolidated the Qin dynasty's hold throughout the land. The establishment of te in dynasty is partly due to the manchu military and partly due to the Chinese support of the Manchus.

What is most famous Mughal monument? Explain why it was created. (Also, make sure to refer to image and text on p. 609)

The most famous Mughal monuments is the Taj Mahal. It was built in the time of Shah Jahan, and there was over 20,000 workers. It took 18 years to complete the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal was built as a tomb for Shah jahan's late wife. Shah Jahan wanted to construct a similar mausoleum out of black marble for himself, but he spent his last days confined in a small cell with a tiny window.

Which three empires divided up the Islamic world?

The three empires that divided up the Islamic world were the Ottoman empire, the Safavid empire in Persia, and the Mughal empire. The formation of these empires brought an end to a century and a half of Muslim political disunity. These empires began as small warrior principalities. They expanded at rapid rates. The empires organized an effective governmental apparatus and had a prosperous society.

What were the major beliefs of Twelver Shiism?

Twelver Shiism believed that there had been infallible religious leaders after Muhammad. They believed that Islam was the imam(religious leader).