Reconstruction & Civil War (US HISTORY)

Ulysses S. Grant's election as president was largely a result of his being:

a triumphant commanding general of the Union army.

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the U.S. Supreme Court established the general principle that:

states could require separate accommodations on trains, in schools, and the like, for blacks and whites as long as the accommodations were equal

The "Black Codes" were a set of regulations established by:

the Southern states to promote white supremacy and to control the economic and social activities of the freedmen.

Abraham Lincoln, who was elected president in 1860, represented

the anti-slavery Republican Party. Lincoln's election codified the Republican Party as the party standing in firm opposition to the expansion of slavery.

The "solid" South refers to the:

the fact that the Democratic Party could count on the votes of the Southern states after Reconstruction.

White Southerners choosing to fire on Union-held Fort Sumter is considered to be

the official start of the Civil War. Confederate troops then occupied Fort Sumter for nearly four years, until the end of the Civil War.

Sherman's March to the Sea in the fall of 1864 was an early example of...

total war, designed to demoralize and deplete the civilian resources of the enemy. Sherman and his troops aimed to deplete food storage, interrupt supply chains, destroy infrastructure, and burn houses throughout the South.

During Reconstruction, the derogatory term scalawag was applied to what?

white Republicans who sympathized with African Americans in the South. Oftentimes, scalawags collaborated with Northern Republicans and Reconstructionist policies for personal profit, as well as out of sympathy for African-Americans.

What describes the extent of "Negro rule" in the Southern states during Reconstruction?

African Americans played a significant political role in several states but never elected a governor or controlled a state legislature

The Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sanford, which declared that black Americans were not US citizens, was ultimately overruled by

The 14th Amendment

What was the Reconstruction-era organization helped formerly-enslaved African Americans find lost family members, learn to read, and negotiate labor contracts?

The Freedmen's Bureau Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau in March of 1865 to help freed people achieve economic stability and secure political freedoms.

What happened in Vicksburg?

The union forces were trying to get a strategic amount of land and naval space to position themselves in the war. It was a union victory Grant was the General also a turning point!!!

Which best describes Congressional reaction to the former Confederate states that had set up new governments under Andrew Johnson's "presidential Reconstruction"?

They refused to seat the senators and representatives from the states and set up a committee to investigate and advise on Reconstruction.

What were the Force Acts of 1870 meant to accomplish?

They were intended to force the South to comply with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Force Acts were largely implemented to address the terror campaigns against African Americans by the KKK.

What was the Sherman's March

Wanted to destroy the confederate spirit, burned everything from Georgia to South Carolina

What is sharecropping?

When Africans lived with the landlord who provided supplies to tend to the land.

What were the radical republicans?

Which faction of the Republican Party wanted Reconstruction to punish the former Confederacy, disenfranchise large numbers of Southern whites, and confiscate the property of leading Confederates?

What happened on April 8, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse?

Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War. At first, Lee thought the Confederate soldiers would fight at Appomattox, but he realized he did not have the necessary troops and surrendered.

In most states, the "Redeemers" or "Bourbons" were typically composed of:

a newly emerging class of merchants, industrialists, railroad developers, and financiers

In the late nineteenth century, the agricultural credit system in the South encouraged farmers to:

rely heavily on cash crops--especially cotton

What happened at the Appomattox Court House?

Lee was forced to surrender and was allowed to return home with his troops.

Andrew Johnson, who ascended to the presidency after Lincoln's assassination, treated Southern states

Leniently; he pardoned many former Confederates and had their land restored, and he put a premium on states' rights. He also removed many Freedmen's Bureau employees that he thought were too sympathetic to African Americans in the South.

Why did actor John Wilkes Booth assassinate Abraham Lincoln?

Lincoln gave a speech announcing his intention to extend citizenship to African Americans, and Booth was a Southern sympathizer and racist. Booth, an actor and deep Confederate sympathizer, shot Lincoln in the back of the head at Ford's Theater in Washington, DC.

What was the outcome of Fredericksburg?

A draw

What would attract Northern white support?

A federal anti-lynching law (Lynching was used as a tool to repress African Americans)

What was the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?

A major victory for the union The turning point of War

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery but, did not address the citizenship of Africans

Force Acts (1870)

Addressed the violence from the Ku Klux Klan and to protect the citizens in the South

Amnesty Acts (1872)

Allowed so. conservatives to vote for Demo

the eleven states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61 formed a new political entity called the

Confederate States of America. These eleven states included (in order of secession): South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

What were Grants two scandals?

Credit mobilier Whiskey Ring

Radical Republicans

Critical of Lincoln because they believed he was abolishing slavery too slowly.

In 1870, Mississippian Hiram Revels became a US Senator, occupying the seat recently vacated by Confederate president Jefferson Davis. What was unique about Revels?

He was the first African American Senator in US history. He was elected to the US Senate representing Mississippi.

Moderate Republicans

Dominated congress, more conservative

14th Amendment

Enshrined the citizenship status of black Americans into the Constitution.

15th Amendment

Gave African American men the right to vote but did not address the citizenship status of black Americans.

Who was in charge of commanding the US army?

Grant

What institution was the key point of contact in the agricultural credit system for most Southern farmers, black and white, in the late nineteenth century?

Local country-store merchants

The terror campaigns of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction demonstrated...

Ongoing resistance to racial equality and Republican rule in the South after the Civil War. The Klan terrorized black churches, as well as black schools established by the Freedmen's Bureau.

What is KKK

Southern Democrats didn't feel like they were being formed so they formed the KKK during Grant's presidency

What major political event leading up to the Civil War took place while James Buchanan was a lame duck president?

The seven states of the Deep South seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. He was one of the least popular presidents in American history due to his inaction as states began to secede from the Union.

What is tenant?

The whites gave the Africans part of their land and the Africans payed them back in crops.

What was the Anaconda plan?

It blocked the ports from Confederates so they could not get any supplies

What was the outcome of the Monitor and Merrimac duel?

It was a draw after a five hour duel between the Monitor ship (union) and the Merrimac ship (confederate)

Ten Year Office Act

Johnson fired Edwin Stanton and the act says that in order to fire someone you need to have permission to congress, because he didn't it led to his impeachment.

What were the Border states?

Kentucky, West Virginia, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, they all stayed loyal

What was associated with the "Compromise of 1877"?

Removal of the last federal troops from the South Increased federal aid for railroads and other internal improvements Appointment of a Southerner to the cabinet Making Rutherford B. Hayes president

"Peculiar institution" is a euphemism for

Slavery

The Emancipation Proclamation...

freed all enslaved people living in territories then in rebellion against the United States. The Proclamation was distributed for public notice; oftentimes, US army officers read the document aloud to the former slaves who were accompanying the Union army in the South, informing them that they were officially free.

Implemented in states across the South after the Civil War, Black Codes

legally prohibited African Americans from voting, owning firearms, or traveling without a pass. Black codes attempted to economically disable freed slaves, forcing African Americans to continue to work on plantations and to remain subject to racial hierarchy within southern society.