Real World Sociology Chapter 9
misogyny
An ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women.
primary sex characteristics
Biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females
Seondary Sex Characteristics
Physical differences between males and females , including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction.
Men's Liberation
a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity
rape culture
a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women
binary
a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite categories
Gender Binary
a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite categories.
Prejudice
an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it
gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
sex
an individual's membership to one of the two biologically distinct categories- male or female
gender identity
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender
men's right movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
pro-feminist men's movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
feminism
belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief
cisgenderism
belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities
heterosexism
belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals
sexism
belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other
microaggression
everyday uses of ordinary language that may send denigrating messages to members of certain social groups
homophobia
fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
transphobia
fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people
same-sex marriage
federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the U.S. in 2015
transsexuals
individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image
asexuality
involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest in or desire for sex
LGBTQ
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer; sometimes "A" is added to include "allies"
patriarchy
literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society
civil unions
proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage
bisexuality
sexual attraction to both genders; bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females
heterosexuality
sexual desire for other gender
queer theory
social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects a restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity
intersex
term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are netiher exclusively male nor exclusively female
cisgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
gender nonconforming
term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles
transgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth
heteronormativity
the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm
sexuality
the character or quality of being sexual
first wave
the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until the American women won the right to vote in 1920
feminization of poverty
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
human sexual dimorphism
the extent much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes
sexual orientation or sexual identity
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders
gender role socialization
the lifelong process of learning to be masuline or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media
third wave
the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess
suffrage movement
the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women
second wave
the period of the feminist actively during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education
gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
expressive role
the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing
instrumental role
the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure
social learning
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
homosexuality
the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender
second shift
the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor
essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous binary system is just one possibility among many
constructionalists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many
coming out
to openly declare one's true identity to those who might not be aware of it
privilege
unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)
Discrimination
unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice
Toxic Masculinity
A masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men.
hegemonic masculinity
A masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejects any alternate qualities in men.