Religious Wars and stuff
Battle of Lepanto
Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope. Included Spain and Italian city-states
Sir Francis Walsingham
"Spymaster" to Elizabeth I; disrupted plots against the queen; instrumental in having Mary, Queen of Scots executed; considered a father of modern intelligence
Elizabeth I
(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.
Defenestration of Prague
(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Francis, Duke of Guise
- One of the most powerful nobles in France. - Leader of the French forces who initiated the Massacre of Vassy.
Frederick V of the Palatinate
--Leader of the Protestant princes against Ferdinand during the first phase of the war. --made King of Bohemia by the rebels --Bavarian army beat the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 --known as the King of One Winter because he lost control of Bohemia and his German possessions in 1622.
Election of Ferdinand II
-- After the Defenestration of Prague; if Protestant electors had denied Ferdinand's right to vote as king of Bohemia, he could have been defeated. Only Frederick V was going to do this, but he backed down because he was alone. --Ferdinand was elected in Aug 1619
Christian IV of Denmark
-- Lutheran king of Denmark who took up the sword for the Protestants and entered Germany (1625), but was pushed back by Maximilian. --hoped to prevent a total Catholic conquest of the empire but also to profit from the war
--Danish Phase (1625-1630)
--Lutheran Christian IV of Denmark entered the war to aid Protestants and annex land. --Battle of Lutter, crushed by Maximilian --Ferdinand also used Wallenstein, who occupied much of Denmark
Maximilian, duke of Bavaria
--Organized a Catholic alliance to counter a new Protestant alliance that had formed under the Calvinist Frederick V. --Ferdinand gave him Frederick's electoral seat and land in the Palatinate -- fought the mercenary captain Mansfeld and harrassed the German Protestant civilian population --defeated King Christian IV of Denmark
Battle of Nordlingen
--Swedes' lost at this 1634 battle to the imperial forces --French decided to enter the war marking the beginning of International Phase of 30 Years' War.
Cardinal Richlieu
--advisor to French King Louis XIII --Catholic, but agreed to support Gustavus Adolphus's invasion in order to harass the Hapsburgs
Edict of Restitution
--issued by Ferdinand II prohibited Calvinist to worship and gave back the property to the Catholic Church. --epitome of his absolute authority; enraged Protestant princes
Albrecht von Wallenstein
--mercenary general used by Ferdinand; allowed sack the areas he occupied --occupied much of Denmark, Pomerania, German Baltic coast, forcibly converting much of Protestant Germany to Catholicism for Ferdinand --dismissed due to hostility of German princes, but called back into action to deal with Adolphus of Sweden --1634, assassinated by one of his own captains
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
1. Ended the Thirty Years' War 2. Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith 3. kept Cuius regio; eius religio 4. Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states, ending Hapsburg goal of a single state 5. France got Alsace and Lorraine in the Rhineland 6. Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power 7. recognized Swiss Confederation and Dutch Rupublic
Charles IX of France
1550-1574; King of France during St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre; son of Catherine de Medici; died soon after
Duke of Medina Sidonia
1550-1615. Commander-in-chief of Spanish Armada. Had never fought at sea and was thus widely considered incompetent. Tried hard to avoid being put in command of the Armada, complained of sickness and colds whilst sailing.
Annexation of Portugal
1580, many people were bribed by Phillip II who claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne.
Assassination of William of Orange
1584, shot at point blank range by an Ultra-Catholic French mercenary who was then tortured to death.
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
1586 -proven Mary had role in Babington plot and she was put on trial and executed
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Catholic League
1609 Catholics determined to stop the spread of Protestantism in German states
Battle of Lutter
1626, Christian IV is defeated by Maximillian of Bavaria
Count of Tilly
A Catholic General of the Bavarian army who won the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, a reaction to Defenestration at Prague. One of Ferdinand's best generals.
Count of Egmont
A member of the council of state of the Netherlands who worked with William of Orange to oppose Spanish overlords in the Netherlands
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Union of Arras
A union of southern provinces that made peace with Spain.
Battle of Lutzen
Battle in which Gustav Adolphus was killed, thus ending any real hope the protestants had against Emperor Ferdinand. --Swedes drove Walllenstein from the field; stalemate ensued for a time.
Politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
Union of Brussels
Catholic and Protestant provinces joined in an alliance that tolerated religious differences but had political unity. It was the Netherland's unified opposition to Spain.
House of Valois
Catholic party that fought against the Huguenots in the French Wars of Religion
Mary Queen of Scots
Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.
Bohemia
Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War, Ferdinand II redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers form all over Europe, serf conditions declined
Letter of Majesty
Document Rudolph II signed that granted religious toleration to Bohemians
William of Orange
Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)
Gustavas Adolphus
He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, with innovative use of combined arms.
HRE Ferdinand II
Ferdinand of Styria; extreme Catholic, educated by Jesuits -took away religious toleration from Bohemians, who rebelled -wanted to transform HRE into an absolute, Catholic, Hapsburg state -at the height of his power as HRE, issued Edict of Restitution to outlaw Calvinism in the Empire, alienated both Protestant and Catholic princes -partnership with Wallenstein, mercenary general
--Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
First phase of 30 Years War: After the Defestration of Prague, Bohemia rebelled and installed Calvinist Frederick V as king. Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor and defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of While Mountain in 1620. Protestant land was given away, and the Spanish consolidated power along the Rhine River.
Hugenots
French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin
Invincible Armada
Huge navy built by Spain's new wealth from the new world
Henry Stuart
Husband of Mary I who helps her device a plan to murder Elizabeth I
Phillip II
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
Earl of Bothwell
Killed Lord Darnley and married Mary Stuart soon after.
Henry Duke of Guise
Leader of the Ultra Catholic party in France who opposed French Huguenots. He was used by Catherine de Medici to balance power in France.
Protestant Union
League of German states that opposed the Catholic League and was led by Frederick IV
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.
Duke of Alva
Military leader sent by Philip II to pacify the Low Countries
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.
Decline of Spain
Philip II and III spent too much money, armed forces were out-of-date, insufficient government, commercial class was weak, suppressed peasantry, luxury-loving nobles, oversupply of priests/monks; Spain was still highly populated and a great power on the outside, though
Duke of Parma
Philip II's nephew who crushed the Dutch revolts by sieging Antwerp.
Henry of Navarre
Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.
Riksdag
Sweden's parliament
--Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
The 3rd phase. It began with the arrival of swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in Germany. he came to help assist the Protestant of the area. The major turning point in the war
Union of Utrecht
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Spanish Fury
The greatest atrocity of the war between Spain and the Netherlands. Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp, leaving 7,000 people dead.
39 Articles of Faith
The list of beliefs of the Church of England created by Elizabeth. They are moderate in their protestant ideas. The 39 are an easing up of the 42 Articles created by the radical protestants under her brother, Edward VI.
Calvinist Fury
The madness that happened after Phillip II dismissed the Beggar's Petition. Calvinists destroyed Catholic churches, provoking Philip II.
Sir William Cecil
The shrewd adviser of Elizabeth I. Together, they guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn asunder by religious differences.
English Gentry
They were the "new money" that gained their money from trade. Generally, they didn't trust James I.
--Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648)
This was the fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years War. The war might have started out about religion, however this phase it evolved into a war about power and wealth The war would end with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 with very little changed considering the carnage Europe endured.
War of the Three Henrys
This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)
Jean Bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice
John Knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
Dutch Revolt
This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state
Marguerite de Valois
Wife of Henry of Navarre, she was a Catholic and he was a Hugenot.
Elizabethan Religious Compromise
a 1st act as ruler, achieved over 4 year period, made it a law that everyone had to attend the Church of England every Sunday, have to pay fine if you don't go to church that gets higher each week, thrown in jail for a few days if you refuse to pay, breaks nobles of their catholicism
Battle of White Mountain
a decisive battle during the Bohemian phase of the war resulting in the defeat of Frederick V by the generals of Ferdinand II; 1620
Admiral Coligny
a major leader of the French Protestant movement; killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Colloquy of Poissy
a religious conference which took place in Poissy, France, in 1561. Its object was to effect a reconciliation between the Catholics and Protestants of France. The conference was opened on 9 September in the refectory of the convent of Poissy, the French king himself being present
Peace of Aubsburg
an agreement in 1555 that ended the habsburg-valois wars and gave german princes the right to determine the religion of their subjects, either Catholicism or Lutheranism
Sea Beggars
group of calvinists that rampaged through catholic churches in many parts on the Netherlands, smashed windows, burned books, destroyed altars, and ruined all the rich ornaments
House of Bourbon
group of nobles that were Huguenots. Ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarre.
Council of Troubles
inaugurated reign of terror against Spanish rule (dutch called it Council of Blood) by Calvinists, nobles and merchants, 1,000s killed, begins inquisition in Netherlands
Henry III (France)
last son of Henry II; involved in the war of three Henrys; assassinated by a crazed monk. Acted immature and was not fit as king.
Gustavus Vasa
leader of Swedish barons who overthrew Christian II and went on to become king of Sweden and established a Lutheran Reformation
El Escorial
palace built by Philip II which served as royal court, art gallery, monastery, and tomb for Spanish royalty
Battle of Breitenfeld
the Protestant's first major victory of the Thirty Years war under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus, smashed Tilly's Imperial Army
Micheal de Montaigne
was a writer who became a skeptic and developed the essay form
Catherine de Medici
wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. Made an alliance with the Guise family