Real World Sociology Chapter 9

misogyny

An ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women.

primary sex characteristics

Biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females

Seondary Sex Characteristics

Physical differences between males and females , including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction.

Men's Liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women

binary

a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite categories

Gender Binary

a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite categories.

Prejudice

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

sex

an individual's membership to one of the two biologically distinct categories- male or female

gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender

men's right movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

cisgenderism

belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities

heterosexism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

sexism

belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other

microaggression

everyday uses of ordinary language that may send denigrating messages to members of certain social groups

homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people

transphobia

fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people

same-sex marriage

federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the U.S. in 2015

transsexuals

individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image

asexuality

involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex

LGBTQ

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes "A" is added to include "allies"

patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society

civil unions

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage

bisexuality

sexual attraction to both genders; bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females

heterosexuality

sexual desire for other gender

queer theory

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects a restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity

intersex

term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are netiher exclusively male nor exclusively female

cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

gender nonconforming

term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

transgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth

heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until the American women won the right to vote in 1920

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

human sexual dimorphism

the extent much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes

sexual orientation or sexual identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masuline or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

second wave

the period of the feminist actively during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

homosexuality

the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender

second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor

essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous binary system is just one possibility among many

constructionalists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many

coming out

to openly declare one's true identity to those who might not be aware of it

privilege

unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)

Discrimination

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice

Toxic Masculinity

A masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men.

hegemonic masculinity

A masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejects any alternate qualities in men.