References

DOIs and URLS

-DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet -URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your internet browser -Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version -If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI -If an online work has a URL but no DOI, include the URL in the reference -Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks -Copy and paste the DOI or URL from your web browser directly into your reference list to avoid transcription errors -Do not add a period after the DOI or URL

Title

-For works that are part of a greater whole, capitalize the title. -For works that stand alone (e.g., books, reports, webpages), italicize the title, and capitalize it. -For book and report references, enclose edition information, report numbers, and volume numbers in parentheses after the title. -If a numbered volume has its own title, the volume number and title are included as part of the main title, rather than in parentheses. -Finish the title element with a period. -However, if the title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, that punctuation mark replaces the period.

Group Authors

-If the names of individuals are presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having individual authors. -If only the name of the group is presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having a group author, even if individuals are credited elsewhere in the work. -Spell out the full name of a group author in the reference list entry, followed by a period. -On a page from an organizational or government agency website, the organization or government agency itself is considered the author, unless otherwise specified. -An abbreviation for the group author can be used in the text. -When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a work, use the most specific agency as the author in the reference.

Authors

-Invert all individual authors' names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the author's initials -Use a comma to separate an author's initials from additional author names, even when there are only two authors -Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name -Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. When there are two to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name -When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author's name -Write the author's name exactly as it appears on the published work, including hyphenated surnames and two-part surnames.

Source

-The source for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter) is that greater whole (i.e., the journal or edited book), plus any applicable DOI or URL. -The source for a work that stands alone (e.g., whole book, report, dissertation, thesis, webpage, etc.) is the publisher of the work, database or archive, social media site, or website, plus any applicable DOI or URL. -A location is not required in the source element for most works (e.g., do not include the publisher location for book references). -Works associated with a specific location (e.g., artwork in a museum, conference presentations) include location information in the source and, depending on the work, may also include a DOI or URL. -Format of the source varies depending on the reference type.

Basic Principles of Reference List Entries

-reference list entry generally has four elements: the author, date, title, and source -in-text citations for work corresponds to the reference list entry -period after each reference element (the author, date, title, and source), but not after DOI or URL -Use punctuation marks (usually commas or parentheses) between parts of the same reference element -Place the issue number in parentheses directly after the volume number instead of commas -Italicize punctuation marks that appear within an italic reference element -do not italicize punctuation between reference elements

Elements of Reference List Entries

-the author element, including the format of individual author names and of group author names -the date element, including the format of the date and how to include retrieval dates -the title element, including the format of the title and how to include bracketed descriptions -the source element, including the format of the source and how to include database information

Date

-the date refers to the date of publication of the work(year only; year, month, and day; year and month year and season; or range of dates). -Enclose the date of publication in parentheses, followed by a period. -For works from a reference category that includes the month, day, and/or season along with the year, put the year first, followed by a comma, and then the month and date or season. -For unpublished, informally published, or in-progress works, provide the year the work was produced. -If a work has been accepted for publication but is not yet published, use the term "in press" instead of a year. -When the date of original publication is approximate, use the abbreviation "ca."

Works Included in a Reference List

each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list -each work in the reference list must be cited in the text

Works Excluded in a Reference List

personal communications -general mentions of whole websites whole periodicals, and common software and apps in the text The source of an epigraph does not usually appear in the reference list unless the work is a scholarly book or journal Quotations from research participants in a study you conducted can be presented and discussed in the text References included in a meta-analysis, which are marked with an asterisk in the reference list, may be cited in the text at the author's discretion