REL 131 Final

"Religious Expression in Public Schools"

(Secretary Richard Riley, US Department of Education, 1995; rev. 1998) ◦ Guidelines sent to every school superintendent in the US Goal: to "clarify the boundaries of religious expression and activity in the public school system."

1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (The Hart-Celler Act)

Ended national origins

International Church of the Four Square Gospel

Built by Aimee Semple McPherson

Pope Francis

Current pope of the catholic church

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Council on American-Islamic Relations

"CAIR is America's largest Muslim civil liberties and advocacy organization. Its mission is to enhance the understanding of Islam, encourage dialogue, protect civil liberties, empower American Muslims, and build coalitions that promote justice and mutual understanding."

Sharia

"God's blueprint for human life...a higher law reflecting God's will." -Noah Feldman ◦ Based in Qur'an, hadith, sunna ◦ Regulate: behavior, diet, dress, marriage, sexuality, economy, crime, theology, military Fiqh: Interpretation and application of Sharia in world ◦ Varies depending on context

Civil Rights

"The right of the individual within society.... In later use [especially in plural form] each of the political, social, and economic rights which are recognized as the entitlement of every member of a community and which can be upheld by appeal to the law." ◦ Own property ◦ Enter into contracts ◦ Testify in court Initially: identified with natural rights ◦ Not political and social rights (right to vote; right to education; right to shop) Distinction between civil and political rights fades ◦ question of social rights remains

Pluralism

"a form of society in which the members of minority groups maintain their independent cultural traditions." Think more deeply... ◦ Legal prescriptions protecting religious minorities ◦ Cultural norm - a shared concept of how different religions relate (or should relate) to one another ◦ Changes over time, affected by: ◦ Growing diversity & interaction, religious prejudice, anti-immigrant sentiment, xenophobia, war, etc.

Rerum Novarum (1891)

-written by Leo XIII -social encyclical on the conditions and concerns of the working poor results in re-affirmation of traditional gender roles within the family. Natural justice required a living wage for the family, one which allowed mothers to stay home with their children—avoiding the Socialist proposal that the state provide child care, which would be an "act against natural justice and dissolve the structure of the home."

Religion and Protest

1. Religious emphasis on: a. a divinely-ordained creation or world b. an eternal afterlife is change in this world a priority? Recognize problems of society, alleviate suffering when necessary, but focus on salvation 2. Religious emphasis on: a. a divinely-ordained creation or world b. humans called to protect, improve, build on Examples of people finding resources within religion to push back against authorities and establishments

Mary Antin

1881-1949 immigrant from Russia who published a popular autobiography called The Promised Land. ◦ Jewish immigrant to US, age 13 ◦ Wrote The Promised Land (1912)

Russell H. Conwell

1882 - Grace Baptist Church, Philadelphia ◦ Successful orator; early "mega church" ◦ Chautauqua lecturer ◦ "Acres of Diamonds"- delivered 6,152 times Emphasized education, community service

Temple University

1888 - Temple College (now University) ◦ "The Temple Idea" ◦ to educate "workingmen and workingwomen on a benevolent basis, at an expense to the students just sufficient to enhance their appreciation of the advantages of the institution." - Conwell

William Jennings Bryan

1896 "Cross of Gold" - Democratic National Convention in Chicago ◦ Presidential nominee of Democratic Party 1896; 1900; 1908 ◦ Secretary of State 1913-1915 (resigns due to pacifism) Later focus: prohibition, fundamentalism; anti-evolution ◦ "Scopes Monkey" Trial ◦ At DNC (1924) didn't support anti-KKK resolution—accused of white supremacy Other legacy Reform: income tax, popular election of senators, women's suffrage

Malcolm X

1925-1965; b. Malcolm Little; el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz Raised Baptist; discovered Islam in prison (1946-1952) Compelling leader of NOI in New York City ◦ Critical of King, Civil Rights Movement; Sought Direct Action Left NOI in 1964, while on Hajj - converted to Sunni Islam Assassinated by members of Nation of Islam

Martin Luther King, Jr.

1929-1968; Family of Baptist Ministers; Atlanta Education/Influence: ◦ Morehouse College - Benjamin Mays, Social Gospel ◦ Crozer Theological Seminary - Mohandas Gandhi ◦ Boston University - Paul Tillich Married Coretta Scott, moved to Montgomery ◦ Bus boycott Organizes Southern Christian Leadership Conference ◦ National Platform for engagement India in 1959; Gandhian concepts of peaceful noncompliance (satyagraha). Involved in efforts to: ◦ desegregate the South ◦ bring attention to police brutality toward African Americans ◦ highlight (and end) voter suppression Emphasized nonviolence, media attention Early critic of Vietnam War Arrested in Birmingham in 1963 ◦ Letter from Birmingham Jail - ◦ Response to 8 local clergymen, who denounced (1) the violence caused by nonviolence and (2) outsider involvement in a "local issue"

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means. ◦ National Platform for engagement.

Swami Vivekananda

A captivating Hindu monk, addressed 5,000 assembled delegates, greeting them with the words, "Sisters and brothers of America!" His declaration introduced Hinduism to America. At the World Parliament of Religions (1893).

Catholic Worker Movement

A program of social change based on spirituality, hospitality, and community. Founded by Dorothy Day with Peter Maurin ◦ Fast-growing newspaper ◦ Communities ◦ Affected by pacifist views during WW2

"export religion"

A religion that has been brought in by various teachers and exposed to different communities within the United States. Buddhism and Hinduism.

Sheilaism

A shorthand term for an individual's system of religious belief which co-opts strands of multiple religions chosen by the individual usually without much theological consideration. Skeptical.

Hatha Yoga

A yoga system of physical exercises and breathing control. Theos Bernard (1940s): physically strenuous.

Letters from Abroad

About his hajj and how he realized the Nation of Islam is not right and his conversion Sunni Islam

Spirit Baptism

Acts 1:5 "For John baptized with water, but in a few days you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit." Background: John 14:16-17; 25-26:

Billy Graham

An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Hannukah

An eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC. Minor Festival

Church of God in Christ (COGIC)

Church of God in Christ (COGIC) ◦ Founded 1897 as Holiness Church ◦ Pentecostalism under Charles H. Mason ◦ Memphis, Tennessee ◦Ordination ◦ Women's Department ◦ Membership: ◦ Over 5 million in the US today ◦ 6-8 million worldwide

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Arrested in Birmingham in 1963. Response to 8 local clergymen, who denounced (1) the violence caused by nonviolence and (2) outsider involvement in a "local issue".

Assemblies of God

Assemblies of God ◦ SPRINGFIELD, MO! ◦ 1914 merger in Hot Springs, Ark., of communities from Texas, Oklahoma, Alabama, Illinois ◦ Largest white Pentecostal denomination ◦Numbers (according to Carroll, p. 119 (2000)): ◦ Founding membership: 6,000 ◦ Late 20th c.: 2.2 million in US; 25 million worldwide ◦ According to AG website: ◦ Today: 67 million members worldwide

Jihad

Association with violence, post-9/11 ◦Fixation on extremists, like bin Laden, and their interpretation of jihad Jihad: ◦struggle - against individual evil inclination; to convert; to improve Muslim community; to defend Islam ◦ Should be controlled by Islamic Law and state authority; prohibitions against violence toward civilians

B.K.S. Iyengar

Author of Light on Yoga, and many other books on the subject; he has developed the method of yoga now known as Iyengar Yoga or Iyengar style yoga. This method begins with asana with a focus on precise physical and mental alignment. Holistic approach

C.I. Scofield

Bible teacher, creator of the Scofield Reference Bible, c. 1920. Fundamentalist Leader

Paula White Ministries

Born 1966; conversion experience 1984 1989: 2nd Husband: Randy White (Church of God) Without Walls International Church (Florida) 2001 Paula White Ministries Influence of T. D. Jakes, pastor of The Potter's House (megachurch)

Yogananda

Bridge Christianity and yoga

Insight Meditation

Buddha: Enlightened or Awakened One ◦Siddhartha Gautama 6th c. BCE, India ◦Sought wisdom ◦Insight through meditation Regional Variation ◦Theravada (South & Southeast Asia) - vipassana (insight meditation); monk ideal ◦Mahayana (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - emphasis on lay experience; bodhisattva (enlightened individual, compassion) ◦Vajrayana (Tibet) - combines aspects of both

Eliot School Rebellion (1859)

Catholics struggled to adapt to Protestant America Example: Eliot School Rebellion (1859) ◦ Thomas J. Whall, ten-year-old Irish-Catholic American schoolboy ◦ Boston ◦ Whipped for refusing to say Protestant version of Ten Commandments ◦ (Massachusetts State Law) ◦ Hundreds of children refused and walked out of schoo

Postmillennialists

Christ comes after Christianization of world

Premillennialists

Christ comes before 1,000-year reign; world still corrupt; often apocalyptic, violent overthrow of earthly power

Franklin Graham

Christian evangelist and missionary, believed Islam is directly conflicting with Christianity since it has a different God it is evil. Franklin Graham, Evangelical Christian; CEO of Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Pundit ◦ Condemned Islam after 9/11

Aimee Semple McPherson

Converted to Pentecostalism in 1908; married Robert Semple ◦ After husband's death evangelist ◦ The Bridal Call; Angelus Temple ◦ Healing services; Radio station ◦ Church of the Foursquare Gospel

Abington v. Shempp (1963)

Declared unconstitutional daily Bible readings and prayer in public schools ◦ Case began in 1956 (McCarthy era, when "under God" added to Pledge of Allegiance)

Encinitas Trial

Does teaching yoga in public schools violate the separation of church and state? Ruled that it does not violate the state constitution's prohibition against government establishment of religion.

Hasidic

Eastern European migrants (post-Russian Revolution; WWII) ◦ Ultratraditional; Strict ritual observance ◦ Yiddish ◦ 80% of Hasidic population in United States; 50% in Brooklyn

Fundamentalism

Emphasis on personal piety rather than society ◦ Baptists, Presbyterians; Independent Churches. Some engagement in politics: ◦ "Scopes Monkey Trial" (1925) Famous Fundamentalists today: Jerry Falwell - Moral Majority; Pat Robertson

Maria Monk

Escaped nun whose lurid book Awful Disclosures became an anti-Catholic best seller in the 1830s

Evangelicals

Evangelicals split in 1942 ◦ Condemn anti-intellectualism, extremism of Fundamentalists ◦ More willing to work with "mainline" Christians ◦ Billy Graham

Religion and public life

Example 1: Education Example 2: Interfaith families Influenced (in part) by cultural commitment to pluralism? Effect of interfaith families on religious commitment?

St. Pius V Church, Chicago

For American Catholics: • Diverse national backgrounds, cultures, practices, & ideas merge in parish life. Example: St. Pius V in Chicago • Founded by German and Irish immigrants late 19th c; later Czech, Polish neighborhood • Now most services are in Spanish

Isaac Meyer Wise

Found the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (1873) and ◦ Hebrew Union College (1875)

Hebrew Union College

Founded in 1875 by Isaac Mayer Wise. First american seminary to train Rabbis. It is the oldest Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main seminary for training rabbis in Reform Judaism. HUC-JIR has campuses in Cincinnati, New York, Los Angeles and Jerusalem.

JDate

Founded in 1997 "We Build Jewish Families." JDate's Mission - Building the Jewish Community for Over a Decade JDate's mission is to strengthen the Jewish community and ensure that Jewish traditions are sustained for generations to come. To accomplish this mission, we provide a global network where Jewish singles can meet to find friendship, romance and life-long partners within the Jewish faith.

World Parliament of Religions (1893)

Gathering of religious representatives. A variety of spiritual leaders from around the world came to share their perspectives and engage in dialogue

Israel

God: Monotheistic Two covenants: ◦ 1. God promises Abraham land and offspring (Gen 12) ◦ Israel refers to the land, people, & covenant ◦ 2. God gives commandments

Charles Parham

Interest in "Spirit baptism" ◦ Speaking in tongues (glossolalia) ◦ Sign of Christ's imminent return

Sabbath/Shabbat

Holy day for rest and worship ◦ Friday at sunset until Saturday at sunset ◦ Family meal on Friday night ◦ wine, candles, challah bread, tablecloth, prayer ◦ Different interpretations of "rest"

Horatio Alger

Horatio Alger tales: "Rags to Riches" ◦ Responsibility, hard work, individualism ◦ economic success ◦ Links to Protestantism ◦ More general American belief (Civil Religion?)

Religion and Media

How are religious communities adapting to... ◦ A new generation? ◦ New forms of communication? ◦ New ways of meeting and forming relationships? ◦ Globalization? How do media shape our understanding of religion—for good and bad? What role do media play in religion in America today? What role will media play in our religious future?

Civil Rights and Religious Freedom

If Civil Rights include Social Rights, how do we find balance? Whose liberty is upheld? ◦ Religious community? ◦ Possible issue: Gay marriages performed in religious communities, which (in the past) were not recognized by the government ◦ Business? ◦ Possible issue: Christian bakeries refusing to make wedding cakes for gay couples ◦ Individual? ◦ Possible issue: State clerks refusing to issue marriage licenses to gay couples because of personal religious beliefs

Pentecostalism

In US, largest denominations are: • AG, COGIC, Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), and International Church of the Foursquare Gospel • Some central tenets (eg glossolalia, healing) • part of more "mainline" denominations. ◦Approximately 500 million adherents worldwide. 1901: Bethel Bible College, Topeka, Kansas. Early Pentecostalism: challenged society ◦ Poor; racially integrated; ordained women. Speaking in tongues ◦ Healing ◦ Both practices that emphasized the continuing work of the spirit in human worship and life.

Muslims in Modern America

Islam in America ◦ 2.75 million Muslims (0.9% of pop.) ◦ 65% are immigrants (majority 20+ years) ◦ ½ of American-born Muslims are African American ◦ By 2050, Muslims = 2.1% of pop. ◦ 65% Sunnis; 11% Shias; (the rest: neither or "just a Muslim") ◦ 69%: religion is very important in their lives ◦ 65%: pray at least daily ◦ 47%: attend religious services weekly ◦ 86%: "suicide bombings and other forms of violence in the name of Islam are rarely or never justified." 71%: "most people who want to get ahead in the United States can make it if they are willing to work hard." ◦ 63%: "see no conflict between being a devout Muslim and living in a modern society" ◦ 48% have mostly Muslim friends (global median: 95%)

Catholic Immigration Patterns

Last Discussion: ◦ Early Nation: Catholic membership = ~50,000 ◦ English and French dominance 19th Century: membership over 12 million ◦ Changing ethnic make-up ◦ Irish and German immigration (1840-1900) ◦ French/Spanish/Creole ◦ Louisiana Purchase (1803); New Mexico (1848); California (1850) ◦ Central, Eastern, Southern European immigration 1880-1920 20th century: continuing growth 69.5 million (22% of Americans) ◦ particularly Hispanic and Filipino immigration

Swami Vivekananda

Leading religious figure of 19th century India (1863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished west. Vedanta Society ◦Unity and equality of all religions ◦Yoga in US

Dorothy Day

New York; San Francisco; Chicago ◦ Father = anti-Catholic ◦ Influenced by Upton Sinclair, personal experience, exploration ◦ The Call - Socialist newspaper ◦ Interest in Catholicism ◦ Relationship with Forster - an anarchist Birth of daughter eventual conversion to Catholicism in 1927 Catholic Worker Movement (1933- present) ◦ Began with Peter Maurin ◦ Fast-growing newspaper ◦ Communities ◦ Affected by pacifist views during WW2

Peaceful Noncompliance

Peaceful failure or refusal to comply with something (such as a rule or regulation). Emphasized nonviolence, media attention

Cardinal James Gibbons

Popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity. Defended the rights of labor, and helped convince Pope Leo XIII to give his consent to labor unions.

Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson Reed Act)

Quota system based on national origins ◦ 2% from each nationality as represented in 1890 US census

Leo XIII

Rerum Novarum

Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy

Responds to late-19th c. shifts (Evolution, Higher Criticism) Split begins at Princeton Seminary (Presbyterians) ◦ Reflected within Protestantism more widely Dispensationalist Millennialism: Two camps ◦ Postmillennialists and Premillennialists

Mary Baker Eddy

Science and Health (1875) ◦ Founded Church of Christ, Scientist ◦ Very successful. ◦ Severely ill, injured ◦ Discovered Christian Science in 1866

Robert Bellah

Sociologist who wrote Habits of the Heart (1985). A bleak portrait of American fragmentation and narcissistic individualism while attempting to chart the path toward transformation into a stronger communal order.

1893 World's Parliament of Religions

Swami Vivekananda's declaration at the World Parliament of Religions (1893) introduced Hinduism to America.

Nation of Islam

Teachings of Elijah Muhammad ◦ NOI - 1930s Detroit ◦ Influence: Islam and Black Nationalism ◦ Emphasis: self-reliance, virtuous living, black nationalism. Assassinated Malcolm X

High Holy Days (Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur)

The New Year ("L'shana tovah!") ◦ Blowing of shofar ◦ Day of Atonement ("May you have an easy fast")

Religious Diversity

The existence of different forms of religious belief, practice and organization in a society. How is pluralism different from diversity? ◦ 1. "energetic engagement with diversity" ◦ 2. "active seeking of understanding across lines of difference" ◦ 3. "the encounter of commitments" ◦ 4. "based on dialogue"

Ramadan

The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

@Pontifex

The pope's twitter. "Pope Francis tries to meet millennials where they are and take them on a faith journey to where they need to be, and social media is part of that journey, serving as a conduit that can elevate the conversation and drive them to a higher calling of inspiration and passion."

Orthodox

Traditional ◦ Response to Reform, Conservative ◦ Ethnic enclaves

Prosperity Gospel Movement

Unique blend of: ◦ "New Thought" ◦ power of mind (Mary Baker Eddy, Norman Vincent Peale) ◦ American individualism ◦ Pentecostalism Critiques of Prosperity Gospel: ◦ Creflo Dollar's $70 million private jet ◦ Taking advantage of the poor, impossible promises ◦ Misleading health information

Reform Judaism

assimilation, ethics, vernacular worship New York, Philadelphia, Midwest ◦ Cincinnati: Isaac Mayer Wise ◦ Union of American Hebrew Congregations (1873) ◦ Hebrew Union College (1875) Conservative Judaism: "Middle way"

Torah

first five books (contains laws and stories)

Christian Science

◦ Reality = spiritual ◦ Evil (incl. sickness, death) = illusion. Last 25 years: ◦ 1/3 of churches closed; Elderly ◦ Effort to re-brand "spiritual seeker" model

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Pittsburgh Platform (1885)

◦ Statement of American Reform Judaism 1885

Islam in the 2016 Election

• Discussion of Muslim registry; travel ban and refugee restrictions • Muslims targeted by increasingly hateful, irresponsible, and dangerous rhetoric • Anti-Muslim assaults highest since 2001 • 111 anti-Muslim incidents in the month after the election (as of Monday, Nov. 28, 2016)

Gilded Age

◦ Accumulation of wealth ◦ in urban industrial centers ◦ in certain families ◦Immense poverty, long work weeks ◦ Few labor laws. Problems emerge, 1890s: ◦ economic depressions ◦ Protests, strikes ◦ Populist resentment

William Joseph Seymour

◦ Black Holiness preacher William J. Seymour Azusa Street Mission (LA)

Passover

◦ Festival of deliverance; redemption from slavery in Egypt ◦ Matzah (unleavened bread); Seder (order); Four questions

Rerum Novarum (1891)

◦ Long Christian tradition of poverty, providing for poor ◦ Enlightenment-era idea: money = gift of God ◦ Christians should be good stewards -written by Leo XIII -social encyclical on the conditions and concerns of the working poor. Support Unions. 1891◦