Remote sensing, Map and Air Photo, Aerial photography, (9) Remote Sensing Aerial Photography, Photo Interpretation & Image Distortion, Geog 105 Quiz 7, GEOG 105 Quiz H, GIS review, Exam 2- Chapter 3, GIS, GIS Exam 1 and 2, GIS // Midterm, Geospacial...

NOAA AVHRR

"Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer" On NOAA-15 to 18

Remote sensing

--Collecting landscape data without direct physical contact. --Performed with Orbital (satellite) or suborbital (aerial) platforms. --Expand spectral range - measures electromagnetic radiation to detects light from wavelength (light) outside of human eyesight

DEM

--Digital Elevation Model --Made from LiDAR --Best example: Terra

Stereoscopy

--Needed for aerial imagery --Uses binocular vision for observation of overlapping photographs --ex normal eyesight --related to point scale, vertical photograph @ different elevations have different scales, stereoscopy reconciles w/ overlapping

Ikonos

--Provides commercial images

3 attributes of an object to asses information

-Gray levels -Texture -Structure

Near Infrared

0.7-1.3 microns

Please order the wavelengths of the spectral bands in an ascending order (short-->long) to form the electromagnetic spectrum

1. Blue 2. Green 3. Red 4. Near-infrared 5. Mid-infrared 6. Thermal infrared

In 3D modeling, a block has at least ___ faces.

6

Which of the following would be the LEAST desirable location for a control point?

A cleared area in a construction zone

Google Earth

A freely available virtual globe program first released in 2005 by Google

A small scale map would show:

A larger geographic area than a large scale map

International dateline

A line of longitude that uses the 180th meridian as a basis (but changes away from a straight line to accommodate geography)

IFOV

A measure of the spatial resolution of a remote sensing imaging system. Defined as the angle subtended by a single detector element on the axis of the optical system.

False northing

A measurement made North (or south) of an imaginary line such as is used in measuring UTM northings in the Southern Hemisphere

Northing

A measurement of so many units north (or south) of the baseline

Ordinal

A measurement scale in which scores indicate rank order like fire risk

Geoid

A model of earth using mean sea level as a base

Ellipsoid

A model of the rounded shape of earth

georelational data model

A model that represents geographic features as an interrelated set of spatial and attribute data. It is the fundamental data model used in coverages.

Datum

A reference surface of Earth

A thematic map can be either 1. qualitative, or 2. quantitative or 3. carries both type of information. Please match the following maps to corresponding categories

Africa_maize Map carries both qualitative and quantitative information; Manhattan Starbucks Map just carry qualitative information; Aquifer Productivity Map of Africa carries both qualitative and quantitative information; Population Map of Russia carries quantitative information

True Color...

All colors in correct color bands (Red in 1, Green in 2, Blue in 3)

2048

An 11-bit sensor can measure how many levels?

19) In SQL, the order of the rows that result from a SELECT statement can be set using the SORT BY phrase.

Answer: FALSE

71) An SQL data type of ________ means that values consist of seven decimal numbers with two numbers assumed to the right of the decimal point.

Answer: Numeric(7,2)

relating an object to other nearby features

Association

On this projection, which point would possess the least distortion?

B

Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in orbit best describes A) Geographic Information System B) Global Positioning System C) Remote Sensing D) Satellite Imagery

B) Global Positioning System

Reference Maps

Base maps, a record of what is there, general purpose

Extruding a polygon will turn it into a

Block

How are SPCS zones determined?

By the geographic boundaries of states and counties

On this projection, which point would possess the least distortion?

C

What are six things GIS can do with data?

Capture Store Query Analyse Display Present

The art and science of making maps describes:

Cartography

Data Structures of Raster

Cell by Cell - stores strings Run - Length encoding - records by row and group Quad tree encoding. - divides grid into quadrants recursivley until single cell is reached

Land Satellite images allow us to bring in more...

Components of the EM spectrum to see more things (Species differentiation, broad vegetation patterns etc.)

Geographic information system (GPS)

Computer-based mapping analysis and retrieval of location based out of

If you were given a GIS project of and area and topic you were not familiar, of the three levels of data models, Conceptual, Logical and Physical, which model would you first put your ideas in to get a grasp of the problem and why?

Conceptual, because you are not familiar with the area and need to conceptualize your project before you move to the Logical and Physical data models.

topology Model

Concerned with relationships between spatial objects, but not their physical shape. Two most common are adjacency (do they share a common boundary) and containment (is a residence withing a school zone)

Which of the following is NOT a possible application of Landsat images?

Conducting a real estate survey in a neighborhood in Sanfranciso by outlining the area and shape of each building or house, Only a very high resolution commercial satellite can do this, such as GeoEye -1.

A ______________ map preserves shape

Conformal

Name 5 general projections that can be categorised based on spatial properties they preserve

Conformal Equal Area Equidistant Azimuthal Compromise

Maps that Preserve Shape

Conformal maps (Mercator, Lambert conformal conic

Geotag

Connecting a photo to a real world location

Orthorectification...

Correcting for elevation differences on the Earth (DOQQ photos)

Cover aerial photography uses...

Cover type mapping into many classes (Different tree species)

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used datum

DAT86

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used datum?

DAT86

In general, GCS measurements are made in:

DMS

metadata

Data about data. coverage, data quality, data currency as well as information on who created the data and how it should be interpreted.

advantages of Database

Data is easily shared data is permanent easily accessed through search easily used by a computer to locate data quickly

Non-spatial data

Data that is not directly linked to geospatial location such as tabular data

A geoportal that allows users to access U.S. government data is called:

Data.gov

Regulatory is one of the types of geographic Data Standards list two more:

De jure, De facto

Metadata refers to:

Descriptive information about the data (data about data)

radar images

Detect cloud cover, rainfall or storm location, intensity, and movement. Also potential for severe weather.

Define spectral reflectance

Different wavelengths that an object or feature reflects. This shows different colours.

Satellite imagery

Digital images of birth acquired by sensors on board orbiting space born platforms

Geometric Correction

Digitally manipulating image data such that the image's projection precisely matches a specific projection surface or shape.

false

Digitizing is a simple task and can be performed by anyone given very little training

Describe preservation with direction?

Direction, or azimuth, is measured in degrees of angle from north. An azimuthal projection preserves direction for all straight lines passing through a single, specified location. On an azimuthal map, directions from one central location to all other points on the map will be shown correctly.

Nadir Line

Directly under flight lines, The "trace line" of the ground directly beneath the aircraft while taking photographs

What are four basic types of spatial relationships?

Distance Containment Intersection Adjacency

Wavelength

Distance from one wave crest to the next.

Rater Data model

Divides the study area into a regular set of grid cells. Generate by laying the grid over themes abstracted from reality coding each cell with a single attribute structuring the codes so you computer can store them.

For surface draping which combination is impossible?

Drape an aerial photo over a USGS topi map, It is impossible because the USGS topo maps are 2-D maps which cannot be used as a base of draping

Landsat 7 carries which of the following sensors?

ETM+

galileo

EU released by 2019

What are quantiles? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?

Each class contains an equal number of values (features) Use when attributes are evenly distributed in a linear fashion For classes, choose what makes the most sense

What are manual? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?

Each class has a range that you specify Use when you want classes to break at specific values For classes, choose what makes the most sense

Endlap

Each vertical aerial photograph overlaps the next by ~60% (stereoscopic overlap)

What are the ecological and economic benefits of wetland?

Ecological, act as water flow regulators. Economic, commercial fisheries use coastal wetlands as growth habitats

Which of the following features is a continuous feature?

Elevation

Quantum Theory

Energy of Quantum = Planck Constant x Frequency

Active Sensor...

Energy source such as an instrument within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum

Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by taking the complete range of values and dividing by the desired number of classes?

Equal Interval

In the raster data model, all items are represented as

Equally-spaced and sized grid cells

What marks the difference between north and south latitude?

Equator

The side of a block object is called a

Face

Radar resolution

Factors that effect radar resolution: 1. Range resolution 2. Azimuth resolution --determined by width of synthesized ANTENA and WAVELENGTH

A horizontal datum is a baseline used as a starting point in measuring elevation values (either above or below this value).

False

Aerial photography is the acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites. T/F

False

Buffering can only be performed with vector data.

False

If you ever open up your mxd file and see red exclamation points next to your layers, you must start your map over as the data is lost and irretrievable

False

In all maps north is "up" so a north arrow is superfluous

False

In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways? T/F

False

KMZ files cannot be used in Google Earth.

False

Maps are the only graphic devices used to present geographically relevant information.

False

Operational GIS can be traced back to the 1940s

False

Raster is used to represent quantitative data only. Qualitative (thematic) data representation is limited to vector.

False

Street maps, route maps and topographic maps are all examples of thematic maps

False

T or F. The only logical choice for a prime meridian was the meridian that runs through Greenwich, England.

False

T or F. The distance between meridians is a constant value

False

T or F. A small scale map is best to represent an area such as 1 acre subdivision lot that shows structures, vegetation and utilities.

False

T or F. The Raster data model is best for precision graphics and cartography on a large scale map.

False

T or F. To "triangulate, a GPS receiver measures distance using high frequency laser signals between Satellites and your GPS receiver.

False

The images pulled from Google Earth tend to be "continuous"—that is, composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated. True/False

False

The images pulled from google earth tend to be "continuous"- ie composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated. T/F

False

The shapefile is a common standard for representing geospatial raster data.

False

The vast majority of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to human eyes.

False

A soil map is a precision ag farm GIS layer; list three more:

Fertility, Yield Maps, Aerial Photos

According to Esri, what is currently the preferred file format for vector data within ArcGIS?

File geodatabase

Explain the importance of map projection.

First, a map projection allows us to use 2 dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.

Sidelap

Flightlines are usually overlapped by 20-30%

At which scales can you assume that the earth is a sphere, and what is the term for a sphere that has the same area as a given spheroid?

For scales smaller than 1:5,000000 it can be assumed that the earth is a sphere. An Authalic sphere is a perfect sphere that has the same area as a given spheroid

Which of the following questions needs to be solved using "Spatial Statistics"?

For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that whether the occurences of heart disease are spatially clustered.

Air photo aquisition components

Found on the edge of the air photo; date,time, film type, GPS, lens info. Series # example 10-00198 (10=flightline, 198 = # of the photo in that flight line)

With regard to coordinates systems, a ________________ refers to data that is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds, while a ____________ refers to data that is defined by a flat 2-D surface and can be measured in units of meters and feet.

GCS; PCS

AGD66 and GDA94 differences

GDA94 replaced AGD66 in 2000, thus moving from a local reference ellipsoid (ANS for AGD66) to a global reference ellipsoid (GRS80 for GDA94). GDA94 is a geocentric datum and compatible with GPS data. The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66) is based on the Australian National Spheroid (ANS) reference ellipsoid with its origin at the Johnston Geodetic Station in the Northern Territory. This datum was designed to be a best fit for the Australian region. The centre of the ANS does not coincide with the centre of the Earth but lies about 200m from it.

Image interpretation: 2nd order elements

GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF OBJECTS 1. Size (important discrimination of object / features) 2. Shape 3. Texture (smoothness, roughness) 4. Pattern, vegetation

Computer-based mapping and analysis of location-based data best describes:

GIS

Computer-based mapping and analysis of location-based data best describes: A) GIS B) GPS C) Remote Sensing D) Aerial Photography

GIS

High-tech "treasure hunting" that is assisted with GPS is referred to as

Geocaching

Ways to Download Remote Sensing Data

Geoeye GloVis (USGS) Earth Explorer (USGS) MODIS website Global Land Cover Facility EROS/USGS Seamless Explorer

What is an 'annotated orthophotomap'?

Gives you more geographic information about the area Map makers can overlay conventional map symbols on an orthophoto

Euclid

Greek Mathematician geometry father

The origin point for 0 degrees longitude is

Greenwich, England

A pixel of an image displayed on a screen that has a brightness value of 127 in the red color gun, 127 in the green color gun, and 127 in the blue color gun will produce which color for that pixel?

Grey

Origin

Grid extent and cell resolution.

Absolute position

Grid or Cartesian coordinate systems

Nominal

Groups that can't be compared like postcodes or text

Please select the necessary component(s) of GIS

Hardware Software People Data

GIS applications that look at emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts are often used in which field?

Homeland security

List two characteristics of a wetland.

Hydric Soils Hydrophytic plants

Relative relief aims at providing realistic presentation of relief with a near-3D effect. Which is NOT a commonly used method for creating relative relief?

Hypsometric tinting, Hypsometric tinting is the process of coloring between contour lines - it is a common method for absolute relief portrayal

Geospatial data

I didn't that are tied to specific real world locations

IKONOS: Sensor

IKONOS has 1m Panchromatic, 4m Multispectral sensor

IKONOS: Spatial Resolution

IKONOS has 1m pan and 4m MS spatial resolution

Longitude

Imaginary lines on a globe east and west of the prime meridian that serves as the basis of measurement in GCS

Color IR aerial photography uses...

Improved differentiation of tree species / Forest Health (Disease / Insects)

What is the mapping type? Why?

In this map, scaring skulls are used as symbols, which make the map useful for improving statewide driving safety awareness. Different size of skulls indicates the number of traffic fatalities. Since the attribute value depicted here is exact number, such as 10, 100 etc, this is a proportional symbol map.

remotely sensed images

Information gathered using a sensor

What is an attribute?

Information that is associated with a feature other than its shape and location Linked by FID

Within an Active Sensor, energy pulses are transmitted from the...

Instrument to the surface and energy is scattered by the surface and is received by the antenna

The incoming radiance to the earth, the amount of energy that hits a certain amount of the earth's surface.

Irradiance

four major coordinate systems

Latitude and Longitude UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) State Plane Coordinate System (SPC) U.S. Public Land Survey System (Township and Range)

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude- parallel lines which run east and west and measure distance north and south of the equator. Longitude- "meridians" which run north and south and measure distance east and west of the prime meridian. , A geographic coordinate system.

Public Lands Survey

Local, convenient, and unsystematic Irregular boundaries, "original survey" made up of "lines" and Corners Common in Europe and eastern U.S. Each early settlement system produced its own method

What are lines of longitude called? Latitude? What angles are they measured at?

Longitudes are meridians and latitudes are parallels Longitude coordinate represents a line at the prime meridian and a line extending east along the equator Latitude coordinate represents a line on the equator and a line extending north along the 60 meridian

Which of the following are least likely to be used as GCPs?

Low-resolution satellite images

Which of the following is NOT a Suomi NPP instrument?

MODIS

MODIS: Temporal Resolution

MODIS has an individual satellite repeat time of 2 days. The different satellites combine create 1 day repeat time.

Longitude

Meridians

Where is a planar projection most accurate? What kind of maps can you produce?

Most accurate at the poles Produces maps on which the longitude converge at the north pole and radiate outward, latitude lines appear as a series of concentric circles

Where is a cylinder projection most accurate? What kind of maps can you produce?

Most accurate in equatorial zones Produces maps with straight, evenly spaced meridians and straight parallels that intersect meridians at right angles

Where is a cone projection most accurate? What kind of maps can you produce?

Most accurate in mid-latitude zones Produces maps with straight converging longitude lines and concentric circular arcs for latitude lines

When the GPS signals bounce off objects to arrive later than anticipated, which of the following types of errors is occurring?

Multipath

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Responsible for aviation and spaceflight.

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, records ocean and weather data

Maps that Preserve Area

On an equal-area projection

UTM zone

One of the 60 divisions of the world set up by the UTM system each zone being 6° of longitude wide

A map showing the locations of the top tourist destinations in Florida, ranked by the number of tourists that came to them in 2011 is showing what type of data?

Ordinal

Digital Ortho Quarter Quad (DOQQ)...

Orthorectified images

A military receiver is required to pick up which of the following

P code

What is not a way to represent an attempt to make GPS more accurate

PDOP

Latitude

Parallels

Raster Data

Pixel Data

What is a spectral reflectance curve

Plots spectrum against relative reflectance for an object, its the objects signature or fingerprint. Shows the proportion of incident energy that is reflected by an object as a function of wavelength.

Which programming language is used for writing scripts in ArcGIS?

Python

Which of the following GIS software programs can be downloaded for free?

QGIS

QuickBird: Spatial Resolution

QuickBird has 0.6m Pan, 2.4m MS spatial resolution

In an attribute table, each object is stored as a:

Record

Env conditions for the planet can be monitored by which of the following?

Remote Sensing

Environmental conditions for the planet Earth can be monitored by which of the following?

Remote Sensing

Image

Representation of an object. Includes photographs, but not limited (remote sensors do not take photographs)

Image Pixel

Represents the brightness of each area with an integer value or digital number.

Temporal Resolution..

Resolution Type that is a repeat cycle of the sensor (Amount of time it takes the sensor to re-capture information about the same area)

Image compression techniques are used to reduce the size of raster data files, name one discussed in class:

Run length encoding or Quadtree

Describe the 3 levels of approximation of the shape and size of the Earth for GIS applications.

SPHERE, SPHEROID/ELLIPSOID, GEOID

SPOT

SPOT-7 is the most recent of the french satellites. Not yet in orbit

SPOT: Spectral Resolution

SPOT-7 will have 5 bands (Pan, Blue, Green, Red, near IR)

SPOT: Spatial Resolution

SPOT-7 will have a 1.5m Pan and 'Color Merge' resolution and 8m MS

A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a:

Scale bar

What does scale mean in GIS?

Scale is a ratio One unit on your map represents X units in the real world

What is the SCL?

Scane Line Corrector on Landsat 7 ETM.

Photogrammetry

Science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points.

the form of an object

Shape

What are the four spatial properties subject to distortion?

Shape Area Distance Direction

Spatial Properties that are Distorted

Shape Area Distance Direction

Potential Distortion

Shape (maps that preserve shape are conformal) Area Distance Direction (azimuthal projections preserve direction)

Aerial photography interpretation relies on analysis of...

Shape / Association / Pattern / Location / Tone / Texture / Shadow

Pixel

Short for picture element. A pixel is the smallest logical unit of visual information that can be used to build an image.

A measurement of the rate of elevation change at a location is

Slope

Transmitted (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...

Some to all of the energy passes through the object within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum (Clear water)

In the Layer Properties Window, which tab would use select to view data type and projection information:

Source

Nadir line

The "trace line" of the ground directly beneath the aircraft during acquistion.

MODIS: Spectral Resolution

The MODIS sensor has a 36 band spectral resolution

Which of the following would be the best location for a control point?

The corner of a building

Phenology...

The cyclical pattern of growth and senescence

Wien's Displacement Law

The dominant wavelength of a blackbody

Amplitude

The equivalent to the height of each peak, often measured in energy levels or watts.

Principle Point

The exact point on the Earth where the optical axis of the camera was pointing during the instant of exposure. Only point without manipulation.

Equator

The line of latitude that runs around the center of earth and serves as the 0° line to make latitude measurements from

Prime meridian

The line of longitude that runs through Greenwich England and serves as the 0° line of longitude to base measurements on

Spectral Resolution

The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its

grayscale levels or ranges of color for objects

Tone

GIS software is only one of the components of a GIS

True

Radio waves

UHF, VHF, radio (HF), LF, ULF

List the first two most important factors influencing crop yield.

Water control, use the best varieties

Black and White Infrared

Water shows up black, healthy vegetation bright white (it reflects 40-70% IR light)

Side lap

a 15-20% side-overlap between flightlines

Error

a general term for a mistake

Modern Spatial analysis consists of three things; a data base model, a set of statistical and graphical data analysis tools and:

a set spatial visualization tools also data from the area

A map package is:

a single file that contains the map document, all data layers used in the map document, as well as their appearance

what is GIS?

a tool to explore the geographic approach to data analysis

lines, points, polygons

a vector data consists of....

an atmospheric window is best described as

a wavelength of energy that is most easily transmitted to the earth

In order to create a colour composite image, we select 3 bands from a multispectral scene and display one band in red, the second in green, and the third in blue. If you wanted to display a Landsat ETM image, which ETM band numbers would you assign to each colour to create: (a) a true colour composite; and (b) a standard false colour composite?

a) Band 1: blue, band 2: green, band 3: red b) Band 4: red, band 3: green, band 2: blue

What errors, if any, have been made in each of the following notation? a) 89°69΄23"N Latitude, 177°03΄00"E Longitude b) 5°08΄31"S Latitude, 191°31΄04"W Longitude c) 21°43΄49"E Latitude, 103°42΄51"W Longitude d) 93.468 Latitude, 42.356 Longitude

a) Can't have minutes greater than 60 b) can't have longitude greater than 180 c) Latitude is only north or south d) can't have Latitude greater than 180

Text

alphanumeric strings

Classification

classifying a range of values into a small number of groups by different colors or symbol sizes.

aerial images

common, inexspensive, easy to interpret

geocentric

comprensive mental map

One would normally begin with ________ in a GIS project:

data acquisition

What is the status of Landsat 5?

decommissioned and permanently shut down in 2013

egocentric

experience

raster data analysis.

includes local, neighborhood, zonal, and global operations.

irnss

india under development

In the attribute table for a "states" feature class, rows would represent:

individual states

Orthographic

infinite location in space

georeferenced

information is tied to a specific location on the earth's surface using x-y coordinates defined in a standard way

Spatial and attribute information

information that is stored via spatial and aspatial data in files, which are linked together. stored as vector and raster.

vertex

intermediate points on a line

Inside join

join based on whether one feature class is inside another (wholly or partially)

manual edditing

line and point locations are adjusted on a graphic display

Vector analysis operations

measurement queries buffering reclassification overlay operations

the energy range of 0.7 to 1.3 micrometers defines what types of energy

near infrared

spectral

radiometric - color and temp

we see the sky as blue in the middle of the day because of

rayleigh scatterign

how to create allometric equations?

research. Conduct field work measuring biophysical parametres. Regression analysis.

A geostationary satellite

rotates at the same speed as the Earth.

a geostationary satellite

rotates at the same speed as the earth

glonass

russian since 2012

dynamic space

space that embodies movement

Rubber sheeting

stretches and distorts pre-existing vector data to move vertices and nodes to knows locations. It preserves the topological structure within the data.

projection

takes 3D angular coordinates of a GCS and uses mathematical equations to displace them to a cylindrical, conic, or planar surface, which is then unwrapped to a plane

map projection

takes a 3D earth and creates a 2D map

real map

tangible directly viewable

Geographic

the "G" in GIS stands for....

Who designed, operates, and maintains the United States GPS?

the U.S. Department of Defense

Which of the following is NOT a form of geospatial data?

the assessed value of a particular house

image interpretation

the process of identifying and mapping features

ArcMap utilities such as zooming, panning, and selecting features are available on the:

tools toolbar

Slope is calculated as

vertical rise / horizontal run

how are UAS's flown? (unmanned aircraft system)

via remote control from the ground

analyze, store, manipulate spatial data

what does GIS do?

What are the key questions when designing an API project?

what is the purpose of the study? what is the best type of film product? what is the optimal scale (expected detail)? What is the local relief (expected relief displacement - lower flight more displacement)? What is the optimal time of acquisition (hour, season)?

hierarchical ?

what type of database is most commonly used in a GIS?

tru color

what your eyes can detect

1:1 vs 1 to many

what's the difference between hierarchical and network database structures?

line snapping

when a vertex or node is close they are snapped together

information

when data is processed to give them meaning

Scale

with spatial models, complex shapes are simplified, Scale is fundamental for how features are generalized. Scale of a map is the ratio between distances on the map and the corresponding distances in the real world.

wgs84

world geodetic system 1984 satellite based system worldwide coverage 2004 update uses earth gravitational model may differ from nad83 by 2 meters curently used by gps satellites

The Equator and the Prime Meridian both have a value of _____________ in geographic coordinate systems.

zero

Dimensionality

zero = point, one = line, two = polygon, 2.5 = one z value only, 3 = any z-y-z

EOS: ASTER

"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer" Sensor on EOS satellites

Spectral resolution

--different instruments record different bands on the EMS --the number and size of the bands which can be recored by a sensor determine an instruments SPECTRAL RESOLUTION ---small #, wide bands = POOR resolution ---large #, short bands = HIGH resolution

Spatial resolution

--measurements of the MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 OBJECTS that will allow them to be differentiated from one another in an image

Electromagnetic spectrum

--range of wavelengths electromagnetic radiation extends --visible spectrum is small --near infrared spectrum: NAIP Imagery --> 4th Band is not visible; we use the false coloring in order to identify vegetation type GREEN (lush) YELLOW (dry)

Stereoscopic

-By overlapping images of 2 images a 3 dimensional image can be obtained

Aerial photographs are used for

-Deliniating stand boundaries -Species composition -Volume -Tree density

Gray levels

-Diff. species reflect sunlight differently -Coniferous trees usually darker

state whether using a Query, the Statistics function, or the Summarize function would be the best approach to solving each problem. -Find all towns with more than 20,000 people -Find the total number of volcanoes in each state -Determine the total damage caused by earthquakes in the U.S -Find all states in which Hispanics out number African Americans -Find out which subregion of the U.S. has the most Hispanics

-Find all towns with more than 20,000 people: query -Find the total number of volcanoes in each state : summarize -Determine the total damage caused by earthquakes in the U.S : statistics -Find all states in which Hispanics out number African Americans :query -Find out which subregion of the U.S. has the most Hispanics: summarize

Relief displacement

-Higher an object is above the ground more displaced radially outward from center of airphoto -Verticle structures appear to lean away from center of photo -Used to measure height

Advantages of mirror stereoscopes

-Larger areas can be viewed -Height measurements are more precise

Air photo pictures must...

-Overlap by 50% -Sidelap by 25%

Structure

-Shape of an object -Rectangular shapes agriculutral fields etc.

Texture

-Small scale variation in gray levels -Old growth heterogenous stands have high texture -Even aged stands have less texture

Height measurements can be used only if

-The ground is visible (must measure the height of one point to another)

Approach to stereoscopy

-Use 4 fiducial marks in corner of the airphoto or at midpoint of each of the edges to mark center in each air photos -Center is called principle point (pp) -Identify corresponding principle point (CPP) or location of PP of the neighboring airphoto on the photo of interest -Draw a line between PP and CPP on each airphoto

attribute data

-data tables -specific DBMS -nominal, ordinal, interval

Benefits of vector

-store many individual features with high degree of precision. -attribute table provides great flexibility in the number and type of attributes that can be stored -ideally suited for mapmaking because high precision of detail of features -compact storage; requires less storage space than raster. -Ideally suited for analysis.

Identify 3 differences between a supervised and an unsupervised classification. For each difference be sure you state its consequence for both supervised and unsupervised classification.

...

Name one resampling method commonly used during geometric correction. List one advantage and one disadvantage of that method.

...

Phototypes

...

Under what conditions do remotely sensed images need to be radiometrically corrected?

...

Which of vegetation, soil, and water have the highest and lowest reflectances in the visible portion of the spectrum?

...

planimetric map

2 D, most basic. There is no reference to altitude, only 2 D information. A road map would be an example, an outline map is this kind of map.

edge matching

2 data layers that are aligned - they're from the same datum (make sure they line up at the edges)

Ephemeris errors typically introduce ______ or so of error

2 meters

Polygons represent a:

2-dimensional object

When was the first version of Google Earth released

2005

An 11-bit sensor can measure how many levels?

2048

How many GPS satellites are there in the space?

24

How many GPS satellites are there?

24

What is the minimum number of satellites needed to form a constellation

24

Earth True Circumference

24,901 miles and 40,096 km

In georeferencing what is the minimum number of control points required to fit an unreferenced image to the source

3

What is the minimum number of GPS satellites you need to receive information from in order to get a fix on your horizontal position?

3

typing raster files into a computer, digitizing, scanning

3 data input techniques

latitude & longitude, UTM, state plane

3 different kinds of coordinate systems

accuracy

3 meters horizontal 5 meters vertical

Thermal IR

3.0-5.0 microns AND 8.0-14.0 microns

The spatial resolution of Landsat 8 (in visible and near IR) is _____. The revisit time (temporal resoltuion) is _____.

30 m, 16 days

LANDSAT 8 multispectral imagery is at what resolution?

30m

Go north 8°42΄53" from 23°34΄32"N. What is your latitude?

32,17,25

Many 3D models are available to use in Google Earth and Google SketchUp via the

3D Warehouse

datum

3d model of earth

A hiking trail measures 8 cm on a 1: 50000 map. How long is the hiking trail in km?

4

What is a multispectral scanner?

4 bands

people, hardware, software, spatial data

4 components of GIS

What is the optimum (or target) population size for a census tract? (Type in a single number)

4000

Two bus-stops 800 m apart measures 2 cm on a map.The map scale is 1: n. What is the value of n?

40000

When converted from DMS to DD units, 46 degrees 30' 00'' will read:

46.5 degrees

Which could be the UTM coordinates of the red star on the map?

559741E,4282182N

Each UTM zone covers how many degrees of longitude wide?

6

GPS satellites are divided into _____ orbital planes, and there are _____ satellites on each plane. Please select the correct combination of numbers to fill the two blanks in sequence.

6,4

Air photos are taken with overlaps both along a flight line and between flight lines. Generally speaking, there are_____% overlaps along a flight line and____% overlaps between two adjacent flight lines

60 - 80% along a flight line; 20 - 30% between two adjacent flight lines

A degree is composed of ____ minutes, and a minute is composed of ____ seconds

60, 60

A degree is composed of ____ minutes, and a minute is composed of ____ seconds.

60,60

semi minor axis

6366752 meters longitude

semi major axis

6378135 meters latitude

How many wavelengths can the Landsat 7 satellite sense simultaneously?

7

If the earth's circumference is approximately 25,000 (it is actually 24,901) at the equator then a degree of longitude at the equator is approximately _______ miles.

70

SRTM resulted in a highly accurate digital elevation model of about what percentage of Earth?

80%

What is the nominal/typical maximum population size of a census tract? (Type in a single number, not a range)

8000

UTM projection system extends from ____ degree North Latitude to _____ degree South Latitude. It divides the Earth into ____ North-South zones covering the earth from East to West. The width of each zone is _____ degree of longitude.

84,80,60,6

If the longitude of Fayetteville is (roughly) 96 deg then the longitude of Oklahoma City, OK is approximately

97 degrees

By using absolute relief we can obtain the following information EXCEPT:

A 3D view of terrain surface

NDVI is a calculated relationship between two bands. The equation looks like this: (A - B) / (A + B). Which bands are A and B?

A = NIR, B = red

Describe the 4 types of map projections by the preserved property.

A Conformal projection preserves local angles and shapes. An Equivalent projection represents areas in correct relative size. An Equidistant projection maintains consistency of scale along certain lines. An Azimuthal projection retains certain accurate directions.

What is a GCS? What is it measured in?

A GCS is used to locate objects on the curved surface of the earth, attempts to model the shape of the earth as accurately as possible DMS

false

A GIS is an exact replication of real world phenomena

How is a GIS map organized?

A GIS map consists of 1 or more dataframes A data frame is a collection of layers A layer is a collection of features A feature represents a real-world object

Geospacial technology

A Number of different high tech systems that acquire in-laws manage store or visualize various types of location-based data

What is a PCS? Based on what? Where is the origin?

A PCS is used to locate objects on a flat surface (GIS map on computer screen) Cartesian Origin at (0,0) in the middle of the map

Panchromatic Sensor

A Sensor that will be measuring only one wide band of wavelengths is which type of sensor?

Explain how a UTM zone is defined in terms of its central meridian, standard meridian, and scale factor.

A UTM zone is mapped onto a secant case transverse Mercator projection, with a scale factor of 0.9996 at the central meridian. The standard meridians are 180 kilometers to the east and west of the central meridian.

central meridian

A central meridian is a meridian that passes through the center of a projection. The central meridian is often a straight line that is an axis of symmetry of the projection.

What is a channel on a remotely sensed image?

A channel refers to a spectral band in the visible spectrum. coloured layer.

spectral reference

A charted identifier for a feature based on its reflectance of different wavelengths of energy is a

Define Relational Database.

A collection of tables in which tables are connected by keys.

When used to represent lines of equal elevation, the isoline is also known as contour line. Match the appropriate elevations to the points on the contour line map showed above.

A. 140 feet B. 145 feet C. 156 feet D. 174 feet

Match the names of steps in the remote sensing process to the corresponding labels in the figure above

A. Source of Electromagnetic Energy (Illumination) B. Radiation and the Atmosphere C. Interaction with Target D. Recording of Energy by the Sensor E. Transmission, reception and processing F. Interpretation and Analysis G. Application

A datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth. Which datum is not commonly used in North America

AGD 1984

ASTER: Spectral Resolution

ASTER has a 14 band spectral resolution (3 visible/IR, 3 SWIR, 5 TIR) Geological applications.

ASTER: Spatial Resolution

ASTER has a spatial resolution of 15m in the visible, 30m in the SWIR, and 90m in the TIR

ASTER: Temporal Resolution

ASTER is an on-demand sensor

NOAA AVHRR: Spectral Resolution

AVHRR has 5 bands. Provides regional information on vegetation, condition and sea-surface temperature

AVHRR: Spatial Resolution

AVHRR has a spatial resolution of 1.1km

AVHRR: Temporal Resolution

AVHRR has a temporal resolution of 2 time per day

The degree to which data agree with the values of the real-world features that they represent is ____.

Accuracy

Data acquisition

Acquire Data spatial data input attribute data input linking spatial and attribute data

What is 'remote sensing'?

Acquiring data about the reflection of light energy off of a target by a device a considerable distance away from the target from an aircraft or spacecraft

Remote sensing

Acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites or aircraft

Aerial photography

Acquisition of imagery of the ground taken from airborne platform

Global positioning system (GPS)

Acquisition of real-time location information from a series of satellites in earths orbit

What tool/setting can assist you when a map contains overlapping features, and you wish both to be visible?

Adjust layer transparency

Associate the term with the definition

Aerial film block C. set of images taken during one mission with common control Sidelap B. portion of images from adjacent flight lines that cover the same area Fiducial mark E. symbol on aerial camera film that provides information for interior orientation GCP A. specific locations in the mission area that are marked and have defined coordinates Rectifications D. photogrammetric process that removes the effect of camera and elevation distortions orthorecitifcation F. photogrammetric process that removes the effect of camera distortion on an aerial image (2 are wrong, not sure which ones)

What types of features will exist in the result of an intersect operation over the two layers?

Agricultural land inside floodplain

What types of features will exist in the result of a union operation over the two layers?

Agricultural land inside floodplain Agricultural land outside floodplain Non-agricultural land inside floodplain Non-agricultural land outside floodplain

What types of features will exist in the result of a symmetrical difference operation over the two layers?

Agricultural land outside floodplain Non-agricultural land inside floodplain Non-agricultural land outside floodplain

Which of the following statements about UTM is NOT true?

All UTM zones share a common origin point which is the cross-over point of the equator and the prime meridian

A GeoPDF is different from a normal PDF in that it allows the user to:

All of the other answers

Panchromatic photos absorb color from what portions of the EM spectrum?

All portions of the spectrum (Red, Blue, and Green all at once)

Which of the following allows businesses to gather valuable info about you that they can then sell to other companies?

All the above (magazines, cookies, memberships, etc.)

Stereoscope

An optical device for viewing stereoscopic photographs

Which of the following applications does not show the uniqueness of spatial analysis, which means it may also be done using traditional statistics?

Analyzing the relationship between crop production and the amount of fertilizers used by county in Wisconsin

Relief Displacement

Angle of objects is inward or outward due to the placement/location of the object from the principle point.

38) Which of the following is not a standard data type used in SQL? A) Text B) Char C) Varchar D) Integer E) Numeric

Answer: A

49) Which symbol is used in standard SQL as a wildcard to represent a series of one or more unspecified characters? A) % (percent sign) B) ! (exclamation mark) C) _ (underscore) D) ? (question mark) E) ; (semi-colon)

Answer: A

52) Which of the following is not one of the five SQL built-in functions? A) MODE B) SUM C) COUNT D) MAX E) AVG

Answer: A

58) Given the table STUDENT(StudentID, Name, Advisor), which of the following SQL statements would be used to change the value of the Advisor field to 'Smith' for all rows in the STUDENT table? A) UPDATE STUDENT SET Advisor = 'Smith'; B) MODIFY STUDENT SET Advisor = 'Smith'; C) MODIFY Advisor SET STUDENT = 'Smith'; D) UPDATE Advisor = 'Smith'; E) SET STUDENT Advisor = 'Smith';

Answer: A

60) Which of the following SQL commands would be used to remove both the data and the table structure of a table named STUDENT? A) DROP TABLE STUDENT; B) DELETE TABLE STUDENT; C) REMOVE TABLE STUDENT; D) SELECT * FROM STUDENT THEN DROP; E) DELETE FROM STUDENT;

Answer: A

77) Existing tables in a database can be structurally modified by using the SQL ________ command.

Answer: ALTER TABLE

84) Microsoft Access SQL allows table structures to be modified by using the standard SQL ________ command.

Answer: ALTER TABLE

36) Which of the following data types used in SQL would define a fixed-length text field of 10 characters? A) text(10) B) char(10) C) varchar(10) D) fixed(10) E) length(10)

Answer: B

59) Which of the following SQL commands would be used to remove only the data from a table named STUDENT while leaving the table structure intact? A) DROP TABLE STUDENT; B) DELETE TABLE STUDENT; C) REMOVE TABLE STUDENT; D) SELECT * FROM STUDENT THEN DROP; E) DELETE FROM STUDENT;

Answer: E

61) Microsoft Access SQL commands are run in: A) the SQL window. B) the QBE window. C) the Query View of an SQL window. D) the Design View of a Query window. E) the SQL View of a Query window.

Answer: E

62) To open a new Microsoft Access Query window: A) click the New button on the Home command tab. B) click the New Query button on the Home command tab. C) click the Create Query button on the Create command tab. D) click the New Query in Design view button on the Create command tab. E) click the Query Design button on the Command tab.

Answer: E

10) The result for SELECT statements in SQL is a relation unless the result is a single number.

Answer: FALSE

12) In SQL, the WHERE clause is used to specify which columns will be included in the result.

Answer: FALSE

14) In SQL, to refer to a range of values in a WHERE clause, use the WITHIN keyword.

Answer: FALSE

2) When using SQL to create a table, a column is defined by declaring, in this order: data type, column name, and optional constraints.

Answer: FALSE

21) The TOP built-in function in SQL is used to find the maximum value in a numeric column.

Answer: FALSE

24) Built-in SQL functions cannot be applied to data combined using the GROUP BY keyword.

Answer: FALSE

25) Data from a maximum of three tables can be combined through the use of subqueries in SQL.

Answer: FALSE

29) Values of existing data can be changed using SQL through the CHANGE command.

Answer: FALSE

3) When using SQL to create a table, specifying the NULL property for a column indicates that only null values may be stored in that column.

Answer: FALSE

30) The ON DELETE CASCADE referential integrity constraint does not apply when rows are deleted using the SQL DELETE command.

Answer: FALSE

32) Microsoft Access can run QBE queries, but not SQL queries.

Answer: FALSE

34) Microsoft Access SQL supports and will correctly implement the numeric data type with (m,n) notation.

Answer: FALSE

5) For a column to be defined as the primary key using table constraints, the column must have been given the property NULL.

Answer: FALSE

72) The SQL command used to add new data to a table is ________.

Answer: INSERT

69) The SQL keyword(s) ________ mean(s) that a value must be supplied before a new row can be created.

Answer: NOT NULL

76) Using SQL commands, multiple tables can be queried so that all the values from one table appear in the results, regardless of whether they have one or more corresponding values in the other table, by using the SQL ________ command.

Answer: OUTER JOIN

82) In Microsoft Access, the default method of creating and running a query is ________.

Answer: Query By Example (QBE)

73) One way to specify all of the columns of a table is to use the special character * after the SQL keyword ________.

Answer: SELECT

81) Microsoft Access SQL commands are run in the ________ of a Query window.

Answer: SQL View

83) In Microsoft Access, tables are added to a QBE Query window by selecting the tables from the ________ dialog box.

Answer: Show Table

66) SQL stands for ________.

Answer: Structured Query Language Diff: 1 Page Ref: 119

1) SQL is a data sublanguage, not a complete programming language.

Answer: TRUE

11) To force the DBMS to remove duplicate rows from the results of an SQL SELECT query, the keyword DISTINCT must be used.

Answer: TRUE

13) In SQL, multiple conditions in the WHERE clause can be combined by using the SQL AND keyword.

Answer: TRUE

15) In SQL, the NOT keyword can be combined with the IN keyword to form the NOT IN condition for selecting values.

Answer: TRUE

16) In SQL, the LIKE keyword can be used to select on partial values.

Answer: TRUE

17) In SQL, the LIKE keyword can be combined with the NOT keyword to form the NOT LIKE condition for selecting values.

Answer: TRUE

18) In SQL, the IS NULL keyword can be used to select on records containing NULL values in a particular column.

Answer: TRUE

20) The SUM built-in function in SQL is used to total the values in a numeric column.

Answer: TRUE

22) Standard SQL does not allow built-in functions to be used in a WHERE clause.

Answer: TRUE

23) The SQL GROUP BY keyword can be used to group rows by common values.

Answer: TRUE

26) A subquery is appropriate only if the final result contains only data from a single table.

Answer: TRUE

27) The basic idea of a join is to combine the contents of two or more relations into a new relation.

Answer: TRUE

28) Using standard SQL, unmatched rows will not appear in the result of a join.

Answer: TRUE

31) Microsoft Access SQL commands are run within the SQL View of a Query window.

Answer: TRUE

33) To open a new Microsoft Access Query window, click the Query Design button on the Create command tab.

Answer: TRUE

35) In Microsoft Access, default values must be set as a field property while the table is in Design View.

Answer: TRUE

4) When using SQL to create a table, specifying a data type of Char(10) indicates a fixed length field of 10 characters.

Answer: TRUE

6) If you need to create a primary key that is a composite key using SQL, the key may be defined when the table is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.

Answer: TRUE

7) Referential integrity constraints can be created using the ON DELETE phrase when the table is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.

Answer: TRUE

8) Referential integrity constraints using the ON DELETE NO ACTION phrase may be explicitly stated when the table is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.

Answer: TRUE

9) Data is added to a table using the SQL INSERT command.

Answer: TRUE

78) The values of existing data can be modified using the SQL ________ command, which can be used to change several column values at once.

Answer: UPDATE...SET

70) An SQL data type of ________ would indicate a variable-length character string with maximum length 75.

Answer: VarChar(75)

74) Conditions in an SQL INSERT command and after the SQL ________ keyword require single quotes around values for Char and VarChar columns, but not around values for Integer and Numeric columns.

Answer: WHERE

67) SQL is not a complete programming language, but is rather a(n) ________.

Answer: data sublanguage

75) Using SQL commands, multiple tables can be queried using either subqueries or ________.

Answer: joins

85) Table and relationship properties not supported by Microsoft Access SQL can usually be set ________ in the appropriate window or dialog box.

Answer: manually

68) SQL was developed by ________ in the late 1970s.

Answer: the IBM Corporation

Which of the following operations would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain (e.g., the terrain is 900 ft above sea level, you want the building to sit on the terrain, not float above or below it)?

Applying base heights

Of the ArcGIS 10 component applications: ArcCatalog, ArcMap and ArcToolbox, which application is best suited to store, and preview geographic data (Circle one)?

ArcCatalog

Which cannot be used for 3D visualization?

ArcMap (ESRI)

Which of the following programs is used for analyzing 3D data on a local scale only?

ArcScene

What are some industries that used geospatial technology

Archaeology city planning for street at Homeland security at law-enforcement health and human services real estate military intelligence

What are 'fiducial marks' on an air photo?

Are a way to find the photo center, fiducial marks are placed at the midpoint of each edge Small registration marks exposed on the film edges of a photograph

Sometimes, maps need to take complex data but present messages clearly. A deliberate map design can integrates a number of variables so that the multivariate character of various inter-relationships is preserved. The map showed above is a good example of a simple, clean but effective map. Select all the mapping techniques have been used and think about how the author appropriately used those techniques.

Bar chart showing quatitative variables Venn diagram showing the interactions between different categories The use of simple colors Proportional symbols showing comparison Concise but informative comments

Types of film

Black and white (panchromatic), colour (3 layers), colour infrared (CIR), black and white infrared (BWIR). Digital imaging done in some other parts of the EM spectrum (UV, microwave)

What is a panchromatic air photo?

Black and white film is often called this because of its sensitivity to visible light Panchromatic means all-colors

Panchromatic Photos...

Black and white photos where light from the blue, green, and red spectrums are combined to make the photos (Also possible: Light from any one wavelength is displayed)

What is the "atomic" or most basic geographical unit used in the census?

Block

Basic map elements

Border, Orientation, Legend, Title, Scale,

Radar vs. LiDAR

Both ACTIVE systems: generate energy signal and energy signal returned --Radar - radio detection (beam energy through antenna) --LiDAR - light detection

Are these two maps single-themed or multivariate maps? What methods are used to display multiple themes?

Both maps are multivariate. The left map showing the vacant homes in Buffalo uses vacant homes as the proportional symbol (where symbols are representing the exact data values 10, 100, 500, and 1000) and population as the chloropleth symbol. This is the combined method. It allows readers to see what areas of Buffalo have the highest number of vacant homes, and compare that to the highest populated areas. This map chose houses as the symbol (mimetic symbol). For the colors, a gradient of greens is chosen. The right map shows two themes: household vacancy and population density. The amount of vacant homes uses the graduated symbol (where symbols are representing four groups of vacant homes). The population density uses the chloropleth map type. Both maps use the combined method to display multiple themes.

Panchromatic aerial photography uses...

Broad cover types (Forest / Agriculture / Urban / Etc.) / Legacy: Often older photographs are only available as Panchromatic

An area of spatial proximity around a point is created by which GIS operation?

Buffer

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?

Buffer

Describe (what colour is it?) and explain (why is it that colour?) the appearance of commercial / industrial areas on a true colour composite image of Regina in summer.

Buildings are white/light grey because the material is reflecting all or most of the visible spectrum.

GLO System (Government Land Office

By Federal Law 1785 Land Ordinance U.S. Public Land Survey (midwest and west) To allow orderly settlement of the continent... to establish ownership of the land.

Google Earth is an example of a A) Social Map B) Satellite Data C) Virtual Globe D) GPS

C) Virtual Globe

UTM coordinates are measured in A) degrees, minutes, and seconds B) miles C) meters D) feet

C) meters

The Suomi NPP instrument used to study clouds, and in turn Earth's climate and temperature, is

CERES , CERES is Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System, which is used to study clouds and its impact on Earth's energy.

Which color model is used for printing color maps?

CMYK

Manual Rectification

Calculate new output pixel locations (x,y)--relate image location to map location using a "mapping polynomial" function.

Resampling

Calculating new locations and new pixel values for and image refers to

The tool in ArcGIS used to perform map algebra is called the map _______________.

Calculator

Which one is not an advantage of remote sensing?

Can extract any information you want from any location on the Earth

What can't be done with RS?

Can't see everything (spectral limitations) / Can't see everything at all times (temporal limitations) / Can't see everything everywhere (Spatial limitations) / Can't see everything at any resolution (Spatial limitations)

What is a spectral band?

Certain set of wavelengths within a set region of wavelengths.

Datum transformation

Changing measurements from one datum into measurements in another datum

Electromagnetic Energy

Characterized by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and phase.

Map Layout

Clarity, order (map logic), balance, contrast, unity and harmony.

Abstraction of real world

Conceptual process of reducing the real world into themes, in an urban setting the real world might be simplified to building, roads, railways, garden, open spaces, etc. A paper MAP is ABSTRACTION.

Which method is NOT used when creating this relief map of the island of Oahu, Hawaii?

Contour lines

Common locations used in aligning two datasets

Control points are best described as

Which of the following indices is NOT used for measuring spatial autocorrelation?

Correlation Coefficient r

What are three types of surfaces that can be projected on to a map?

Cylinder Cone Planar

Types of Projections

Cylindrical Conic Planar

Mercator Projection

Cylindrical Projection Used for navigation Lines of navigation

Conic is one of the three main types (categories) of projections, what are the other two?

Cylindrical, Planer or Azimuthal

The 3 types of developable surfaces in map projections

Cylindrical, conical, azimuthal

What makes geospatial data unique? A) It does not contain any location information B) It contains descriptive information for all locations C) It contains a unique name for every potential location D) it is connected to a real-world location

D) it is connected to a real-world location

A digital terrain model that consists of regularly sampled points of elevation is a

DEM

The use of a base station or other Earth-bound source to correct the GPS/GNSS mapping grade rover derived data either by real-time transmission of a correction signal to a receiver or post-processing refers to

DGPS

Data quality

Date of collection method of collection scale resolution coordinate system and projection coverage completeness condition , readability and convenience. availability.

What primary purpose do decimal degrees serve as compared to measurements in degrees, minutes, and seconds?

Decimal degrees are decimal equivalents of measurement in d/m/s. Decimal degrees make computer calculations faster

Associate the classification method used in ArcGIS with its definition

Define classes where each has equal number of features D. quantile Individually set attribute value breaks and class ranges B. manual Define classes on difference from mean of all values C. standard deviation Divide attribute values into equal-sized ranges E. equal interval Define classes on natural groups in data A. Jenks

In the Layer Properties Window, which tab would use select to display a subset of your data that met some predefined criteria:

Definition Query

Equidistant Conic projection

Distance - true along the meridians and the standard parallels. Scale is constant along any given parallel, but changes from parallel to parallel

Equidistant Cylindrical projection

Distance from pole to pole

Why is a graticule grid often applied to a map using a Mercator projection?

Distances and areas are distorted at the poles.

How to convert from DMS to DD

Divide each value by the number of minutes or seconds in a degree: 36 minutes = (36/60) = .60 degrees 30 seconds = (30/3600) = .00833 degrees Add up the degrees to get the answer: 37° + .60° + .00833° = 37.60833 DD

Passive Sensor...

Energy source such as the sun within the RS Electromagentic Spectrum

What are some examples of GPS applications? Check all that apply.

Enhanced 911 system can determine your position when you use a cellphone to call USDA researchers collect data of crop type, watering level in the field with precise location information. A wildfile protection NGO researcher tracks endangered animal. Delivery company checks if their fleets or vehicles deviate from their routes

T or F. Early GIS systems were developed by small companies and hobbyist.

False

What is a feature? 3 ways they are represented?

Features are geographic, real world objects Represented as point, line, or polygon

Which of the following organizations has been coordinating the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)?

Federal Geographic Data Committee

attribute and spatial

GIS is made up of two types of data...

Describe the difference between a paper map and a GIS map

GIS maps are dynamic You can manipulate the features of a GIS map, you cannot change the features of a paper map This includes zoom, selecting features you wish to see, and access a database for more features

three main areas of focus of geospatial tech

GIS, RS, and GPS

A technology that uses signals broadcast from satellites to determine position and navigation on Earth is

GNSS

GOES Imager: Spectral Resolution

GOES 8-10 have 5 band spectral resolution

GOES Imager: Temporal Resolution

GOES Imager has a repeat time of ~15 minutes

GOES Imager: Spatial Resolution

GOES Imager has an 8km spatial resolution

Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of

GPS

Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of ___________.

GPS

acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of:

GPS

T or F. Which spheroid is now regarded as the best model of the earth for the region of NA?

GRS80

The European Union's version of GNSS is known as

Galileo

Remote Sensing (RS)...

Gathering data and information about the physcial world by measuring electromagnetic radiation (Associated with objects located beyond the immediate vicinity of the sensor device[s]) / Measuring an object from a distance / In GIS: Using photographic or satellite images to gather spatial data

Geoeye: Sensor

Geoeye has .4m Pan, 1.6 MS sensor

Geoeye: Spatial Resolution

Geoeye has 0.4, Pan, 1.6 MSS spatial resolution

Geoeye: Spectral Resolution

Geoeye has 5 bands (pan, blue, green, red, IR)

Geoeye: Temporal Resolution

Geoeye has a repeat time of 3 days

Geoeye

Geoeye-1 was launched by Geoeye in 2008.

What are two types of coordinate systems?

Geographic Projected

What is GIS?

Geographic Information Systems is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing and displaying geospatial data.

Define geometries and attributes as the two components of GIS data.

Geometric data describe the locations of spatial features, which may be discrete or continuous. Attribute data describe the characteristics of spatial features.

What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

KML and KMZ files are the native file formats used to work with 3D objects in

Google Earth.

A type of data error is Systematic; list two more types of data errors:

Gross, Random

Red infrared color indicates...

Healthy vegetation (Reflects more infrared radiation)

Quickbird

Hi-Res B&W and color pictures

Draw a spectral reflectance curve for healthy green vegetation.

High in nir, low in r, b, medium in green

The question in today's lecture: What clues enable you to identify the following features: 1) Houses 2) Walkways leading to houses 3) Cars in parking lot 4) Parking spaces in parking lot 5) Factory building on west side of photo

Houses: pattern (regularly-spaced) Walkways leading to houses: size, shape and association Cars in parking lot: pattern, shape, association Parking spaces in parking lot: association Factory building on west side of photo: size (large size buildings), association (large parking lot)

degrees minutes and seconds

How are latitude and longitude lines measured?

What three things do you need to decide when symbolizing features based on quantities in ArcMap?

How many classes to have What method to use for placing the values into classes What kind of symbology to use

Temporal Resolution

How often a sensor records imagery of a particular area

Temporal Resolution

How often you can get another image; revisit time.

Please select the question(s) which can be answered using GIS:

How will the path of Superstom Sandy affect voter turnout in the 2012 US presidential election? Where are the famous dishes at restaurants and bars in Belo Horizonte, one of the host cities for the 2014 World Cup? What are the factors leading to the habitat loss of elephant in Africa? How do technical, educational, and financial assistance to land managers in Wisconsin help reduce soil degradation?

IKONOS: Spectral Resolution

IKONOS has 5 bands (pan, blue, green, red, near IR)

IKONOS: Temporal Resolution

IKONOS has a repeat time of 3-5 days off-nadir

Relief Displacement

INCREASES more as you move away from the centre of the air photo (radial distance = r). INCREASES as the flying height (H) DECREASES. This effect can be used to measure the height of an object (h).

What are natural breaks (Jenks)? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?

Identifies groupings of values that are inherent to your data Use when attributes are distributed unevenly across the overall range of values For classes, choose a number that best reflects the natural groups of attributes you want to show

Describe preservation with area?

If a map preserves area, then the size of a feature on the map is the same relative to its size on the earth. On an equal area map, if you draw a shape and move it around the map, no matter where you place it, its size will be the same.

Describe preservation with distance?

If a map preserves distance, then a line between one point on the map and another is the same distance as it is on the earth (taking scale into consideration). Most maps have one or two lines of true scale. An equidistant map preserves true scale for all straight lines passing through a single specified location. For example, if the map is centered on Moscow, a linear measurement from Moscow to any other point on the map would be correct.

Describe preservation with shape?

If a map preserves shape, then shapes, such as outlines of countries, look the same on the map as they do on the earth. A map that preserves shape is called "conformal." On conformal maps, compass directions are true for a limited distance around any given location.

What is the 'principal point' of an aerial photo?

If you draw two lines between opposite points using the four fiducial marks, they will intersect at a point called the principal point (the center point) The principal point is the point directly below the camera (the nadir) only when the plane is flying parallel to the ground

When would you use the vector data model versus the raster data model?

If you want to represent features with distinct boundaries, it's probably better to use the vector data model and store the features' x,y coordinate locations. The raster data model is better suited to representing phenomena whose boundaries change gradually across a given area.

Latitude

Imaginary lines on a globe north and south of the equator that serve as a basis of measurement in GCS

One of the three precision Agriculture objectives is to reduce waste; name the other two?

Increase profit, maintain environment

As you go from the origin to the east, longitude

Increases

One of the "Information" precision Ag components is yield mapping, name three more:

Intensive soil/crop sampling Previous agrichemical applications, weather data, remote sensing

________ keeps only parts of the first layer falling within the second layer.

Intersect

The temperature (measured in degrees Celsius) would represent what type of data?

Interval

What is an 'orthophoto'?

Is a photo that has been geometrically corrected through rectification so that the scale of the photo is uniform and planimetrically corrected to remove distortion caused by camera optics, camera tilt, and differences in elevation. Makes it look like you are looking straight down at every point

What does a datum define for GIS?

It defines the origin, or the point where the spheroid matches up perfectly with the surface of the earth and where the latitude-longitude coordinates are true and accurate; all other points are in reference to the origin

What is Topology?

It expresses the spatial relationships between features,

What is ArcCatalog?

It is a program used for accessing, browsing, managing, and storing data

What is ArcMap?

It is a program used for visualising, editing, and analysing geographic data and can produce map products (data and layout views)

What is ArcToolbox?

It is an organized collection of tools for GIS analysis, data management, data conversion, and so on.

What is metadata?

It is data about data; it is information that describes or documents a geographic dataset

What are equal intervals? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?

It is similar to a ruler, with an interval between each class is equal Use when you want all classes to have the same range For classes, choose a number that produces an easily understood interval (2, 5, 10)

How is DGPS different from normal GPS?

It uses two receivers, one at a known location and one at an unknown location

What is an example of non geospatial technology

JPEG

Which of the following is NOT a form of geospatial technology?

JPEG

Which of the following is not a form of geospatial tech? GPS, remote sensing, JPEG, GIS

JPEG

The common database table field used to join two tables is called the ______ field .

Key

Standard Untit

Kilo (1000), Mega (1,000,000), Giga (1,000,000,000)

Image interpretation: 3rd order elements

LOCATION / POSITION 1. Site (object + arrangement w/ terrain features --> aspect, topography, vegetation) 2. Association (w/ nearby objects) 3. Height 4 Shadow (calculated by x)

Which type of projection is commonly used to create maps of the United States and other east-west trending areas

Lambert Conformal Conic

Associate the following Landsat satellites with the number of spectral bands

Landsat 1 C. 4 bands Landsat Thematic Mapper D. 7 bands Landsat ETM B. 8 bands Landsat LCDM /OLI A. 9 bands

Associate the following Landsat satellites with their spatial resolutions

Landsat 1 MSS B. 60 m Landsat 4 MSS D. 30 m LCDM panchromatic C. 15 m TM (Landsat 4-5) thermal A. 120 m

Landsat 1,2,3: Spectral Resolution

Landsat 1,2, and 3 have 5 bands (Green, Red, IR, IR, Thermal) (MSS)

Landsat 1,2,3

Landsat 1,2, and 3 were launched in 1972 MSS

Landsat 1,2,3: Spatial Resolution

Landsat 1,2,3 have a 80m spatial resolution (240m for band 8)

Landsat 1,2,3: Temporal Resolution

Landsat 1,2,3 have a repeat time of 18 days

Landsat 4,5: Spectral Resolution

Landsat 4,5 have 7 bands (blue, green, red, Near IR, Mid IR, Mid IR, and Thermal) (Thematic Mapper TM)

Landsat 4,5: Spatial Resolution

Landsat 4,5 have a 30m resolution for bands 1-5 and 7 and 120m resolution for band 6 (Thermal)

Landsat 4,5: Temporal Resolution

Landsat 4,5 have a repeat time of 16 days

Landsat 4,5

Landsat 4,5 were launched in 1982 and 1984 TM

Landsat 7: Spectral Resolution

Landsat 7 has 8 bands (Pan, blue, green, red, near IR, mid IR, mid IR, and Thermal) (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus 'ETM+')

Landsat 7: Spatial Resolution

Landsat 7 has a 15m resolution in the Panchromatic, 30mm resolution in the MS, and 60m resolution in the Thermal

Landsat 7: Temporal Resolution

Landsat 7 has a repeat time of 16 days

Landsat 7

Landsat 7 was launched in 1999 ETM+

What is 'overlap' in air photos?

Large scale airphotos are taken along flight lines about 10,000 feet in the air. The flight lines create a 60-80% overlap. duplicated image of the ground in two successive air photos

LIDAR uses which of the following to create a digital terrain model?

Laser Beams

A graphical representation of a guide to the map's symbology is best shown by:

Legend

A key to what the various symbols on a map are representing can be found in the map's

Legend

A key to what the various symbols on a map are representing can be found in the map's:

Legend

Flight Lines

Line of flight of a plane taking aerial photos

Associate the classification method used in ArcGIS with a type of data that it would be used with

Linearly distributed data D. Define classes where each has equal number of features One with existing guidelines for categories A. Individually set attribute value breaks and class ranges Temperature E. Divide attribute values into equal-sized ranges Large differences in data B. Define classes on natural groups in data Normally distributed data C. Define classes on difference from mean of all values

Here are the DOP values for a specific date. If you require 20 minutes to complete your survey when is the best time to do it?

Lowest points

MODIS: Spatial Resolution

MODIS has a 250m, 500m, or 1000m variable spatial resolution for visible/IR

Most remote sensing systems can collect data in both a panchromatic and a multispectral mode. What is one advantage of each mode?

MSS mode shows colour bands, pan mode is black and white. good for showing roads and features.

You receive a map document (.mxd) from a colleague in an email. You are able to open the document, but no map appears. How can problems like this be corrected in the future?

Make sure the map document has relative pathways saved Store the data and map document in the same folder Make sure you receive the data with the map document

The relationship between a unit on the map and same unit of distance on the ground is called ________ .

Map scale

The JB Hunt Building is about 340 feet long. Associate the map distance for the building with the map scale

Map scale 1:200 D. 20.4 inches on the map Map scale 1:2,400 A. 1.7 inches on map Map scale 1:24,000 B. 0.17 inches on map Map scale 1:100,000 C. 0.04 inches on map

thematic maps

Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.

Longitude

Marked by meridians oriented N-S from pole to pole All converge to poles, so none are parallel, but ALL show true circumference (they are great circles). Referenced to Prime Meridian

Latitude

Marked by parallel lines ("parallels") that circle the earth in the E-W direction Only the equator shows actual circumference of the earth

What techniques can be used to identify GCPs

Matching locations on the image with orthophoto, surveying in the field, GPS measurements

Steps for calculating the scale of an aerial photograph...

Measure from Point A to Point B on the photo in feet (This is the photo distance [PD] / Measure from Point A to Point B in inches on the USGS topo map (This is the Map Distance [MD] / Convert the map distance to actual feet (ground distance (If the USGS topo map has a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, the actual ground distance [GD] = MD x 2000 / Photo Scale is PD÷GD

Aerial photographs, especially vertical aerial photographs, look very similar with maps. Select ALL the correct statements from the following choices:

Measurements made on a photograph are as accurate as on that on maps Aerial photo has non-uniform scales throughout the coverage, while maps have a uniform scale throughout the coverage. Aerial photos contain certain degree of geometric distortion, while maps are geometrically accurate.

Map projections

Most projections are combinations of the following characteristics: the shape of the projection plane, the aspect of the projection plane, the points or lines of tangency or secancy and the location of the false illumination source.

Suomi NPP is operated by

NASA

The U.S. GPS is called

NAVSTAR

Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by searching for spaces in the data values?

Natural Breaks

Data classification

Natural breaks, equal interval, quantile, standard deviation.

Applications of GIS

Natural resource management, environmental applications, government applications.

What portions of the EM spectrum are represented by the Red, Green, and Blue color bands?

Near Infrared (Put in Red color gun) / Green (Put in Blue color band) / Blue (Put in Green color band) (IF SHOWING CORRECT INFRARED)

NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)...

Near Infrared - Red ÷ Near Infrared + R

The energy range of 0.7 - 1.3 micrometers defines which of the following types of energy?

Near infrared

What type of orbit does a remote sensing satellite have to be in to acquire images of sea ice? Why?

Near polar orbit, so it passes close to the poles and can pick up sea ice.

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 but are also zoned as something other than "residential" areas?

Negation

The two maps above use proportional symbols to present the same set of data. Are they good maps? If not, what is the problem and how can we improve them?

Neither of the two maps above have an appropriate scaling factor for the proportional symbols. The left-side map chose a scaling factor which is too small and made it more difficult for the map reader to see patterns in the data; The right-side map chose a scaling factor which is too large and led to many overlapping symbols. We need to be careful to choose scaling factor for proportional symbols. Also the starting point and the number of classes also need to be considered.

Which would take more storage space, a layer file showing all the US counties or a layer file showing all the US states? US states, US counties, neither.

Neither: the storage space would be the same.

A person's social security number would represent what type of data?

Nominal

A person's social security number would represent what type of numerical data?

Nominal

What types of features will exist in the result of an indentity operation over the two layers? The floodplain layer will serve as the base layer where all of its features will remain.

Non-agricultural land inside floodplain and Agricultural land inside floodplain

NDVI

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - determine areas with / without lush vegetation

Altering data values (such as using percentages instead of raw counts) so that they are comparable across the map is called ___________ .

Normalizing

A graphical representation of the orientation of the map can best be shown with a

North Arrow

A graphical representation of the orientation of the map can best be shown with a:

North arrow

Frequency

Number of crests passing a fixed point in a given period of time.

Ratio data

Numbers are in order, have an equal value in between them, and zero represents an absence of something. Ex: number of children or number of cars.

the multispectral instrument on board landsat 8 is

OLI

Which sensors are carried by Landsat 8?

OLI and TIRS

Discrete object themes

Objects with finite boundary, usually represented by the vector model.

Low-oblique

Oblique image not showing herizon

High-oblique

Oblique image showing horizon

What type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?

Oblique photo

Remote Sensing Definition

Obtaining information about earth's surface from measurements of radiated energy by aircraft or satellite sensors.

SPCS Zone

One of the divisions of the United States set up by the SPCS

Two ways you can map density using attribute values?

One way is to divide the attribute values by the area of each polygon feature (i.e. data normalisation) Another way is to do so visually by using symbology to represent quantities of things in the real world (like a dot density map)

complexity of project elements

PRIMARY - tone and colour SECONDARY - size, shape, texture TERTIARY - pattern, shadows HIGHER- site, association

Types of aerial photographs...

Panchromatic (Black & White) / True Color / Color Infrared (CIR)

A sensor that will be measuring only one wide band of wavelengths is which type of sensor?

Panchromatic sensor

Which of the following represents a secondary data source?

Paper maps

Two Soil forming factors are Climate and Biological Factors, name the other three.

Parent material, Topography and Time.

arrangement of objects

Pattern

Data, Technology and Application are three of the four components of a GIS as an information System. Name the other one.

People

False-Color or Color Infrared Photo...

Photographs where the green, red, and NIR portions of the spectrum are captured separately / Features that reflect green are displayed blue, features that reflect red are displayed green and features that reflect NIR are displayed red / Useful for highlighting vegetation

Natural (True) Color Photos...

Photos where light from the blue and green protions of the spectrum are captured separately / Features that reflect blue light are blue, green light are green, and red light are red...

Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66)

The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66) is based on the Australian National Spheroid (ANS) reference ellipsoid with its origin at the Johnston Geodetic Station in the Northern Territory. This datum was designed to be a best fit for the Australian region. The centre of the ANS does not coincide with the centre of the Earth but lies about 200m from it.

The U-2 aircraft's remote sensing capabilities were especially proven during which of the following?

The Cuban Missile Crisis

A large geospatial data distribution program maintained by USGS

The National Map

NAD27

The North American datum of 1927

NAD83

The North American datum of 1983

Crowdsourcing

The activities of untrained volunteers to create content and resources which can be utilized by others

Radiant Flux

The amount of radiant energy on to, off of, or through a surface per unit time measured in watts.

The result map of hillshading can be modulated by

The angular direction of the sun (Azimuth) and the vertical angle of the sun above the horizon (Altitude) should be chosen!

What is 'relief displacement' in an aerial photo?

The apparent leaning out of the top of a higher object on a vertical air photo If the top of a feature is higher than the elevation of the nadir point, then it will be displaced outward and imaged at a slightly lower scale.

Aspect of the projection plane

The aspect of the projection plane can be normal, transverse or oblique. A normal aspect has the axis of the plane parallel to the axis of the Earth. A transverse aspect has the axis of the plane perpendicular to the axis of the Earth and an oblique aspect is any other orientation.

Scott is walking the boundary of a wetland area to map it. His expensive GPS records locations to the nearest 0.10 meter. Is the boundary he creates accurate? Is it precise? Why?

The boundary is being collected with GPS unit with a relatively high precision, so it could be considered precise. Interpreting a boundary is subjective. It could move over time depending on climate and precipitation, so the accuracy is not necessarily that high.

Define geospatial data.

The data that describes both the LOCATION and CHARACTERISTICS of spatial features (such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth's surface.)

Phase

The extent to which the peaks of one wave form align with those of another.

What classification scheme should you use?

The fewer classes, the better

Look at the following wo maps. Please pay attention to the symbology and legend. What are the level of measurements of the data that are shown in the two

The first map - map of the groundwater storage is "ratio". Because it shows the groundwater depth in numbers, which means this is a quantitative data. Moreover, the water depth could be 0 mm, which means there is no water. So this map is showing a ratio level data. The second map - map of the aquifer productivity is "ordinal". From the legend, we know that it has six classes, ranging from very low to very high, which indicates an order of rank. Therefore, it is a ordinal level data, NOT a nominal level data.

Decimal degrees (DD)

The fractional decimal equivalent to coordinates found using degrees minutes and seconds

Vector Data Model: Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.

The georelational data model uses a split system to store spatial data and attribute data. The object-based data model stores spatial data and attribute data in a single system.

Universal transverse Mercator (UTM)

The grid system of locating coordinates across the globe

Hillshading can created a presentation of relief surface which looks similar with a vertical aerial photo. For the figures above, can you tell which one (left or right) is created by hillshading? Hint: think about the coming direction of the imagery light source

The left one is created by hillshading

The two maps above use different symbols to present the same theme - population density of each county. please first match the type of symbols used by each map, then briefly state which map has made a more appropriate choice and why.

The left-side map uses shaded areal symbol to present population density of each county (choropleth map); while the right-side map uses proportional symbol to present population density of each county. The left-side map has made a better choice. Because proportional symbol is not suitable for presenting the information of density within a region with boundary.

False illumination source

The location of the false illumination source can be standard or gnomonic (the centre of the Earth), stereographic (at the pole opposite the plane of projection) or orthographic (at infinity)

Define Geographic coordinate system.

The location reference system for spatial features on the Earth's surface using latitude and longitude.

Which of the following indicates the best transformation of the data has taken place?

The lowest possible value for RMSE

Which of the following is NOT a principle of good map design?

The map should make use of as much color as possible.

Match the appropriate map scale to the corresponding map

The map, which shows larger spatial extent but less details, should be with smaller map scale. In contrast, the map, which shows smaller spatial extent but more details, should be with a larger map scale.

Map Distance (MD)

The measured distance from Point A to Point B in inches on the USGS topo map

Photo Distance (PD)...

The measured distance from Point A to Point B on a photo

Degrees minutes and seconds (DMS)

The measurement system used in GCS

Photogrammetry...

The measuring of photographs

people

The most important component of a GIS is...

What are symbols for?

Symbols are assigned to features and symbolize these features based on attributes associated with that feature

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common?

Symmetrical Difference

Advantages of RS...

Synotpic (regional) view of the landscape / Sense portions of the spectrum not visible to the eye / Repeat cycle (temporal resolution) /

DBMS

System used to manage a database

All geographic datasets have GCS but not PCS (T/F)

TRUE

ArcGIS can perform an on the fly projection if the PCS does not match with other layers (T/F)

TRUE

Oblique Airphoto

Taken from a side angle. High oblique and Low oblique

Vertical Airphoto

Taken straight down. Usually used in photogrammetry.

How do you measure heights using Relief Displacement?

Tall buildings will have its roof's position on the photo displaces radially outward from nadir (away from the centre of the photo). The distance measured on the air photo, from the bottom to the top of one side of the building is the objects reflief displacement.

How often a satellite can return to image the same area on the ground is a measure of that sensor's

Temporal Resolution

Which U.S. state is composed of more than one SPCS zone

Texas

repeating tones

Texture

Graphics that can be applied to the faces of an object to provide a more realistic appearance are

Textures

Thematic maps can be either qualitative or quantitative. Please match the following maps, which we saw in the lecture, to "1.Qualitative" or "2. Quantitative"

The "Age-adjusted Death Rates" map is quantitative while the other two maps are qualitative

Spectral Resolution

The number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data, bands and regions.

Spectral Resolution

The number of spectral bands (as in electromagnetic spectrum) in which the sensor can collect reflected radiance.

Globe

The only kind of map that does not distort shape, distance, area or direction.

Exitance

The outgoing radiance from the earth, back to the atmosphere.

Data quality is important in the GIS implementation phase; Identification and acquisition of data. Define data quality:

The "fitness for use" of data for intended applications

What happens when you save your map document in ArcGIS?

The .mxd file contains information which describes where all layers, tables, etc., are stored.

Tangency and secancy

The points or lines of tangency or secancy are the only places where no distortion occurs on a map, and distortion increase with distance from them. A XXXXXXX projection touches the surface of the Earth and a XXXXX projection intersects or slices through the surface of the Earth

What is 'photogrammetry'?

The process of obtaining measurements from aerial photos. This can be used for determining things like height and depth of objects

Atmospheric Correction

The process of removing the effects of the atmosphere on the reflectance values of images taken by satellite or airborne sensors.

Define Projection.

The process of transforming from a geographic coordinate system to a projected coordinate system. Can also be reprojected onto another coordinate system.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

Cholopleth map is NOT suitable for making a map of

The real time traffic condition on the road/highway network in Chicago

How is the scale factor related to the principal scale?

The scale factor is defined as the ratio of the local scale to the principal scale. In other words, the scale factor is the normalized local scale. Will be 1 along the standard line and more distorted away from the line.

Geodesy

The science of measuring earth's shape

Radiometric Resolution

The sensitivity of a sensor to differences in signal strength. Expressed in 'bits'. Higher resolution increases the probability that differences in wavelength will be sensed accurately.

Radiometric Resolution

The sensitivity of dectors to small differences in EMR; basically the ability to note slight differences in energy.

Why do panchromatic air photos need a UV haze filter?

The shorter near ultraviolet wavelengths are scattered by the atmosphere, requiring a UV haze filter to to be placed over the camera lens to increase clarity of the photos.

Great circle distance

The shortest distance between two points on a spherical surface

Spatial Resolution

The size of the instantaneous-field-of-view.

As you may see in the historgram showed above, the population density by county in Oregon has a very skewed distribution. If you are asked to make a chloropleth map with 4 classes to show the spatial distribution of population density by county in Oregon, you may choose 1) equal interval or 2) natural break to form classes. Please match the mapping results below to the corresponding method.

The top one is created by using natural break method and the bottom one is created by using equal interval method ( top one is more colored)

Why would you want to do a Benefit-Cost Analysis before you started a GIS for an organization?

To see if using a GIS will improve efficiency enough to justify the cost of implementation and maintenance of a GIS

How can you create a report in ArcGIS that lists the attributes of only some of the features in a layer?

To show the attributes of only some features in a report, first create a selected set of features, then create the report.

Why is it necessary to generalize a map?

To simplify the map to improve readability and aesthetic appeal

Name two tools or techniques for vector data analysis.

Tools for vector data analysis include buffering, overlay, distance measurement, spatial statistics, and map manipulation.

T or F. Mapping of the soils and correlation to other soil surveys are two of the components of a Soil Survey.

True

T or F. Standard statistical approaches do not work well with data that is autocorrelated.

True

T or F. Tactical management is taking the short-term actions that keep the enterprise or organization on the course provided by the strategic plan.

True

T or F. The ESRI ArcGIS geodatabase data model is an example of Object Relational and Logical data models

True

T or F. The level of data quality should be balanced against the "cost of the consequences of less accurate data".

True

The coordinates of a location are usually different between the NAD27 and the NAD83 datums.

True

The images provided by remote sensing tend to be "snapshots" of a particular place at a particular time. True/False

True

When data is generalized in the process of map making a feature that might be an polygon feature at a large scale may become a point feature at a small scale.

True

Which agency is in charge of the National Map program in the United States?

U.S. Geological Survey

TIGER files are created and maintained by

US census bureau

SPC is a coordinate system used for the data of which region?

USA

Which is not a commonly used digital data formats for creating a relief map?

USGS Topo-Maps

Projected coordinate systems UTM and State Plane are good choices to use in a GIS for Arkansas. Of these two systems, which would you use for the whole state of Arkansas and which for a GIS of the University of Arkansas campus and why.

UTM for State, cover whole state in one projection, State plane north for campus more accurate.

which out of: UV light, near infrared light, radio waves and microwaves have the shortest wavelength

UV light

On a sketch of the electromagnetic spectrum label the approximate positions of the following spectral regions: UV, visible blue, visible green, visible red, near IR, thermal IR, microwave (wavelength ranges are not required).

UV, b, g, r, nir, tir, micro

What is the order of the bands?

UV, blue, green, red, NIR, TIR, Micro

What implies the lack of confidence in the use of the data due to incomplete knowledge of the data?

Uncertainty

____ keeps all features in both layers

Union

Overlays

Union, intersect and Clip

USGS

United States Geological Survey

Name two commonly used projected coordinate systems that are based on the transverse Mercator projection.

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system State Plane Coordinate (SPC) system.

Vertical measurements

Use many methods depending on weather you are using a singel air photo or a stereo pair. Single photo - use shadow length method. Stereo Pair - use parallax measurement (many different ways)

What are the components of GPS system? Check all that apply.

User segment Space segment Control segment

A review of documented experience is one example of how you might identify and specify GIS user requirements, list two more:

User surveys, workshops

Discretisation

Using a grid to create simple manageable discrete units which a computer can process.

The type of geospatial content created by people who are not necessarily professional geographers is sometimes called

VGI

The type of geospatial content created by people who are not necessarily professional geographers is sometimes called:

VGI

Explain the difference between vector data and raster data.

Vector data use points and their x-, y-coordinates to represent spatial features of points, lines, and areas. Raster data use a grid and grid cells to represent the spatial variation of a feature (such as elevation or precipitation.)

GIS Analysis Functions

Vector: Measurement, queries, buffering, reclassification, overlay operations Raster: Neighbourhood functions, reclassification, overlay Advanced spatial analysis: Network analysis, Visibility analysis (viewshed), terrain analysis, interpolation.

Which regions of the spectrum show the largest reflectances for vegetation/soil/water?

Vegetation: NIR Soil: red Water: Low in all visible spectrums

Please match the three types of aerial photo to the corresponding characteristics:

Vertical aerial photo: looks like if we look straight down from aircraft; Low oblique aerial photo: provides more details about the target objects to be viewed High oblique aerial photo: provides more ground area can be covered on a single photo

How are air photos taken?

Vertical air photos are taken along flightlines or flight strips.

What are some conditions of vertical air photos?

Vertical air photos have the same map projections as planar or azimuthal map projections. Measurements are reliable from the centre point (PP) outwards only. This is why we use the Cartesian Coordinate System for all measurements.

Is Earth vertically or horizontally squashed?

Vertically

What kind of analysis would you perform if you were looking for locations with a beautiful view?

ViewShed

Visual clarity is one element of a good map design for geographic contents, list two more?

Visual balance, visual clarity

VGI

Volunteered geographic information a term used to describe user generated content in data

EGNOS is the European equivalent of

WAAS

The datum used by GPS is

WGS84

Which datum are GPS readings based on?

WGS84

Which datum is used by Global Positioning System

WGS84

Which datum is used by the Global Positioning System?

WGS84

Conformal projections are typically used in:

Weather maps (for showing the local direction in which weather systems are moving) and Topographic maps and cadastral (land parcel) maps

small registration marks exposed on the film at the edges of a photo

What are fiducial marks on an air photo?

a film that is sensitive to infrared wavelengths and visible light

What is a CIR air photo?

has film with sensitivity to visible light from 0.3 to 0.7um

What is a panchromatic air photo?

overlaying conventional map symbols on an orthophoto

What is an annotated orthophotomap?

imagery in which distortion from the camera angle and topography has been removed

What is an orthophoto?

duplicated image of the ground in two successive air photos

What is overlap in air photos?

process of obtaining measurements from aerial photos

What is photogrammetry?

the apparent leaning out of the top of a higher object

What is relief displacement in an aerial photo?

data collected by an aircraft in the form of electromagnetic energy being reflected off a target

What is remote sensing?

vertical photographs are taken from a 90 degree angle and can be scaled, whereas oblique photos are taken from an angle and have distorted scale

What is the difference between a vertical aerial photo and an oblique aerial photo?

the center of an aerial photo

What is the principal point of an aerial photo?

Conjugate Principle Point

When the principle point appears in an adjacent photo.

When does a north arrow not point up?

When the projection does not preserve direction

vector

Which GIS data format is more visually pleasing but more computationally complex?

Symmetrical Difference

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common?

Union

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also all areas from the second dataset?

Identity

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also the areas that a second dataset has in common with them?

Intersect

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas that the first dataset and all areas that the second dataset have in common?

Exclusive Or

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as residential areas, but not parcels that meet both of these criteria?

Intersection

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as residential areas?

Negation

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as something other than residential areas?

Union1

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 or are zoned as residential areas?

Spatial Reference

Which of the following describes the use of a real-world coordinate system for identifying locations?

Dissolve

Which of the following operations would best be used to combine a map of county boundaries into a single map of a state boundary?

Geoeye-1

Which of the following satellites carries the finest spatial resolution sensor?

Worldview-2

Which of the following satellites multispectral sensors has the finest spectral resolution?

IKONOS

Which of the following satellites panchromatic sensors has the coursest spatial resolution sensor?

to correct for UV effects (modified other colors), and to eliminate haze (dust particles)

Why do panchromatic air photos need a UV haze filter?

Methods for deciding cell assignment in raster model

Winner takes all Assigned dominance. Edge Cell assignment.

Which of the following satellites carries the finest spatial-resolution sensor?

WorldView 3

Which of the following satellites multispectral sensors has the finest spectral resolution?

WorldView-3

Compute the mean center (X,Y) and the standard distance of the 6 points. X coordinate of the Mean Center: Y coordinate of the Mean Center: Standard Distance:Note: the calculate of SD is not required in quiz or the final exam.

X = 310 = (100+380+480+100+500+300)/6 Y = 408.33 = (80+650+620+500+350+250)/6 Standard distance = 260.15 sum of squares for X: (100-310)^2+(380-310)^2+(480-310)^2+(100-310)^2+(500-310)^2+(300-310)^2 = 158200 sum of squares for Y: (80-408.33)^2+(650-408.33)^2+(620-408.33)^2+(500-408.33)^2+(350-408.33)^2+(250-408.33)^2 = 247883.3334 SD = square root ( (158200+247883.3)/6) = 260.15

Which of the following is the most highly encrypted and secure

Y code

Can we find the true planar location of an object if we don't know its elevation?

YES! using a stereo parallax and a stereo pair of air photos. The 60% overlap means that the principle point from the neighbouring photo can be seen on the first photo (these are called the conjugate principle points). The distance between the PP and the conjugate principle point is the photo base length (distance between exposures)

If you were in Central America and wanted to take some spectral reflectance measurements on the ground at the same time as a Landsat or SPOT satellite passes overhead, at about what time should you start taking your measurements? Why are the satellites programmed to cross overhead at this time?

You should start taking measurements on a sunny day at mid morning. Satellites are programmed to cross overhead at this time because they are sun synchronous, and there are less clouds in mid morning than in the afternoon.

A sequence of connected geoprocesses, along with data and tool parameters, refers to

a GIS model

what is a geodatabase

a container for your data hold shapefiles raser datasets tables

One key part of all API project reports is....

a description of the image characteristics for each feature of interest. Describe each land cover class and/or describe the shape, shadow, ect for each feature. Recording these characteristics helps to maintain consistency during the API.

map

a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)

In the vector data model, an object is:

a digital representation in a computer of one or more instances.

What is used to ensure that UTM measurements of the southern hemisphere have a positive value?

a false nothing value

electromagnetic radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

Geographic Grid

a function of the globe; a grid to which the map must be fitted

The American Fact Finder is

a government-developed tool for investigating and accessing US Census data.

The national map refers to

a large geospatial data distribution program, maintained by the USGS

A small scale map would show

a larger geographic area than a large scale map

A small-scale map would show

a larger geographic area than a large-scale map.

affine transformation

a linear mathematical process by which data can be altered to align with another data source

in a GIS network, an edge represents

a link on the network

In a GIS network, an "edge" represents

a link on the network.

What is an example of nonspatial data

a list of business names for a delivery truck to visit

cadastral map

a map which shows property boundaries

false northing

a measurement made north (or south) of an imaginary line such as used in measuring UTM northings in the southern hemisphere, it is assigned a false northing of 10,000,000m to avoid negative northing coodinates.

A map template provides

a pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map

A datum represents

a reference surface used in computing coordinates.

feature map

a representation of the spatial locations of a particular visual feature

Why are the orbits for resource satellites: a) sun synchronous, b) near polar, c) have a mid-morning equator crossing ?

a) same time as the sun b) in order to image the whole earth, not just parts of it c) there are less clouds at this time, and it minimizes differences in the data.

Guide meridians and standard parallels mark off lengths of

about 24 miles

energy that is trapped and held by a surface has been

absorbed

A whiskbroom sensor is a(n)

across-track sensor.

The type of remote sensing in which the sensor generates its own energy, casts it at a target, and then measures the return of that form of energy, is:

active remote sensing.

Local Grid

added after the map is drawn

TIGER files typically contain what data

address ranges on streets, Zip code information for streets, names of streets

extra perception

adds info generated in mind

geometric interval

classification that bases the class intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a constant coefficient to produce the next higher class - works well with continuous data (such as precipitation)

defined interval

classification that is similar to an equal interval one, except the user specifies the size of the class interval, and the number of classes then depends on the range of values - ideal when comparing classes of composed percentages, dollars, temps, and other values when specific break values are desired

things not to do on a map

clutter, if you can't read it don't include it, map elements should serve a purpose, use imagery wisely

ArcMap document

collection of spatial data layers, tables and properties

what type of photo is: near-infrared energy displayed as the color red, red energy displayed as the color green, and green energy displayed as the color blue?

color infrared photo

Which graphic element carry magnitude information and can be used on QUANTITATIVE maps?

color value

Identify the basic elements of object interpretation and give an example of how they can be used when interpreting a remote sensing image.

colour, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and site or association.

merge

combines multiple polygons into a single polygon

Continuous object themes

complex surfaces, with no obvious defined boundary. Like a volcano. usually represented by the raster model.

which is NOT a source of error for GPS

computation errors made by receiver

automated scanners

computer scans map and creates digital representation on its own still requires editing

euclidian geometry

conceptual framework

A(n) ___________ projection preserves shape, while a(n) ___________ projection preserves area

conformal; equivalent

The figure above shows you a ___ map projection

conic

equivalent projection

conic projection pro - provides acurate area con - scale and shape are not preserved

On the map below, is the population density of China depicted as a discrete or a continuous phenomenon?

continuous

cors

continuous operation reference stations

On the Landsat 5 image of the eastern end of Great Slave Lake (below), the diagonal line at the top right is probably a _______:

contral

The common areas that tie unreferenced data to spatially referenced data are called

control points

false

converting between raster and vector format has no impact on the actual GIS layer

.prj

coordinate system and map projection

registration

coordinate transformation is also known as

an early satellite remote sensing program that used film for taking images was

corona

clip

cuts a whole in a polygon. like a cookie cutter

conformal projection

cylindrical projection pro: parallels and meridians at right angles con - large objects distorted

Name the three developable surfaces used in creating world maps

cylindrical, azimuthal, conical

types of planar projections

cylindrical, conic, azimuthal

ephemeris

data referring to the GPS satellite's position in orbit

geospatial data

data that describes where something is, as well as what something is.

interval data

data that have a regular scale but are not related to a meaningful zero point

ordinal data

data that have categories that are ranked based on some quantitative measure

ratio data

data that have the added property that the measurements have a meaningful zero point that indicates the absence of the thing being measured

aspatial data

data that is not tied, or is only incidentally tied, to a location on the earth's surface

nominal data

data that name or identify objects

numeric data

data that represent phenomena that fall along a regularly spaced measurement scale

categorical data

data that separate features into distinct groups or classes

vector

data that uses sequences of x-y coordinates to store point, line, or polygon features; every feature is linked to an attribute table containing info about the feature

date

date/time format for calendar dates and times

A reference surface or model of Earth, used for plotting locations across the globe is called a(n)

datum

A reference surface or model of Earth, used for plotting locations across the globe, is called a(n):

datum

A reference surface, or a model of Earth, that can be used to determine locations around the globe describes a:

datum

Indirect measurements

dbh (diametre at breast height), site index (productivity), growth, stand age, stand structure (volume - individual tree and stand m3/ha, basal area m2/ha)

vertices

define line shape

cartesian coordinates

defined by 2-3 intersecting points values defined based on the origin examples: utm, us plane system

attribute

defines "what" features are in regards to spatial data. An attribute in non-spatial characteristics such as labels, categories, numbers, dates or standardised values.

In general, GCS measurements are made in what unit

degrees

satellites are owned by

department of defense

nominal atribute

descriptive information

Metadata refers to:

descriptive information about the data

Optional element that elaborates on the purpose or content of the map. Can include metadata.

descriptive text

Prominent (usually at the top of the map) but succint text that describes the document without using the word "map."

descriptive text

what is RS used for?

detecting something about an object without physical contanct

field length

determines how many characters can be stored in a field name

shapefile

developed by esri in early 1990s

In "heads-up" digitizing

digitizing is performed on a computer screen using an image as a backdrop.

the shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with

dijkstra's algorithm

problems with source maps

dimensional stability boundary or tilling problems maps are abstractions of reality features are generalized

size

directly related to the scale of the photo. The scale of the air photo is critical in identification of the given object. Ex. a buildings purpose can be categorized much easier if its true size is known

vector

discrete shapes, clean lines uses - points, lines, polygons

Vector data are better suited for representing __________ features and raster data are better suited for representing __________ features

discrete, continuous

An equidistant map projection preserves what?

distance

scale

distance on map in relation to earths surface

When making dot density maps, which aspects of dots can be modified to change the display of the map (selec all applied)?

dot size dot color dot value dot shape

double

double-precision floating-point values with 16 significant digits in the mantissa

spaghetti data model

each point or polygon represents a string of x and y pairs each feature is independent which increases redundancy

many-to-one linkage

each row in an attribute table corresponds to a certain feature, sometimes they are grouped as a single unit

base line

east and west lines in twonships

cell dimension

edge length of one cell

The ________ spectrum shows the wavelengths of energy and their corresponding properties.

electromagnetic

nodes

endpoints

nodes

endpoints of a line

true color

enhanced interpretation

color infrared

enhanced vegetation, water, and more contrast

Crowdsourcing

entails using the activities of untrained volunteers to create content and resources that can be used by others

The key reference point for lines of latitude is the:

equator

What is the only parallel that is a great circle?

equator

What marks the difference between north and south latitude?

equator

Lambert's cylindrical projection preserves the relative size of geographic features. This type of projection is called:

equivalent

us state plane system

established in 1930 by us coast guard and geodetic survey aprox 130 zones

logical consistency

evaluates whether a data model or data set accurately represents real-world relationships between features

A planar projection can preserve both direction and shape

false

A regular aerial photo has an uniform scale over the area it covers

false

Aerial photography is the acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites

false

All data have a geospatial aspect.

false

Almost everything on Earth's surface reflects energy in the same way.

false

An orthophoto can be accurately used as a map.

false

Earth is perfectly round

false

GPS has no use in recreation activities.

false

Generally speaking vector data model is suit for representing continuous geo-spatial data while raster data model is suit for representing discrete geospatial data.

false

Geospatial technology is often used for environmental monitoring but rarely used for people-centric activities like law enforcement or health and human services.

false

In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways

false

In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways.

false

In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways. true/false

false

In general, it is quite easy to overlay maps created from different datums

false

In general, the higher the RMSE (root mean square error), the better the match between the unreferenced data and the source data

false

It is okay to compute standard deviation using ordinal data.

false

Lines of longitude are also known as parallels.

false

One can measure the width of a Line symbol on a map and tell the actual width of the corresponding line feature on the ground.

false

One datum is used for all measurements of Earth's locations

false

People can use GPS to do anything they want without concerning about privacy issues.

false

SPC uses DMS (Degree, Minute, Second) for its measurements.

false

Since panchromatic emulsion is sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light, a panchormatic image is colorful.

false

The average person can receive information from L1 frequencies when he or she is indoors

false

The goal of SA was to make the C/A (coarse acquisition) code on the L1 frequency more accurate

false

The images pulled from Google Earth tend to be "continuous" - i.e., composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated

false

The images pulled from Google Earth tend to be continuous—that is, composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated)

false

True of False: A city (i.e. Madison) is usally represented as a polygon in a vector map. It can NEVER be shown as a point in a map with whatever spatial scale.

false

True or False: Given the data distribution of violent crime density, it is a good choice to use equal interval classification method to classify the data.

false

True or False: On a dot density map, the location of dot represents the actual geographic location (e.g. longitude and latitude) of that dot.

false

True or False: Qualitative data describes the magnitude of features numerically, while quantitative data portrays the category or type of features in certain aspect.

false

True or False: The map belolw uses the visual variable of orientation.

false

True or False: To perform overlay on raster data, the two layers can have different spatial resolutions and geographic coordiantes.

false

True or False: vector data model is typically used to represent continuous features, while raster data model is used to describe discrete features.

false

UTM has a line of minimal distortion along a parallel

false

UTM is designed for areas which have large E-W extent

false

Users of GPS (on the ground) can send information back to satellites orbiting earth

false

Vehicle navigation systems typically do much less than a GPS receiver.

false

When selecting control points, it is best to cluster them near the center of the map

false

True or False: The map belolw uses the graphic variable of orientation.

false , it uses shape

GIS is unable to use non-spatial data

false ,A typical way to manage non-spatial data is using tables, aka, attribute table

The best projection has no geometric distortion in area, shape, distance, and direction.

false because , Every projection distorts at least one aspect of the real world - shape (Conformal), area (size), distance, or direction (Local angles)

Orthographic projections have a "light source" at the Earth's center.

false because, Orthographic projections view the globe with a light source from an infinite distance away.

In a long wavelength, waves occur more frequently.

false, In a long wavelegth, wave has low frequency and occur less frequently

Radar is a good example of passive remote sensing.

false, Radar provides energy source by itself and therefore is a good example of active remote sensing

In vertical exaggeration, y-values are artificially enhanced for terrain visualization purposes.

false, The value gets exaggerated is z-value.

A geostationary orbit and a near-polar orbit are the same thing.

false, They are not same. Near-polar orbit is a north-to-south path where the satellite moves close to the north and south poles while it makes several passes a day about Earth.

Landsat 5 is still in operation as of today.

false, retired in 2013

Imagine you are looking at a geodatabase that contains 50 states, 500 cities, and 100 rivers. How many feature classes are there? How many features? How many attribute tables? How many total records in all the attribute table?

feature classes: 3 Features: 650 attribute tables: 3 records: 650

topological data model

features share geometry used by arc gis

line

features used to represent objects in one dimension

points

features used to represent objects that have no dimensions

polygons

features used to represent two-dimensional areas

if a map scale is not available

field measurement of two points and input into map

long

field type where integers are stored as 10 byte binary numbers

short

field type where integers are stored as 2 byte binary numbers

float

field type with floating-point values with eight significant digits in the mantissa

Which of the following geodatabase formats can store a maximum of 1 TB of data?

file geodatabase

Define spectral signature

fingerprint. an objects unique spectral reflectance curve.

A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) consists of regular-shaped____while a TIN model consists of irregular-shaped____

first blank: grids second blank: triangles

When analyzing the spatial distribution patterns we are interested in 3 typical patterns: random, clustered and regular. Please match the patterns you see to one of the three patterns

flowers pic is random barbwire pic is regular USA map is clustered

In ArcGIS' Catalog, which of the following operations is used when accessing another drive (such as files on a server or files on a USB drive)?

folder connections

When does Relief Displacement work the best?

for parts of the scene away from nadir (PP) and for objects that are nearly vertical (buildings, smokstacks). Also when nadir = PP (only reliable when using vertical air photos)

pan sharpening is used to

fuse panchromatic imagery with multispectral imagery to get a finer image

geographic coordinate system

gcs defined by angular measurement on a sphere lat long

The process of hiding small objects in an area, then listening their coordinates on the Web in a form of "treasure hunting" is known as

geocaching

Another term for "address matching" is ___________.

geocoding

What are synonyms for georeferencing?

geometric transformation, registration, image-to-map rectification

gdop/pdop

geometric/positional dilution of precision measure of how accurate the readings are

perspective projection is one that can be made

geometrically, by projecting straight lines from a globe onto a developable surface

Which is NOT a primary function of GIS?

geospatial data acquisition

global satellite navigation system

gnss

map transformation

go from one 2D coordinate system to another

field measurement

gps and coordinate surveying

On the map below, what type of map symbol is used to display the number of inhabitants in the communes in the region of Zurich?

graduate symbol

Which mapping method is NOT used on the map below?

graduate symbol

When making measurements on a sphere, the distance between two points is referred to as the:

great circle difference

When making measurements on a sphere, the distance between two points is referred to as the

great circle distance

all lines of longitude are

great circles

gcs

grin on datum

Regression analysis

ground plot measurements regressed against photo measurements produces allometric equations (ie stand volume = f (tree height, stocking)

The control segment of GPS is composed of a series of

ground stations

types of map generalization

grouped, offset, omitted exaggerated categorized

two main spheroids

grs80 and clarke 1866

GIS components

hardware, software, data, people and infrastructure.

Colour film

has 3 active layers. Haze filter reduces blue light (atmospheric scattering). Green active layer also sensitive to blue (green and red light) - use a yellow filter to remove remaining blue light.

Colour Infrared

has 3 active layers. Uses yellow coloured filter to remove blue light. When the CIR neagtive it made into a print; the IR layer is converted to red, the red layer is converted to green, and the green layer is converted to blue. Objects that reflect a lot of IR light show up as RED. Healthy vegetation reflects a lot of IR light (broadleaf plants) - able to see plant stress weeks before in IR then with visible light.

Black and white film

has one active layer that is sensitive to all visible wavelengths. Some films are sensitive to the UV part of the spectrum but the glass lens filters most UV light.

Using a digital, georeferenced, high-resolution aerial photo as a source for digitizing describes:

heads-up digitizing

NDVI is primarily used to determine

health of vegetation

Compared to a small-scale map, a large-scale map will have a relatively ________ value for its representative fraction (RF), and will show a ________ amount of geographic area.

higher, smaller

GIS applications that look at emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts are often used in which field

homeland security

GIS applications that look at emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts are often used in which field?

homeland security

Remote sensing

how environmental conditions for the planet can be monitored

Accuracy

how much a map or database approximates reality

Binary

how numbers are stored.

Topology (in GIS terms) describes:

how objects are connected to one another independently of their coordinates

ASCII

how text is stored; every character is assigned a single-byte code.

When talking about map generalization we actually talk about _____

how to select and present meaningful information on map according to the scale

On what assumptions do we classify remotely sensed data?

human assumptions based on colour, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and site or association.

For geospatial technology to work, every location on Earth must be:

identified and measured

attribute consistency analysis

identify contradictory theme types in different data layers

flow maps

illustrate the movement of people, animals, goods, and ideas, as well as physical processes like hurricanes and glaciers

satellite and aerial imagery

image to map in gis

Assuming your control points are well chosen, adding more points are well chosen, adding more points should

improve the fit between the unreferenced data and the source

When used to describe maps which of the following is (are) correct (choose all that apply)

in a large scale map there is more detail than in a small scale map for a given location a large scale map will cover less geographic area than a small scale map

absolute pathname

includes all paths to the data.

Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is located just beyond the visible wavelengths (the wavelength are longer than the visible lights):

infrared light

Small optional map element sometimes used to give perspective geographically, or to include distant items.

inset map

virtual maps mind

intangible and sometime conceptual (mind maps)

In which type of overlay does the new layer show only the common features of the other layers?

intersect

Which spatial analysis operation will select all areas that the first dataset and the second dataset have in common?

intersect

Which spatial overlay operation can only keep the shaded area shared by A and B but remove other parts? (Note: A and B are two circular shapes partially overlapped with each other)

intersection

Initial point

intersection of base line and principle meridian

Each township is subdivided into

into 36 sections, each 1 mile square (640 acres

Aspect

is the orientation of a projection with respect to the earth's axis

Why, when comparing images from different years, it is important to try and have the images coincide on the day and month of acquisition as closely as possible?

it minimizes differences, effects, and influences on the data.

How can API make an effective contribution?

it must yield information which is CONSISTENT, RELIABLE, and COST EFFECTIVE.

What are three factors that determine if an object is big enough to be seen on a remotely sensed image?

its size, and the spatial resolution of the sensor

truth, original, displaced, simplified, omitted, exaggerated, fused

kinds of map generalization

In 1906, aerial photography of "San Francisco in ruins" was taken by

kites

control points

know locations set to center a map must be in an easy to find location

Which one of the following is an example of nominal data?

land ownership of each land patch in dane county

Which of the following does not utilize a geostationary orbit?

landsat 7

satellite images

large area covered, broader spectral range

small scaled maps

large areas

map scale

large scale maps show a small area at large detail, small scale maps show a large area at small detail

Which of the following does LIDAR use to measure terrain?

laser beams

Geographic coordinate system

latitude and longitude

The Geographic Coordinate System uses which of the following systems to determine a location?

latitude and longitude

If you want to know what features are the various symbols on a map representing, you should look for the map's ______.

legend

The map element that serves as a guide to the various colors and symbols on the map is the:

legend

small scale map

less detail

What is the difference between the earth's semi-minor and semi-major axes?

less than .34%

rs light

light is a photon and a wave measured by wavelength

Interval

like degrees celsius. addition and subtraction are valid. but multiplication is not.

spatial reference systems

like lat long and utm helps to give the map meaning in the real world

isopleth data

lines connect points of equal value like contour lines isotherms isobars

Which lines on the graticule run north-south, converge at the poles, and mark angular distance east and west of the prime meridian?

lines of latitude

distance join

links features based on whether one feature is closest to another

The Table of Contents option that lists whether layers are being seen or not being seen is:

list by visibility

Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data?

list of building names for a delivery truck to visit

Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data? locations of emergency phones on a college campus, list

list of business names for a delivery truck to visit

A conformal projection preserves the property of:

local shapes

differential gps processing

locate known location and determine how off the receiver is based on known location

line data

location accuracy and line width

Geospatial data is

location based

point data

location is key

area data

location, boundries, minimum mapping area

black and white - panchromatic

lower cost, wide sensitivity

On an older printed / scanned map, the zero reference point is usually found in the

lower left corner

navstar gps

made in 1980s restricted to millitary use until 2000

Photogrammetry

making maps using aerial photos, science of measuring geometry from images

Photogrammetry

making measurements from vertical air photos. Both horizontal (distance, anglesm areal extent) and vertical measurements (object height, angles, and elevation changes)

A translation of places on the earth's surface to corresponding places on a flat surface describes:

map projections

spheroid

mathematical model of the earth surface the earth is lumpy

Which of the following is NOT a type of data classification commonly used by GIS in creating maps?

median

UTM coordinates are measured in

meters

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM )uses which of the following units of measurement?

meters

What unit is UTM measured in

meters

Universal Transverse Mercator

meters scale coordinate system

What are two things that make a good soil test analysis extractant?

mimics a plant root, procedure- rapid inexpensive

topological model

model that stores features but also contains info about how the features are spatially related to each other

spaghetti model

model that stores features of the file as independent objects unrelated to each other

A very-large-scale map would likely show

more detail than a very-small-scale map

The process of merging a series of small-tile aerial photos into a large spatial-scale air photo is called _______.

mosaicking

Are there jobs?

most of the new jobs are digital. Some companies specialize in API (JD Mollard and Ass.). Many applications are now digital using digital air photos and satellite imagery (cheaper, faster, more consistent information - less human error)

Panchromatic Film

most used, produces gray tones recognized by humans

a major road (such as virginia beach blvd) would be represented in a GIS as

multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road

relational database

multiple tables, relationships not defined. uses a temporary association. The preferred database.

a remote sensing device simultaneously measuring 7 bands of energy wavelengths would be capable of producing what type of imagery

multispectral

What are the main API applications?

municiple planning, forestry, infrastructure planning, surveys for mapping (NTS maps), environmental assessment, agriculture, geology, and many more

the location on the ground directly under the camera in aerial photography is referred to as?

nadir

Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels to minimize the variance within each of the classes and maximize the difference between classes?

natural breaks

The longitude reading of a point in Oregon should be entered as a _______ value in a GIS package:

negative

Raster analysis operations

neighbourhood functions reclassification overlay

compromise projections

neither equivalent or conformal looks right

To describe geospatial data, which pair of levels of measurment belong to qualitative data category?

nominal and ordinal

Having all count values of the data brought to the same level describes

normalization

Most maps have a graphical device that looks like a compass pointing in one specific direction. Which direction?

north

nad27

north american datum 1927 used land based surveys based on clarke 1866 spheroid

nad83

north american datum 1983 satellite based system origin - center of the earth based on grs80 spheroid most recent update in 2011

principle meridian

north and south lines in townships

A graphical representation of the orientation of a map can best be shown with a

north arrow

In order to creates a 3D effect using graded shadows casted by high ground (like the figure above), it is assumed that the light source shining from ______

northwest

photoscale is

not constant

If you use a photo scanner to scan an old map, then open the image in a GIS with data for the same location, the image will

not match up because it lacks any spatial reference

The model used to represent continuous fields in GIS is the _________, which represents data in a set of ________.

raster data model; grid cells

interval attributes

real numbers

how gps works

receiver has clock so it can calculate the time it takes a signal to bounce from the satellite

Suppose you would like to group the elevation values in a raster data layer (as showed in the left map) into five categories (as showed in the right map). Which spatial analytical operation will you use?

reclassification

Which statement about the UTM system is false?

records the location of features in feet and zone boundaries coincide with state and national borders

In a color infrared photo, green reflection is displayed as:

red

In a normal color infrared image, infrared energy is usually displayed in ________ (color).

red

Landsat 7 has the following bands. If you create a false color image by combining Band 4 - Band 3 - Band 2 and mapping them to Red-Green-Blue color guns respectively, which color will most living vegetation look like?

red

Describe (what colour is it?) and explain (why is it that colour?) the appearance of healthy green vegetation on a false colour composite image of Regina in summer.

red because chlorophyl is reflected strongly in NIR band. NIR band is displayed as red on the image.

What colours can RGB make?

red+blue = violet (purple); green+blue = cyan (turquoise); red+green = yellow; all three mixed together = white. All of the colour mixtures are affected by the bightness level of each colour; 50% red+ 50% green+ 50% blue = grey

In a multi-band composite image, where near infrared is shown in red channel, red band in shown in green channel, and green band in shown in blue channel, which color would the dense forest in the image show?

red, Vegetation reflects most of the near infrared radiation.

The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as

reference database

the base network data used for geocoding is referred to as

reference database

You are visiting Seattle and receive a map from the Seattle Visitor's Bureau showing the streets of downtown Seattle and points of interest. You are looking at a:

reference map

layer file

references a feature class and stores info about its properties

thematic accuracy

refers to attributes

precision

refers to either the number of significant digits used to record a measurement or the statistical variation of a repeated single measurement

resolution

refers to the sampling interval at which data are acquired; may be spatial, thematic, or temporal

geometric accuracy

refers to the x-y values of a feature class or raster and how closely they correspond to actual locations on the earth's surface

Remote sensing is actually capturing:

reflected light

Which of the database management systems is the most flexible and the preferred choice of GIS systems?

relational

The study of geography is best described as the study of

relationships between people and the spatial characteristics of earth

topographical space

relationships connective, amount of connectivity btwn places, regardless of absolute didtance separating them

parallax

relative shift in the position with a change in viewing location

th leaning of tall objects away from the center point of an aerial photo is due to

relief displacement

The tendency for tall objects in remotely sensed images to lean away from a center point and toward the edges of the image is:

relief displacement.

map scale

remember it is a fraction

control segment

repositions the satellites and updates clocks. recalibrated them basically

geodatabase

represent an entirely new model for storing spatial information with additional capabilities

raster

represent map data or imagery using arrays of regular cells, or pixels, containing numeric values

thematic raster

represent map features or quantities; known as discrete when they are used to store objects and continuous when used to store values that represent a continuously varying quantity, such as elevation

Cylindrical projections

represent meridians as straight, evenly-spaced, vertical lines Parallels as straight horizontal lines Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles, as they do on the globe

virtual maps digital

represented digital format

map projection

represents the curved surface of the earth in two dimensions

Which method is used to change data from one map projection to another?

reprojecting

The process of transforming all of your data sets to match one spatial referencing measurement system is called

reprojection

topology rules

rules that force the data you are creating to correspond with your ideas of reality

Lines of latitude

run east to west around the globe and provide north and south measurements

All interpolation methods use sampled values and positions to model points that are not___________.

sampled

two types of RS

satellite imagery and aerial photography

National Land Cover Data 2011 were compiled from:

satellite images

The purity or intensity of a hue is referred to as color ______ .

saturation

A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a

scale bar

An element on a map shows that 1 centimeter is the equivalent of 40 miles. Which element are you looking at?

scale bar

considerations for map projections

scale of map maps purpose shape of the map

stretching

scaling an image to include more shades; can improve the display of normally distributed values by ignoring the tails of the distribution.

Panchromatic

sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, green, and red light to ~0.7 microns

address parsing is done to

separate the parts of an address

photoscale

set by flight height

Jenks method

sets the class breaks at naturally occurring gaps between groups of data; each class interval can have its own width, and the number of features in each class will vary - works well on unevenly distributed data

A conformal map projection preserves ___?

shape

A conformal map projection preserves what?

shape

On multivariate maps we may use different symbols to simultaneously display multiple themes. In the following multivariate map, which graphic element(s) is/are used to create symbols representing different shellfish and bottom types?

shape color hue and orientation Color hue is used to represent different types of bottom matieral. Shape is used to create different patterns in area symbols. Orientation is used to create symbols of "crab" and "shrimp". Note that the direction of the pattern is different for the two.

geoid

shape the earth would have if all the topology was removed sanding down the earth and filling the cracks with putty

In a Mercator projection __________ remain intact but _________ can be grossly distorted

shapes, sizes

isoline maps

show lines that connect points of equal value

graticule grid

shows latitude and longitude

reference grid

shows letters and numbers defining squares

measurement grid

shows map units present in coordinates

topographic maps

shows shape and elevation of terrain

Transverse Mercator

sideways Cylindrical Projection Used for navigation Lines of navigation

false color

sift bands, include other wavelengths

classified raster

similar to a graduated color map; divides the values into a small number of bins.

spatial join

similar to attribute join, except spatial features are used

Conic Projections

simplest conic contacts the globe along a single latitude line, a tangent (standard parallel) Longitude lines are projected onto the conical surface, meeting at the apex Latitude lines are projected onto the cone as rings Projection is usually from the cent

The map above uses a _____ projection.

sinusoidal equal area , The sinusidal shape of the parrellel is uqinue to Sinusoidal projections.

On the map below, which visual variable is used to display the total number of international passenger arrivals at each airport in Canada and the United States?

size

Which type of transformation entails pulling the image, often at a slant

skewing

large scaled maps

small areas

Varying accuracy

some data collected by GPS and some by previous digitising from maps of unknown generalisation. Some may have been stretched from previous geometry during georeferencing.

Negative values can be used when making measurements _____ of the Equator and/or _____ of the Prime Meridian

south, west

Negative values can be used when making measurements ______ of the Equator and/or ____ of the Prime Meridian.

south; west

Which of the following should you avoid when naming GIS files, folders, and map documents

spaces, and special characters

scale

spatial relationship between map and reality

The ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of

spatial resolution

the ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of

spatial resolution

the size of the area on the ground being represented by one pixel's worth of energy measurement is

spatial resolution

The information handled by GIS is primarily:

spatial.

In the attribute table for a "states" feature class, columns would represent:

specific attributes (name, population, etc.)

What is colour?

specific wavelengths of light that we observe that are reflected but not absorbed by an object.

The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its

spectral resolution

the specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its

spectral resolution

Which is not a commonly used projection surface?

sphere

the first man made satellite to successfully orbit the earth

sputnik

Which one is not one of the basic functions of GPS?

spying

edges in a raster model have a

stair-step shape

Placing the green band in the blue color gun, the red band in the green color gun, and the near infrared band in the red color gun will create which type of composite image?

standard false color

placing the green band in the blue color gun and the red band in the green color gun and the near infrared band in the red color gun will create what type of composite image

standard false color

rule of joining

states that there must be one and only one record in the source table for each record in the destination table

destinations to visit on a network are referred to as

stops

a file containing line segments representing roads is a

street centerline file

a tool used for viewing imagery at a particular location on a road is

street view

benefits of raster

suited for storing continuous data many simple analysis

Which option may be used to handle a one to many relationship in a spatial join?

summarized join

How does this assertion apply, or not, to a supervised classification?

supervised classification

Which spatial analysis operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common?

symmetrical difference

Which type of overlay eliminates the areas that the layers have in common?

symmetrical difference

The component of ArcMap that shows all layers being used in the map document is the:

table of contents

projected coordinate system

takes features on the earth and projects them on a flat surface yet maintains topology

virtual maps temp.

temp maps displayed on comp monitor, a data base used to generate graphic diplay

how often a satellite can return to image the same area on the ground is a measure of that sensor's

temporal resolution

Forest species identification: use of your knowledge of:

terrain analysis, landforms, soild types, forest silviculture

the differences of a certain tone throughout an aerial image (degree of roughness or smoothness) refers to

texture

prime meridian

the 0 degree line of longitude is called the...

NAD27, NAD83, WGS84

the 3 datums we use today

shape, scale, distance, area, direction

the 5 characteristics that get altered in map projections are...

End Lap

the 60% overlap between neighbouring air photos (stereo pair, stereotriplet, or stereogram). This permits stereo viewing of all the surface areas when using a stereoscope.

"When using regions of non-uniform size, comparison is subject to bias due to differences in area. This is a problem both within and between scales and it is difficult to solve." This is a description of

the MAUP

SPCS is a coordinate system used for the data of which region

the United States

The original developer of NAVSTAR GPS was which country's department of defense?

the United States

Spatial Resolution

the ability of a sensor to render a clearly defined image or the smallest object that can be seen by a sensor.

What is remote sensing?

the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation.

if an address is matched to the correct street segment but the wrong location on that street, the problem could be

the address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world

When does the shadow method work best?

the air photo was taken under strong lighting conditions (bright sunlight creates dark shadows), the object has clearly seen top edges/point, the object is nearly vertical, there is flat ground, little understory or snow, the object is close to nadir.

magnetic declination

the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north

What does the term parallax refer to?

the apparent change in relative positions of a stationary object caused by the change in the viewing position (ie objects in the foreground appear to move more then the background) NOTE: in vertical air photos parallax displacement occurs only parallel to the flight line (along the x-axis)

Air photo Interpretation Definition

the art and science of IDENTIFICATION of objects by their images, and DETERMINING THEIR MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE. or the systematic visual examination of imagery to identify, interpret and determine the significance of results applied to a problem

in order to match an address to a particular street location, what fields are necessary to have in the reference database

the city name and zip code of the street address

Association

the co-occurance of certain features in relation to each other. ie. what things would be expected to occur near already identified objects

the u-2 aircraft's remote sensing capabilities were especially proven during which event in history?

the cuban missile crisis

map generalization

the final map scale, the resolution required in the map, the purpose of the map all affect...

texture

the frequency of the tonal variation for a given object or region on the air photo. Texture is prodiced by an assembly or region of features to small to be identified individually. Image texture changes as scale changes.

shape

the general form, configuration, or outline of the individual objects. When viewing in 3D, height can also be considered. Must remember that you are viewing the object from nadir, which can be an unfamiliar vantage point.

site

the geographic location of the object (physical and social characteristics). Knowing geography of the study region can provide many clues as to the expected types of land cover or activities

A good example of a control point is

the intersection of roads

Moran's I can be used to measure the degree of spatial autocorrelation. In the following two maps, which one, the left or the right, will have a higher value of Moran's I?

the left map shown in this picture

Which of the following is NOT an example of geospatial data?

the length of a piece of wood

Precision

the level of measurement and exactness of discription in a GIS database.

What are reasons that GPS is inaccurate

the multipath effect, a poor geometric arrangement of satellites, atmospheric interference in the ionosphere and troposphere

a sun synchronous orbit indicates

the orbit is set up so that an area on the ground is imagd at the same time of day

A sun-synchronous orbit indicates that

the orbit is set up so that an area on the ground is imaged at the same time of day.

Where is a map's distortion minimized

the point of tangency

photogrammetry describes

the process of obtaining measurements from an aerial photo

map extent

the range of x/y values currently displayed in teh data fram

in active remote sensing

the remote sensing device generates its own source of energy and measures the reflection or return of that particular type of energy

projection

the representation of a figure or solid on a plane as it would look from a particular direction

Remote Sensing

the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

geodesy

the science of measuring the shape of the earth

Pattern

the spatial arrangement of objects. Can be regular, linear, random, clumped. Usually describes the arrangement of a group of objects, or at a scale larger than the objects being described

Geography is the study of ______________.

the spatial characteristics of Earth, and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics

Geography is the study of ______________.

the spatial characteristics of earth and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics

In a TIGER file, the FRADDR field refers to

the start of the address range on the right side of the street

pathname

the successive folders to data.

choropleth maps

thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area

raster data takes up more storage

there's a lot more raster encoding methods because...

quantile

this classification puts about the same number of features in each class - best applied to linearly distributed data

GPS requires use of

three satellites for an earth surface fix (locating a point on the earth surface). AND four satellites for a 3D fix(locating a point in the 3D space).

Map projection is a process of converting from

three-dimensional surface to a two-dimensional surface

What are the information the GPS receiver need to calcuate its distance from the satellite? Check all that apply.

time delay and the speed of signal

off-nadir viewing allows a sensor

to image locations not directly under the sensor

Off-nadir viewing allows a sensor

to image locations not directly under the sensor.

the greyscale levels or intensities of particular colors in an aerial image refers to

tone

tone and colour

tone = the brightness of the object on the photo, colour = the RGB method describes the intensity of each of these three colours

What are some recognition elements?

tone/colour, pattern, texture, shape, size, association (branching characteristics, crown shapes, shadows, spatial distributionpatterns)

puck

tool to digitize maps coresponds to distance

vector data

topology is *CREATED* in....

raster data

topology is *IMPLIED* in....

In map layout and design generally where is the most important information on the page?

toward the upper left of the page

drawbacks of raster

trade-off between precision and storage space can only store 1 numeric attribute per raster.

Which type of transformation entail altering the location and placement of a map

translation

A map is a projection of:

translation of locations on Earths surface to their corresponding locations on a flat surface

energy passing thru a target material describes what

transmission

___________ occurs when a wavelength of energy passes through a surface, and __________ occurs when energy is trapped and held by a surface.

transmission ; absorption

True or False: The major difference between nominal and ordinal data is that the values of ordinal data are associated with order or rank.

true

Urban planners typically deal with issues related to wastewater, green space, traffic, roads, and zoning

true

Vegetation reflects most of the near infrared radiation from the sun

true

When a vehicle navigation system provides incorrect directions to a driver, the error is usually the result of problems in the base network data.

true

placing the blue band in the blue color gun and the green band in the green color gun and the red band in the red color gun will create what type of composite image

true color

Landsat 4 sensor has the following bands: 1 (Blue): .450 - .515um, 2 (Green): .525 - .605, 3 (Red): .630 - .690, 4 (Near IR): .770 - .900, 5 (Mid IR) 1.55 - 1.75, 6 (Thermal IR): 10.4 - 12.5, 7 (Mid IR) 2.08 -2.35 If you combine the 3-2-1 (R-G-B) band of Landsat image, you will create a

true color image

heirarchical database

type of database that has multiple files, each of which contains different records and fields

flat file database

type of database that stores rows of info in a text or binary file

attribute table

type of table that contains information about features in a geographic data set - always only one row of info for each feature

Different coordinates

under different Earth model approximations, the same spot on the Earth will be represented by different values for its coordinates (see Module 6).

Which spatial analysis operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also all areas from the second dataset?

union

UTM

universal transverse mercator

Why is it not practical to measure continuous variables at all points in the landscape?

unlimited points, limited time and resources

Why can we say that an unsupervised classification can never be wrong?

unsupervised classification

dot distribution maps

use dots to represent a specific variable

what do you you use for species mapping?

use interpretation guides, or interpretation keys

spatial query

uses information about how features from two different layers are located with respect to one another

attribute query

uses records in the attribute table to test a condition using Structured Query Language (SQL) and Boolean Operators

Different temporal relevance

using old images of a flood extent in your incident management system, or using an old air photo of a city before all the suburb development in a city mapping project.

Differences in darkness or lightness of a color is termed color ______ .

value

false easting

value added to x to ensure no negative values, 500,000 is central meridian

Would raster or vector data be a better format for storing land ownership parcels?

vector

coverage

vector data format developed for Arc/Info and is the oldest of the data formats

shapefile

vector feature class developed for the early version of ArcView and carried over into ArcGIS

planar projections

center point is north or south pole

GPS satellites make _______ orbits around the earth each day

2

The physical arrangement of items in an aerial image refers to

pattern

the physical arrangement of items in an aerial image refers to

pattern

spatial

pattern, size, color, and shape

Wavelength (of electromagnetic energy) is measured from

peak to peak

GeoEye

--World's HIGHEST RESOLUTION and most accurate commercial Earth-imaging satellite

Spatial Resolution...

Resolution Type where the smallest "thing" once can distinguish on the remotely sensed image

T or F. Data precision is usually represented by the number of significant digits used to record the data.

True

Suppose you are asked to perform a query in the attribute table of Wisconsin roads. The table contains the following information of each road: "Road_ID", "County", "Width" and "Rank". For each road, "Rank" can take one of the 4 values: 1, 2, 3, 4. If you are only interested in the roads belong to Dane county with rank equal to or higher than 2, how would you construct the query?

"County" = "Dane" AND "Rank" >= 2

EOS

"Earth Observational Satellite" Two satellites (AM, PM) Instruments to replace NOAA MODIS and ASTER sensors

GOES

"Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite" GOES 8-10 have 5 band spectral resolution, used for Earth surface temperatures and atmospheric conditions.

EOS: MODIS

"MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer" Sensor on EOS satellites.

Match the 4 level of measurement to "Quantitative" or "Qualitative"

"Nominal or Categorical" and "ordinal" levels are qualitative. "Interval" and "Ratio" are quantitative

Which of the following SQL queries is NOT properly structured?

"STATE_NAME" = 'Arkansas' OR 'Missouri'

boolean algebra

"get data out of data" - intersection (AND) - union (OR) - difference operator (NOT)

topology

"spatial relationships" what's next to what & what's connected to what *the heart of GIS*

Which of the following is a type of distortion that occurs when making a map?

( all of the above) size distance direction

Question 2 options: The figure above is showing you a sequence of map generalization. The number below each map is the map scale. Please identify what type(s) of map generalization methods have been applied in each step:

(a)-->(b): merging and aggregation (b)-->(c): selection and omission; merging and aggregation (c)-->(d): selection and omission; merging and aggregation (d)-->(e): merging and aggregation

Relative position

(egocentric) e.g. 6.6 km N/NE of the water tower

Summarized join

(if we encounter a 1:many relationship) Each feature in the destination layer is matched to many features in the source layer. Statistics are calculated for that group of features and result is appended to feature record.

Nominal position

(place names) Note: There are 115 "Mud Lakes" in WI

spatial data

*location* common models = vector & raster - cartesian - known origin - spherical

vector data model

*visually pleasing* - made up of points, lines, polygons - topology must be CREATED

LiDAR / ALS

- Airborne Laser Scanning - an active remote sensing sensor that measures distance with a reflected laser light - Light Detection and Ranging (laser radar) - remote sensing method --uses light, in the form of pulses to measure ranges --point clouds, builds surface models (DEM) --PROS: high resolution data, 3D info, precise topographic data --CONS: expensive and not available everywhere

Spectral imaging

- Complete spectrum is collected at every location -Divides into bands beyond (visible: R,G,B)

map scale

- a ratio - unitless - map distance/ground distance

Satellite Terra Earth-Observing System (EOS)

- carries 5 sensors to study atmosphere, land, ocean, life, radiant energy (light and health -RE.A.L.L.O - ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, MOPITT

a raster GIS is

- digital satellite imagery - a bunch of pixels - equal area cells or grids

Creating the Graticule

- just over 2100 years ago, a greek astronomer and geographer named Hipparchus refined and formalized the system - the network of intersecting lines of latitude and longitude is called the graticule

The Earth's Shape is an Ellipsoid

- mid 18th century, a french survey expedition took measurements at the equator in Peru and at the Arctic Circle in Lapland - determined the earth was bulging at the equator - the earth rotates about its shortest axis, or minor axis, and is therefore described as an oblate ellipsoid

Landsat

--Type of satellite (active) --8 in total --FREE data can be viewed through USGS "EarthExplorer"

Explain the UTM coordinate system

...This system is a specialized application of the transverse Mercator projection which is both cylindrical and conformal. It divides the world into 60 numbered zones, both north and south, separated by the equator. Each zone spans six degrees of longitude and has its own central meridian. This system was adopted by the US Army Map Service in 1947 for their use in worldwide mapping and continues to be used worldwide. Florida falls into UTM zones 16 and 17. When using the UTM system, linear parameters are established. The origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of its central meridian and the equator, and the parameters are applied to this origin to make it convenient to work with making all x and y values positive, or reducing their range. The first parameter is the false easting - a linear value applied to the origin of the x-coordinates - or the central meridian. The second parameter is the false northing - a linear value applied to the origin of the y-coordinates - or the equator. The final parameter used in a UTM grid system is a fixed parameter called the scale factor. The scale factor is a unitless value (usually less than one) that is applied to the center point or line of a map projection to reduce the distortion of the projection in the area of interest. The value of the scale factor for the UTM system is 0.9996

Shapefiles are composed of 3 mandatory files. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

.grd

mandatory files to make a shapefile

.shp - feature geometry .shx - a positional index of the feature geometry .dbf - attribute data

The Equator and the Prime Meridian both have a value ___________ in geographic coordinate systems

0

The amount of flattening for an ellipse or ellipsoid is usually expressed as a decimal value between which of the following whole numbers?

0 and 1

An 8-bit sensor can produce what range of brightness values?

0-255

Points represent a:

0-dimensional object

Ultraviolet

0.1-0.4 microns

What is the visible spectrum?

0.4 - 0.7 micrometers (blue, green, red)

Blue

0.4-0.5 microns

our eyes are sensitive to viewing what wavelengths of light?

0.4um - 0.7um

Green

0.5-0.6 microns

Sensing in the "green" portion of the EM spectrum means sensing energy wavelengths of

0.5-0.6 microns

Red

0.6-0.7 microns

Which of the following map scales is the smallest?

1 inch equals 2 miles

what should be on a map

1 title 2 legend 3 north arrow 4 scale 5 date 6 copyright 7 disclaimer 8 a map

What are the basic advantges of API?

1) Improved vantage point 2) Stop action/permanent record 3) broadened spectral sensitivity (filters, electronics for digital) 4) increased spatial resolution 5) better geometric accuracy

Read the topo map of Stowe County and fill in the blanks::1) The type of the thick contour lines is____. 2) The type of the contour lines falling between thick contour lines is_____. 3) The contour interval of this map is_____. 4) Which location have a steeper slope? A or B

1) Index Contour 2) Intermediate Contour 3) 100 m 4) B

What conditions does API need?

1) an illumination source (sunlight) 2) good weather 3) must consider atmospheric affects (dust, humidity, smoke, pollution)

A pharmaceutical factory needs to choose a suitable site for its manufacturing building. Considering the possible negative impacts on environment, the new building cannot be located within 100 meters to rivers. However for the convenience of employees it should not be very far from the town (say 5km) and should be close to the main roads (say 200 meters). How would you perform spatial analysis to find a suitable site?

1) build buffer zones around rivers, roads and the town, respectively; 2) intersect the three types of buffer zone to find the suitable site

What are the benefits of Remote Sensing

1) high information content 2) more economical than surveying large areas (still requires field work for accuracy assessment) 3) stereo viewing 4) Experimental design control by you

How do you measure parallax?

1) identify the PP and the conjugate PP in the stereo pair 2) then we line them up in a straight line 3) measure the distance between the y-axis line and the feature (if you measure on the left side of the axis you get a negative number)

Why do geographers use air photos?

1) map the areal extent of features (deliniation) 2) measure distances/heights of objects (photogrammetry) 3) to record changes over time (temporal)

Three types of air photos

1) vertical (used for photogrammetry) less than 3degrees from nadir. 2) High Oblique - can see sky or horizon in the photo 3) Low Oblique - cannot see the sky in the photo

Lines represent a:

1-dimensional object

History of remote sensing

1. Airborne sensors (reconnaissance AIRCRAFT) 2. Satellites (landsat, quickbird, geoeye, ikonos)

Two Common Definitions for a Spheroid

1. An ellipsoid that approximates the shape of a sphere 2. An ellipsoid created by rotating an ellipse about either: - its major axis (called a prolate ellipsoid) - its minor axis (called an oblate ellipsoid)

Why would anyone want to spend money on remote sensing images when there are images out there for free?

1. An image may be needed for a specific time 2. Depends on the type of imagery needed

Advantages of remote sensing over other methods of data collection. eg. overhead view vs ground view.

1. Covers greater area, so more context and better perspective. 2. easy to measure distance 3. sight not limited by terrain

According to most cartographers well designed maps usually use no more than _____ different fonts in a single map to avoid making it difficult to read.

2

If you are asked to build a 3D model of your house, please place the following steps in order.

1. Create a georeferenced base (with x, y coordinates ) by digitalizing the footprint map of the house 2. Extrude according to the height of your house (z-value) 3. Paint or apply a texture to the faces of your house 4. Interact with the house in a 3D environment

Types of LiDAR systems

1. DISCRETE-RETURN - system records specific values for each pulse downward (first, middle, last pulse recorded) --first pulse: not ground --second pulse: typically ground 2. WAVEFORM- collects continuous record of pulse returns

Steps to using Remote Sensing Data

1. Define information 2. Collect data 3. Data analysis 4. Verification of analysis 5. Sharing results 6. Taking action

How can EMR interact with surface objects?

1. Diffuse scattering (diffuse reflection) - energy scattered in all directions. 2. Specular reflection - large amount of energy is directly reflected off the objects surface (hot spots). 3. Transmitted - energy is transmitted through the object(s). 4. Absorbed - energy is absorbed (ie photosynthesis). Air Photo Interpretation - air photographs record the reflected EMR (diffuse scattering and specular reflection). This is the same for satellite/airborne digital imagery.

List ways in which remote sensing images differ from maps

1. Display different information, such as vegetation health 2. Maps are labeled ex. roads, elevation

Disadvantages of remote sensing over other methods of data collection. eg. overhead view vs ground view.

1. Interferance: atmosphere, tree canopy, clour cover, etc. 2. Limited detail 3. Limited time frames highly dependent on weather conditions

The City of Regina is planning to build a major multi-modal transportation hub to the west of the airport. This hub will consist of significant rail and road transport infrastructure and associated office and warehouse space. What sensors would provide the data to best suit their needs for planning construction? Why?

1. Landsat 8 - OLI sensor - would proviide an overall perspective, general overview. 2. Quickbird - Quickbird sensor - more spatial resolution, so more details about the site.

3 common applications for remote sensing imagery?

1. Monitoring vegetation health 2. Management of land use 3. Comparing land before and after an event. ex: Chernobyl, volcano eruption.

Why did these things (EMR) evolve on our planet?

1. Region of maximum sun putput (most energy to work with) 2. Atmospheric windows (visible is a region of high transmission)

Popular myths of remote sensing, BUSTED

1. Satellite based remote sensing has sufficient resolution 2. 90% lvl of confidence for accuracy of satellite 3. Satellite remote sensing images are cheaper than aerial photographs 4. visual interpretation is valuable

What are 4 types of image resolution that we are concerned about when interpreting remote sensing data? For each resolution type, give one example of an actual resolution value from a common remote sensor. You may use the same or different sensors for each value.

1. Spatial - size of each pixel. ex. OLI on Landsat 8 has a 30 m spatial resolution 2. Spectral - number of bands being measured. ex. OLI on Landsat 8 has 8 bands 3. Temporal - time satellite takes to acquire image of same ares. ex. Landsat 8 has 16 day temporal resolution 4. Radiometric - precision of sensitivity of measurements; how fine measurement scale is. ex.

Image interpretation: 1st order elements

1. Tone (variation from B&W) 2. Color (hue, value, chroma) 3. Resolution (sharply defined image)

physical components of GIS

1. computer software 2. GIS software 3. Georeferenced data 4. analysis 5. infrastructure

What are the 3 basic steps of digital image analysis? List one procedure which is commonly used from each step.

1. image correction 2. image enhancement 3. classification

steps of digitizing a map

1. scan map 2. if image not referenced, collect ground points 3. digitize control points 4. transform image to know coordinate system 5. digitize feature boundaries in stream or point mode 6. proof 7. reedit

What are the BASIC ELEMENTS of API

1. tone and colour 2. Shape 3. Pattern 4. Size 5. Shadows 6. Texture 7. site 8. association

Middle Infrared

1.3-3.0 microns

GPS (as normally available to the civilian user) provides a nominal fix accuracy of

100 meters with Selective Availability enabled.

control points

12-30 recommended at least 3 in each quadrant

The vertical accuracy of a LIDAR model of terrain is typically about

15 cm

What is the typical/nominal minimum population size that is used for a census tract? (Type in a single number, not a range)

1500

landsat 8 sensor has the capability to see the same area on the ground every

16 days

A typical Landsat TM scene measures about

170 x 183 km.

In the Sun azimuth, which degree measurement equates to due south?

180 (Note: 270 means southwest)

3 significant developments in the history of remote sensing and why were they significant?

1972: Earth resources technology satellite launch with RBV and MSS (4 bands, 80m spatial resolution) 1980s: Landsat 4 5 6 carrying TM (7 bands, 30m spatial resolution)

In which year was the first GPS satellite launched

1978

What is the typical scale for forestry?

1:10 000 to 1:20 000

Which of the following representative fractions on a map would show the largest scale?

1:1000

Which of the following representative fractions would indicate the largest scale map?

1:5000

Microwaves

1mm - 1 meter

IKONOS

1st privately launched commercial satellite, 1999

UTM

A coordinate system based on the Transverse Mercator projection, developed in the 1940s. The globe is divided into 60 individual 6-degree wide longitudinal strips extending from 80S to 84N The central meridian is assigned a value of 500,00m to avoid negative easting coordinates. This places the origin outside the zone at 500km west of the central meridian. The origin is called a false origin and the easting coordinates are referred to as false easting In the Northern hemisphere, the equator is the origin for northing coordinates In the Southern hemisphere, the equator is assigned a false northing of 10,000,000m, again to avoid negative northing coordinates.

Describe the 3 types of map projections by the projection or developable surface.

A cylindrical projection uses a cylinder as the projection or developable surface A conic projection uses a cone An azimuthal projection uses a plane.

Wiki

A database available for everyone to utilize and edit

Database

A database is a collection of persistent data which is formally defined and centrally controlled for use in a computer.

What is a datum?

A datum is used to align the spheroid with the surface of the earth, it specifies which spheroid you are using as your earth model and at which exact location you are aligning that spheroid on earth's surface

Datum

A geodetic datum is a set of values used to define a specific geodetic system to describe the size and shape of the ellipsoid used and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used.

State plane coordinate system (SPCS)

A grid based system for determining coordinates of locations within the United States

United States national grid (USNG)

A grid system of identifying locations in the US

What is the difference between a layer and a feature class?

A layer points to a feature class and stores information on how to display it. A feature class is a stored set of spatial data.

Which of the following is an example of a thematic map?

A map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not

large scale

A map of downtown Boston showing detailed and exact building shapes would be considered....

What is datum?

A mathematical model of the Earth, which serves as the reference base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.

False easting

A measurement made east or west of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone

Easting

A measurement of so many units east (or west) of some principal meridian

Time zones

A method of measuring time around the world, created by dividing the world into subdivisions of longitude and relating the time in that subdivision to the time in Greenwich England

What is a CIR air photo?

A photo made with CIR film which was made during WW2 and is sensitive to near-infrared light and visible light. NIR reflection is seen as red on the photo It could be used to detect camouflage or healthy vegetation

Georeferencing

A process whereby special referencing is given to Data without it

Radiometric resolution

A sensor's ability to determine fine differences in a band of energy measurements is a sensor's

Geographic coordinate system (GCS)

A set of global latitude and longitude measurements used as a reference system for finding locations

Algorithm

A set of steps to solve a problem

Virtual globe

A software program that provides an interactive three-dimensional map of earth

Explain the difference between the standard line and the central line.

A standard line refers to the line of tangency between the projection surface and the reference globe. In other words, there is no projection distortion along a standard line. The central lines (i.e., the central parallel and meridian) define the center of a map projection.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

cartograms

A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area

170 x 183 km

A typical Landsat TM scene measures about

What is the difference between a vertical aerial photo and an oblique aerial photo?

A vertical aerial photo is taken with the camera looking directly down at the landscape In an oblique photo, the camera is tilted so instead of looking directly down at the landscape, it is looked at an angle.

The origin point for 0 degrees longitude is A) Greenwich, England B) Washington DC C)Paris, France D) San Salvador Island

A) Greenwich

Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data? A)List of addresses for a delivery truck to visit B) Parcel database of all residential developments in a neighborhood C) Digital Map of all roads in a township D) Map of locations of emergency phones on a college campus

A) List of addresses for a delivery truck to visit

Environmental conditions for the planet Earth can be monitored by which of the following? A) Remote sensing B) Global positioning system C) Non-spatial data D) Tabular Data

A) Remote sensing

Imagery that you can see in Google Earth A) Represents on "Snapshot" in time from when the image was acquired B) Is updated via a live link to a google satellite in orbit C) Represents the current satellite image from when you start Google Earth D) Is not updated-you must use the Keyhole Viewer program to see current imagery

A)Represents on "Snapshot" in time from when the image was acquired

Spectral Resolution...

Resolution type where the portion or portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are recorded by the sensor

42) Given the table STUDENT(StudentID, Name, Advisor), which of the following SQL statements would be used to add new student data to the STUDENT table? A) INSERT DATA STUDENT SET StudentID=123, Name='Jones', Advisor='Smith'; B) INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES (123, 'Jones', 'Smith'); C) INSERT INTO STUDENT (New Student Data) VALUES (123, 'Jones', 'Smith'); D) INPUT DATA STUDENT SET StudentID=123, Name=' Jones', Advisor='Smith'; E) INPUT INTO STUDENT (123, 'Jones', 'Smith');

Answer: B

55) Which SQL keyword is used to apply conditions to restrict groups that appear in the results of a SELECT query that uses GROUP BY? A) HERE B) HAVING C) LIKE D) SORT E) DISTINCT

Answer: B

63) In Microsoft Access, tables are added to a Query window by: A) selecting the tables from the Use Table dialog box. B) selecting the tables from the Show Table dialog box. C) selecting the tables from the Tables section of the Navigation Pane. D) selecting the tables from the Queries section of the Navigation Pane. E) selecting the tables from the Relationships window.

Answer: B

65) In Microsoft Access, standard SQL table creation syntax items not supported by Access SQL can generally be implemented by: A) setting the Data Types in Access table Design View. B) setting the field properties in Access table Design View. C) setting the relationship properties in the Edit Relationship dialog box. D) setting the referential integrity properties in the Edit Relationship dialog box. E) running an ALTER TABLE query in Access SQL.

Answer: B

37) Which of the following data types used in SQL would define a numeric field of the pattern 99.99? A) integer(2,2) B) integer(5,2) C) numeric(2,2) D) numeric(4,2) E) numeric(5,2)

Answer: C

39) Which of the following is not true about primary keys? A) Primary keys cannot be null. B) Primary keys must be unique. C) Primary keys must be a single attribute. D) Primary keys are used to represent relationships. E) Primary keys can be defined using an SQL CONSTRAINT phrase.

Answer: C

40) A composite primary key can be defined using the CONSTRAINT phrase in which SQL command? A) MODIFY TABLE B) CHANGE TABLE C) CREATE TABLE D) SET TABLE E) BUILD TABLE

Answer: C

43) The order of the columns returned by an SQL SELECT statement is determined by the: A) ORDER BY clause. B) SORT BY clause. C) order they are listed in following SELECT. D) order they are listed in following WHERE. E) order they are listed in following FROM.

Answer: C

45) Which SQL keyword is used to specify a condition that rows must meet to be included in the results of an SQL SELECT query? A) SELECT B) FROM C) WHERE D) ORDER BY E) GROUP BY

Answer: C

48) Which symbol is used in standard SQL as a wildcard to represent a single, unspecified character? A) % (percent sign) B) ! (exclamation mark) C) _ (underscore) D) ? (question mark) E) ; (semi-colon)

Answer: C

51) Which of the following is the correct SQL clause to sort the results of a SELECT query in reverse-alphabetic order using the Department field? A) SORT BY Department B) REVERSE Department C) ORDER BY Department DESC D) SORT BY Department DESC E) SORT BY Department REVERSE

Answer: C

53) Given the table CUSTOMER(CustID, Name, PhoneNum, AcctBalance) what is the standard SQL query phrase to retrieve the Name and Phone Number of customers? A) SELECT CUSTOMER-Name AND CUSTOMER-PhoneNum B) SELECT (CUSTOMER-Name AND CUSTOMER-PhoneNum) C) SELECT Name, PhoneNum D) SELECT (Name, PhoneNum) E) SELECT *

Answer: C

54) Given the table CUSTOMER(CustID, Name, PhoneNum, AcctBalance) what is the standard SQL query phrase to retrieve data for customers with an account balance greater than 50? A) WHERE CUSTOMER-AcctBalance > 50 B) WHERE (CUSTOMER-AcctBalance > 50) C) WHERE AcctBalance > 50 D) WHERE (AcctBalance > 50) E) HAVING AcctBalance > 50

Answer: C

57) Which type of join, although not included in standard SQL, was created to allow unmatched rows to appear in the result of a join operation? A) ODD JOIN B) OPEN JOIN C) OUTER JOIN D) INNER JOIN E) COMBINE JOIN

Answer: C

41) Which of the following cannot be done using the CONSTRAINT phrase? A) Create a single attribute primary key. B) Define a foreign key. C) Establish a referential integrity constraint. D) All of the above can be done using the CONSTRAINT phrase. E) None of the above can be done using the CONSTRAINT phrase.

Answer: D

44) Which SQL keyword is used to eliminate duplicate rows in the results of an SQL SELECT query? A) UNIQUE B) SORT C) ORDER BY D) DISTINCT E) REDUCE

Answer: D

47) Which of the following is the correct SQL clause to restrict the results of a SELECT query to only records that have a value in the range of 10 to 50 in the Hours column? A) WHERE Hours = MIN(10) and MAX(50) B) WHERE Hours IN [10, 50] C) WHERE Hours = 10 and Hours = 50 D) WHERE Hours BETWEEN 10 AND 50 E) WHERE Hours RANGE 10 TO 50

Answer: D

64) Which of the following standard SQL data types is not supported in Microsoft Access SQL? A) Integer B) Char(25) C) VarChar(35) D) Numeric(5,3) E) DateTime

Answer: D

79) The values of existing data can be removed from a table using the SQL ________ command, which can even be used to remove all the data in the table at one time.

Answer: DELETE

80) A complete table, including both the table structure and any data in the table, can be removed from the database by using the SQL ________ command.

Answer: DROP

46) Conditions after the WHERE keyword require single quotes around the values for columns that have which data type? A) Char B) VarChar C) Integer D) Numeric E) Both A and B

Answer: E

50) Which SQL keyword can be used in conjunction with wildcards to select partial values? A) SELECT B) SEARCH C) FIND D) SUBSTRING E) LIKE

Answer: E

56) Given the tables STUDENT(StudentID, StudentName, AdvisorID) ADVISOR(AdvisorID, AdvisorName, Office, Phone) which of the following SQL statements would be used to implant a join between the two tables? A) WHERE STUDENT MATCH ADVISOR B) WHERE STUDENT.AdvisorID MATCH ADVISOR.AdvisorID C) WHERE STUDENT = ADVISOR D) WHERE STUDENT JOIN ADVISOR E) WHERE STUDENT JOIN ADVISOR ON STUDENT.AdvisorID = ADVISOR.AdvisorID

Answer: E

Building a database.

Plan project requirements and scope the range, type and quality of data Identify and collect appropriate information sources. Determine the input method to be used and prepare the data accordingly. Will you be creating vector, raster or aspatial data? Data input to transform the data to digital format. Methods to capture data are described in detail later in this module and include scanning, digitising and keyboard entry. Preprocessing steps - these are the procedures used to convert a dataset into form suitable for permanent storage within the GIS and database and include digitisation, rectification, error checking, topology building and linking spatial and attribute data. Step 1 is critical so that budget, time and project requirements are determined prior to beginning data entry. Otherwise too much time can be spent on data collection of irrelevant items.

What is a point? A line? A polygon?

Point = one coordianate pair representing a location on earth's surface Lines = two or more coordinate pairs Polygon = composed of one or more lines whose starting and end coordiante points are the same

Control points

Point locations where the coordinates are known- these are used in aligning the unreferenced image to the source

Vector Data

Point, Line, Area data

On a very small scale map, cities would likely be shown as:

Points

In the vector data model, all items are represented as

Points, lines, and polygons

Positional accuracy is one of the five data quality components; name three more:

Positional Accuracy, Attribute Accuracy, Logical consistency, Completeness, lineage

As you go from the origin to the east, longitude is

Positive

Describe a equal area projection

Preserves area Good for dot density maps, thematic maps

Describe a equidistant projection

Preserves distance from one or two specific points to all other points on the map Good for maps of airline distances, seismic maps showing distances from earthquake

Describe a conformal projection

Preserves local shapes and angles Good for topographic maps, navigation charts, weather maps

Lines of longitude begin at what famous location ?

Prime Meridian

What marks the change between east and west longitude?

Prime Meridian

Benefits of Topology

Processes are faster, No duplication, Error correction and detection.

Spectral Signature...

Profile of spectral information about an object in various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Please match a suitable GIS data model to each of the projects below:

Project 1 - Raster data model, because we are instered in the continuous variation of terrain characteristics Project 2 - Vector data model, because we are interested in discrete features such as bicycle stations (points), roads and streets (lines), and blocks (polygons).

Which of the following data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class?

Quantile

Farm record keeping that is space-time referenced is one of the benefits of precision agricultural practices, list three more:

Quantitative information, easier on-farm research

QuickBird: Sensor

QuickBird has 0.6m Panchromatic, 2.4 MS sensor

QuickBird: Spectral Resolution

QuickBird has 5 bands (pan, blue, green, red, IR)

QuickBird: Temporal Resolution

QuickBird has a repeat time of 5 days

QuickBird

QuickBird was launched by EarthWatch in 2001.

Match "Quantitative" or "Qualitative" to the following examples of data

Race, Land cover types, rank of GDP of a country are qualitativedata; the rest are quantitative data. Rank of GDP of a country is an ordinal data.

Microwave bands

Radar imaging technique --radar dish that pulses microwaves that bounce off any object in its path --EX: LiDAR, NED data

What type of errors cannot be avoided but can be treated with mathematical/statistical models?

Random

raster to vector

Raster (or bitmap) images are described by an array or map of bits within a rectangular grid of pixels or dots. Vector images are described by lines, shapes, and other graphic image components stored in a format that incorporates geometric formulas for rendering the image elements.

Which of the following is TRUE?

Raster data model is especailly suit for modeling geo-spatial phenomenon which varies continuously over geographic space

Normal Color Film

Records 0.4-0.7 microns (Blue, Green, Red) Depicts terrain in same hues as we see it.

Visible Spectrum

Red, Blue, Green. .4-.7 microns

Atmospheric Windows

Refers to the parts of EMR spectrum that let EMR through effectively, little interference, this makes Remote Sensing possible.

What is being sensed by remote sensing instruments?

Reflected solar radiation

At near IR, vegetation is...

Reflective

Database Models

Relational (files containing records, connected together by key attributes, most popular for GIS, SQL is used to access data) Object orientated

Joins and relates

Relationships, one to one, one to many, or many to many, Join lets you append additional data to a layers attribute table using comon fields, Relate lets you associate data with a layers attribute table, but the data isn't appended. relate is useful for one to many or many to many.

Automatic Rectification

Resampling--fill in the geometrically correct cells with DN values, nearest neighbor, Bilinear interpolation, and cubic convolution.

For each of the following attributes, state whether a single symbol, graduated color, or unique values map would be the most appropriate. Rivers Acres of forest per county geological unit land use household income precipitation

Rivers: single symbol Acres of forest per county: graduated color geological unit: unique values land use: unique values household income: graduated color precipitation: graduated color

Which of the following features is a discrete feature?

Roads

GIS queries are composed in which computer language?

SQL

Incorrect data deliberately transmitted from GPS satellites

Selective availability describes which of the following?

Color Infrared

Sensitive from 0.35-0.9 microns. Ultraviolet, Blue, Green, Red, Infrared "Color Balance Shift" (not how we perceive world)

Orthochromatic Emulsion

Sensitive to blue and green to ~0.6 microns

Near Infrared Emulsions

Sensitive to blue, green, red, and near-IR to ~0.9 microns

(un)active systems?

Sensor systems 1. photographic amera 2. electro-optical scanners

shadings caused by a light source

Shadow

Ways to interpret an aerial photo

Shape - particular form of an object in an image. An oval shape can be used to identify a racetrack. Size - the length, width, and area on the ground of objects in the image Shadow - the dark shape cast by an object with a source of light shining on it. Can help provide info about height and depth of objects Tone - the particular grayscale or intensity of a particular color of objects in an image. Light blue color helps distinguish a swimming pool. Texture - differences of certain shading or color throughout parts of the image. Can be coarse or smooth. Pattern - the physical arrangement of objects in an image. How objects are ordered or disordered can help interpret the image. Site - location of characteristics of an item Association - relates an object in an image to other nearby features in the image

SRTM

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission --mission that collected most of the data we have today for NED data --measured 80% of earth --contained two types of antenna panels; C-band(DEM) and X-band (NED)

location characteristics of an object

Site

physical dimensions of an object

Size

The rate of change on a topographic surface (rise over run) is ________.

Slope

The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants is ________.

Soil

What is SSURGO and what is it designed for?

Soil Survey Geographic Database, planning at the local and county level

Why do some systems have higher temporal resolutions?

Some bands need more time to get a clear photo ex. Band 6 on Landsat and so takes longer to get around the Earth. Quickbird has a high temporal resolution, but it doesn't have complete coverage of an area. (off-nater)

Drawbacks of Topology

Some simple operations are slow because of complexity. It requires additional files to store the spatial relationships.

Reflected (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...

Some to all of the energy bounces off the object within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum (Glass)

Absorbed (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...

Some to all of the energy is neither transmitted nor absorbed; the object retains the radiation and is heated by it within the RS Electromagentic Spectrum (Pavement)

Three vector models

Spaghetti & topological models (both varients of the georelational model) & object based model

The ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of

Spatial Resolution

What technique uses machine learning or artificial intelligence to analyze huge amounts of geospatial data?

Spatial data mining

Thematic maps

Special purpose maps, emphasis on a specific theme.

Types of resolutions...

Spectral / Spatial / Temporal

The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its

Spectral Resolution

Every surface has a spectrum pattern known as a...

Spectral Signature

Hyperspectural imaging

Spectral imaging technique- collect and processes information from across EMS (imaging for each pixel) Good for continuous sampling of broad intervals of spectrum

Basic wave law

Speed of Light = wavelength x frequency

What are two shapes commonly used to model earth? What shape does Stark think it is?

Sphere (best for small scale) Spheroid (best for large scale, Stark thinks earth is spheroid)

The first satellite to achieve orbit around Earth was:

Sputnik

Universal Transverse Mercator

Standard Military grid The world is divided into sections, called zones, 6 degrees wide

SPCS

State plane coordinate system

State Plane Coordinate System

States covered by an artificial "flat" grid Lambert conformal projection for E&W states (e.g. South Dakota) Transverse Mercator for N&S states (e.g. Indiana) Maps are created by locating "false origins" to the west and south; artificial zones

Spagettie model

Stores features as independent objects, unrelated to each other.

Different spatial resolution

Such as using a state boundary digitised as 1:1,000,000 on a large-scale topo map.

In the Layer Properties Window, which tab would use to classify and represent your data:

Symbology

John and Linda are asked to estimate the prices of 9 land-use parcels separately. Those 9 parcels are regular-shaped so that we can use raster data model for representation. We would like to use "minimum", "maximum" and "average" operator to integrate both John's and Linda's estimation. Please match the integrated result with the corresponding operator:

The top one is the result of "Maximum"; The middle one is the result of "Average" The bottom one is the result of "Minimum"

How does project success vary?

The training and experience of the interpreter, the nature of the object being interpreted, the quality of the photos beinf utilized.

Map projection

The translation of locations on the three-dimensional earth to a two dimensional surface

Spatial reference

The use of a real-world coordinate system for identifying locations

over 3000 years

The use of spatial data or applied geography has been around for

By applying vertical exaggeration to a model, which of the following will occur?

The vertical scale is made larger than the horizontal scale

WGS84

The world geodetic system of 1984 datum (used by the gps)

Dot Density Map

Thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area

Classification by properties preserved

There are four properties, of which only one or two can be preserved in any single projection. Conformal A conformal projection preserves shape by constant scale Equal area An equal area projection preserves sizes Equidistant An equidistant projection preserves distances Azimuthal An azimuthal projection preserves direction - a constant bearing is a straight line

In Esri's ModelBuilder, the color of the elements in the model has meaning. What does a white element mean?

There's something wrong or incomplete and model cannot run.

Match these types of remote sensing bandwidth with their appropriate uses

Thermal infrared: To show temperature differences between land and water Orthophotos: To generate a map-like image while retaining detail Microwave sensing: To show subsurface characteristics Color infrared sensing: To show dead or withering vegetation

Why would satellite remote sensor designers avoid developing a sensor that operated in either 2.8 or 6 micron wavelengths?

These are portions of the atmosphere where energy transmission is reduced so little energy would reach the sensor from the earth.

Which of the following is NOT true of satellites?

They are restricted to geographic boundaries, much the same way that aircraft are

What are the advantages of using mimetic symbols compared with geometric symbols and pictographic symbols? Select all that apply.

They are self-explained and require little work on building map legend. and They can be either simple or complex when representing real-world features

What do horizontal measurements rely on?

They primarily rely on knowing the accurate scale for each region of the photo (scale changes with changes in elevation)

In this section, you are presented with a couple of quantitative thematic maps. Please identify the correct type of the map and describe what it is displaying and how.

This is a Graduated symbol map using various point symbol size to represent different number of arms across the unite state. We can see that the farm data are aggregated into 3 classes, including 0-24 thousands, 28 -62 thousand, 66 -194 thousands. In a graduated symbol map, although you cannot tell the value of an individual feature, you can tell that its value is in a certain range. The category ranges can be either numerical (1-10, 10-20, and so on), or they can be at the ordinal level (ordinal, medium, high)

What is the map type? Why?

This is a cartogram map of world population, in which the actual geography is distorted in order to reflect the size of its population. The appearances between the average standard world map and this one are obvious - obviousness being a good indicator of how good a map is. For example: on a normal world map, Russia (17 million sq. km, 142 million inhabitants) would is much big than China (9,6 million sq. km, 1,3 billion inhabitants). Yet the opposite happens here. The population map reduces Russia to a thin sliver of land, insignificant compared to the giant that is China, which dwarfs just about any country far or close by, except India. Together, these two Asian countries account for fully one third of the world's population. Incidentally, the number of Indians is slated to surpass China's population later this century. A similar reversal of roles exists between Canada and Unite State.

What is the map type? Why?

This is a flow map showing the estimated volume of truck flow on all highways in the Unite State, 2035. You can use the thickness of the roads to represent the volume of the flow. In this case, the flow is categorized into three classes. Below that, just drop to normal, showing the road instead. You can very quickly see the major routes across the United States. You see the massive volume between the San Francisco and LA. And similar patterns are in the east coast.

Is this a single-themed or multivariate map? If this is a multivariate map, which method is used to display multiple themes?

This is a multivariate map using the pie chart method to display multiple themes. The pie size represents different population data values and black & light gray colors are used to represent male or female population (two variables) for each city. Circle size represents total population for each city.

How many points of reference (satellites) are required for you to find your exact location on Earth?

Three

Developable surface

Three common shapes are azimuthal, cylindrical and conical An azimuthal projection projects directly onto a flat planar surface. A cylindrical projection projects onto a rolled cylinder and a conical projection projects onto a rolled cone.

Imaging you work for a popular retail company that has recently begun using a GIS system. Which of the following would NOT be an important application using this system which reflects the uniqueness of GIS?

To analyze customer preferences according to their in-store purchasing records

T or F. An attribute is a description of a spatial object that has relationships with other spatial objects.

True

Please match a possible value of Moran's I to the corresponding spatial distribution pattern.

Top image: black and white grids are negatively autocorrelated, Moran's I = -1; ( looks like a checkers board) Middle image: black and white grids are positively autocorrelated, Moran's I = 1 ( half black and half white) Bottom image:black and white grids are randomly distributed, Moran's I = 0 ( scattered)

Topology advantages and disadvangates

Topology is concerned with relationships between spatial objects, but not their physical shape. It is a technique used to record and manipulate the logical relationships of spatial features. Advantages. No duplication. There is no repetition of spatial coordinates between one polygon and another, so repeated lines are eliminated. This reduces redundancy and improves integrity of the data. Error detection and correction. Topology allows for error detection, such as double digitising, sliver polygons and unclosed polygons. These can all be easily detected using defined topology Disadvantages Some simple operations such as graphic display are slow and cumbersome due to the complex data structure Topology requires additional files to store the spatial relationships

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Total emitted radiation from the black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

In a project, scientists made a map indicating the melting of Greenland glaciers based on the data from 50 GPS stations planted along the Greenland coast. What functions of GPS were used in this research?

Tracking Mapping

When light strikes an object, it is either...

Transmitted, Reflected, or Absorbed (Or a combination of each)

In SPC, states of greater north-south extent use which projection?

Transverse Mercator projection

The Object based model

Treats spatial data as objects with associated properties and methods.

What is TIN?

Triangulated Irregular Network.

A coordinate system is based on a map projection.

True

A geotag assigns location information to non-geospatial media, such a photograph. True/False

True

A map can show one or more - but never all - of the following correctly: true distances, true directions, true shapes or true areas.

True

A modern datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth.

True

A shapefile is a collection of files with the same filename and different extensions

True

ArcGIS users can convert data they create in GIS and use the data with Google Earth.

True

Digital orthophotos do not contain image displacement or distortion

True

Georeferencing is the process of aligning an unreferenced data set with one that has spatial reference information.

True

Geospatial tech range from multi-billion dollar satellite networks to free smartphone apps. T/F

True

In ArcCatalog you see a shapefile as one file, while all the supporting files with various extensions are "hidden".

True

In ArcMap, both geoprocessing tools and models are stored in a "toolbox."

True

In ArcMap, the Data View displays geographic information in the form of a map and is where you can symbolize, analyze, and compile various geographic layers.

True

Income alone is not a key determinant in Esri's market segmentation groupings.

True

Integrating historical maps in GIS to analyze the spatial information they contain, or to layer them with other spatial data, requires that the maps be georeferenced.

True

Large scale maps are often more easily and accurately converted for use in GIS because they tend to have less egregious geographical errors.

True

Latitude and longitude are not a planar coordinate system.

True

Map documents (.mxd) DO NOT store data. Map documents only point to the data using the saved path.

True

Meridians are lines for measuring location in the E-W direction, and parallels are lines for measuring location in the N-S direction.

True

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) sometimes cross state lines.

True

One general principle of map projections is that the larger the area being mapped, the greater the amount of distortion.

True

Spaces or unusual characters should never be used in GIS work when naming map documents, spatial data sets, and folders.

True

T of F. Color is made from hue, value and saturation.

True

T of F. The use of land use land cover data and remote sensing is useful for seeing land use changes over time.

True

T of F. Vector data model is best for creating a map showing roads, streams, and city and county boundaries.

True

T or F. Decimal Degrees are generally used to store digital coordinate information because they make digital storage of coordinates easier and computations faster

True

T or F. The earth's spherical coordinate system is an angular coordinate system.

True

T or F. A legend and a scale bar or distance measure are found in virtually all maps.

True

T or F. A systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area is a soil survey.

True

T or F. A text Font refers to a character set with a particular style at a specific size.

True

The center of a map projection is determined by the:

central parallel and central meridian

reproject

changing a dataset from one map projection (or measurment system) to another

beidou

chinese under development

Please select one mapping method used by the map showed above.

choropleth

The map you see here is an example of

choropleth

standard deviation

classification that apportions values based on the statistics of the field - highlight which values are typical and which are outliers - best applied to normally distributed data

This map shows each state re-sized in proportion to the relative influence of the individual voters who live there. The numbers indicate the total delegates to the Electoral College from each state, and how many eligible voters a single delegate from each state represents. Which type of map symbol is used in this map?

cartogram

a map

cartographic representation of geographic reality/a model of locations/proportional to reality

The art and science of making maps describes

cartography

terrain variation

causes relief displacement

vector to raster

cells are assigned in a raster if they intersect with a converted vector (ex: any cell rule; near cell rule)

raster

cells, continuous coverage, jagged lines uses - elevation, land use

where does geospatial data come from

aerial and satellite imagery digitized hardcopy maps collected field data

What are airphotos used for?

air photos are used to compliment, improve, or reduce field work rater then take its place.

The signals containing information about the satellite's status, orbit, and location are collectively referred to as the

almanac

Earth shape

an ellipsoid

root mean square error (RMSE)

an error measure used in determining the acuracy of the overall transformation of the unreferenced data

datum

an established standard from which measurements are made

in a GIS network, a junction represents

an intersection on the network

Interactive Rubbersheeting

anchor points are selected and other points selected and dragged around on the screen. all lines and points except anchor points are moved

Which of the following is NOT used by GIS systems that utilize the discrete object view?

angles

Maps that Preserve Direction

any azimuthal projection

A distance join should be performed on layers with what type of coordinate system?

any projected coordinate system

Affine Transformations

apply to both vector and raster data and include rotation, scaling, skey and transformation, or combinations of these.

what is GPS?

aquring location info from a constellation of satellites

Open source GIS software:

are free, but often have less support available than commercial software.

allometric equations

are used to estimate indirect measurements based on biophysical relationships derived through research

extent

area covered

In the raster data model,

areas are modeled using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells.

In the raster data model

areas are typically modeled using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells.

Which is NOT a component of visual image interpretation?

aspect

What does a geotag do

assigns location information to non-geospatial media, such as a photograph

A geotag

assigns location information to non-spatial media, such as a photograph

"On the fly" projection transforms data to a common projection in which way

automatically and temporarily

In a standard error map that shows the distribution of prediction error for a surface, where do the errors tend to be?

away from the sample points or around the perimeter of the sampled area

a narrow range of wavelengths describes a

band

byte

basic unit of storage space--string of 8 digits

datum

basis for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location

multiple addresses can be geocoded at once via

batch geocoding

relative pathname

begins in the folder data is stored; store relative pathnames when moving to a flashdrive

why infrared

better vegetation identification less haze water stands out

monochromatic

black and white

The spatial operator _______ can be used to determine the service area of a fire-station; the spatial operator ______ can help a traveller find the closest bus stops to a set of tourist destinations.

buffer, near

You work for a travel agency and need to determine the number of hotels within 5 miles around the San Diego Zoo for clients. The GIS operation that defines a 5 mile region of interest surrounding the San Diego Zoo is:

buffering

A ______ defines a organizations purpose and forms the basis for defining tasks to be implemented by the organization.

business concept

shadows

can be utilized two ways: 1) the shape or outline of the shadow can provide an impression of the profile view of the object. 2) measuring the heights of objects

Air photo mosaics

can cut out and paste cnetral portions of an air photo series together. Central areas have the least distortion (azimuthal map projections)

Gnomonic

center of the earth

Which of the following geodatabase formats can store a maximum of 2 GB of data?

personal geodatabase

4 categories of symbolization

photographic, pictographic, geometric, referent coordination

satellite images

pictures of the land surface based on computer data collected from satellites

aerial photos

pictures taken from the air, such as from airplanes or helicopters.

A geometric distortion of remote sensing involving the rotation of an aircraft that causes a nose-up or nose-down attitude is ________?

pitch

What is a mixed pixel? How do mixed pixels affect the interpretation of an image?

pixel with several features in one. heterogeneous, not homogeneous.

linear interpolation is used in geocoding to

place a point an approximate distance alone a line

With a small scale map you could

plan a long drive

Cartesian coodinates

planar coordinates used for small areas.

what information can be remotely sensed

planimetric location and dimensions, topographic location, color, surface temp, texture, surface roughness

5 map contents

point data, line data, area data,isopleth data, choropleth data

In a geodatabase, a feature class contains:

point, line, or polygon data.

point snapping

points which fall within a specified distance of each other are snapped

In the vector data model, all items are represented as:

points, lines, and polygons

features

points, lines, polygons

If a line feature is joined to a polygon feature, with the polygon as the destination table, what will the feature type of the output layer be?

polygon

Drawbacks of vector

poorly adapted to storing continuous data contour lines derive difficultly some time-consuming analysis

Gravity models are the most widely used of the spatial interactions models. Journey to work is one example, list another examples of this model.

population migration, journey to work

In a geodatabase, a feature dataset can contain:

one or more feature classes

The two different primary ways in which geographic data is represented in the computer are called vector data and " " data.

raster

When joining, the cardinality of the relationship between tables must be considered. Choose the most appropriate operation for each relationship: one to one many to one one to many many to many

one to one: join many to one: join one to many: relate many to many: relate

Stereographic

opposite side of the earth from the map projection

gps satellite

orbits earth twice a day 7.5 year lifespan 1900 lbs fancy clocks

RGB Colour Theory

our eyes see red, green, and blue. Plants phosynthesize visible light (hence their colour). This is called additive colour theory. Fliters are based on subtractive colour theory (if you want to filter out a certain colour, put the opposite coloured filter in front of the camera lens - yellow filter eliminates blue)

a sensor that will be measuring only one wide band of wavelengths is which type of sensor

panchromatic sensor

choropleth data

patchwork pattern

landsat scenes are arranged according to the worldwide reference system, which indexes the scenes in a series of

paths and rows

If mapping the following attributes for counties, indicate which ones would generally be normalized. avg daily temps, number of hispanics, square miles of parkland, median rent, total river miles, sales tax rate

number of hispanics, square miles of parkland, total river miles

TIGER files does not contain which information

number of houses per street

cardinality

numeric relationship between objects of one table and matches in the other.

Why do we see objects in different colours?

objects reflect and absorb different wavelengths of light

What term is used to describe an ellipsoid of rotation that, like the earth, rotates about its shortest axis?

oblate ellipsoid

What type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?

oblique photo

what type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?

oblique photo

data

observations made from monitoring the real world

What is meant by off-nadir viewing on the SPOT satellite? Identify two major reasons why the off-nadir viewing capability is useful in the acquisition of imagery.

off-nadir means that the sensor can tilt side to side to take a picture of something specific. 1) can focus on one area that is not directly underneath it in its flight path 2)

manual digitizing

on a screen or digitizing tablet digitize by making points, lines and polygons on a scanned map

BW Infrared

one active layer sensitive to all visible light and infrared light. Healthly vegetation absorbs most visible light, but reflects most infrared light.

Choose the best field for each of the following type of data in a geodatabase: population of countries in the world: precipitation in inches number of counties in a state highway name distances between US cities in meters birthdays

population of countries in the world: double precipitation in inches: float number of counties in a state: short highway name:text distances between US cities in meters:long birthdays: date

What are the three main examples of segments of GNSS

position segment

The spatial autocorrelation of the figure below can be described as _______. The Moran's I of this figure is _______.

positive spatial autocorrelation , above zero

Applications of API in forestry

preparing forest type (v-type), working group, ecosite maps, locating access roads and corridors for primary to tertiary forest road development, assessing forest disturbances (fire, insect defoliation/disease, and plant stress), estimating tree or stand volume, timber sale and appraisal, monitoring forest changes and harvesting practices, management regulation and compliance, preparing harvest operations, conducting regeneration surveys, mapping wildlife habitat.

conformal projection

preserves angles and shapes

Conic projection:

preserves area and distance at the expense of direction and shape.

equal area projection

preserves area and size

Azimuthal projection:

preserves area as well as distance.

azimuthal

preserves direction

Cylindrical projection:

preserves direction and shape at the expense of distance and area.

equidistant

preserves distance between 2 points

conformal projection

preserves shape

Two-Point Equidistant projection

preserves true scale from two specified points on the projection to all other points on the map

The key reference point for lines of longitude is the:

prime meridian

The geometric center of aerial imagery is

principal point

what is the center of an aerial photo referred to as?

principal point

The center of an aerial photo is referred to as its

principal point.

The map uses which type of map symbol to show the number of confirmed human cases of Nile virus?

prism

Extrusions on a thematic map are called

prisms

Planar Projections

project map data onto a flat surface An azimuthal projection preserves direction for all straight lines passing through a single, specified point

Lambert Conformal Conic

projection is one of the best projections for middle latitudes with an east-west orientation Portrays shape more accurately than area and is common in many maps and geographic databases for North America The State Plane Coordinate System, used throughout the United States, uses this projection for most state zones that are spread east to west

Azimuthal Equidistant projection

projection preserves true scale from a single specified point on the projection to all other points on the map

Perspective

projection that can be constructed with geometry (light source affects the final product

Position on the landscape is one type of information provided by a soil survey, list two more:

properties of soil map units, percent area in the landscape, capacities

A point-feature thematic map that varies the size of each symbol based on the value of the mapped geographic variable is best described as _______.

proportional symbol map

What is a geostationary satellite? Are the Landsat satellites geostationary?

provides consistent data, but only on one spot. Landsat is not geostationary.

Transmission time (t) multiplied by the speed of light (c) gives you the

pseudorange between receiver and satellite

The map below is best described as a __________.

qualitative multivariate map

virtual map

qualities that can be used as a map

The means of data classification that creates a relatively even distribution of ranges (similar numbers of features in each class) on a map is the:

quantile method

which has the lowest frequency: gamma rays, x-rays, infrared light, radio waves

radio waves

Which of the following is NOT a form of electromagnetic energy with short wavelengths?

radio waves, The wavelength of radio waves varies between 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi). It is a long-wavelength electromagnetic energy

a sensor's ability to determine fine differences in a band of energy measurements is a sensor's

radiometric resolution

If the following data were stored as rasters, which ones would be discrete and which would be continuous: rainfall, soil type, voting districts, temperature, slope, and vegetation type?

rainfall: continuous soil type: discrete voting districts: discrete temperature: continuous slope: continuous vegetation type: discrete

The maps below illustrate two spatial point patterns. The point pattern in Map A is best described as a _________ pattern, and the point pattern in Map B is best described as a __________ pattern. Please choose the best combination of the words from the choices to fill the blanks in sequence.

random and clustered

domain

range of possible values for an attribute

ordinal atributes

ranked in order

What variables can be measured directly from air photos using interpretation, measurement tools, guides?

tree or stand height, visible stand diametre, degree of stocking (stem density), percent crown closure. Many of the most important tree or stand characteristics CANNOT be measured directly on aerial photographs. They must be ESTIMATED through statistical techniques (ie regression analysis) using tree or stand characteristics that can be measured directly.

TIN

triangulated irregular network; stores 3D surface infor

A false easting is a measurement made east or west of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone in the UTM system

true

A satellite in geostationary orbit is always in the same place at the same time.

true

A satellite in geostationary orbit rotates at the same speed as Earth.

true

A satellite with a four-day temporal resolution passes over your house on January 2. The next day the satellite passes over your house will be January 6.

true

Aerial photography entails the acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites.

true

Area, distance, direction, and shape can be distorted by map projections. (true or false)

true

Attribute data in vector data model are typically stored into tables, while attribute data in raster data model are stored as values associated with each cell.

true

GPS is a "public domain: good in that it is free and available to everyone to use worldwide

true

GPS satellites have atomic clocks, whereas typical GPS receivers have inexpensive quartz clocks

true

Georeferencing can be used for non-map data, including unreferenced drawings and plans

true

Georeferencing is the process of aligning an unreferenced data set with one that has spatial reference information

true

Geospatial technologies range from multi-billion dollar satellite networks to free smartphone apps

true

Google Earth presents a 3D representation of Earth.

true

Hyperspectral imagery is made possible by a sensor capable of sensing hundreds of bands of energy simultaneously.

true

IKONOS has lower spatial resolution compared with Quick-bird.

true

Ideally, 3D models should be georeferenced.

true

In passive remote sensing, the sensor simply measures reflected or emitted energy.

true

In the UTM system, each UTM zone has its own central meridian

true

In the georeferencing process, it is best if the source data use a similar projection to the unreferenced data

true

John and Mary are collecting GPS data together. John's GPS says their location is at (631058, 4885805). Mary's GPS says their location is at (1204817, 663391). Explain what is going on. What must be done to make the GPS units agree. The GPS units are setup with two different coordinate systems. The coordinate systems need to be adjusted so they match for both units. (true or false)

true

Landsat 7 has a Sun-synchronous orbit.

true

Lines of latitude run in an east-to-west direction around the globe.

true

Lines of longitude are closer together at the poles and farthest apart at the Equator.

true

Measurements made from one datum are unlikely to precisely match the measurements made from another datum

true

Measurements made from one datum may not precisely match the measurements made from another datum.

true

Online mapping services like Google Maps are an application of geospatial technologies. True/false

true

SPC zones are formed by following state or county boundaries.

true

Suomi NPP's overall mission is to examine global environmental phenomena and to advance knowledge and understanding of Earth's systems as a whole. It is the first satellite launched to build the next-generation satellite system to take over Earth Observation System (EOS)

true

The U.S. Department of Labor believes that geospatial technology is an enormous growth area that is likely to generate many new jobs

true

The U.S. Department of Labor believes that geospatial technology is an enormous growth area that is likely to generate many new jobs. True/false

true

The images provided by remote sensing tend to be "snapshots" of a particular place at a particular time

true

The images provided by remote sensing tend to be "snapshots" of a particular place at a particular time. T/F

true

The images provided by remote sensing tend to be snapshots of a particular place at a particular time.

true

The vast majority of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible to the human eye.

true

True of False: Aerial photo is an example of raster data.

true

True or False: Conceptually, the classification of a geographic feature (such as a city park) as point, line or area is in part determined by the scale of the map.

true

True or False: On the map below, population density is assumed to be constant within each county.

true

True or False: The graphic elements that are suitable for qualitative mapping include color hue, orientation, and shape.

true

what kind of photo is taken from a camera looking straight down at the ground

vertical photo

In a normal color infrared image, bright red often indicates

vigorous (healthy) vegetation

Quantitative maps

visual variables ex. size, pattern texture, gray tone, color lightness, color saturation ---- shows how much of something exists at some location (how many, large, wide, fast, deep things are)

bathymetric maps

water depth and underwater topography

What is light?

wavelengths/radiation within the visible spectrum

waypoint averaging

waypoint is take periodically over a few days or weeks and then averaged to get accurate reading

What can we determine using parallax measurements?

we can determine the elevation difference between the datum and the given point.

What is a fundamental premise upon which much of remote sensing is built?

we can identify and learn about objects and features on the Earth's surface by studying the spectral characteristics of the radiation reflected by these features. We interpret an image based on its colour.

cylindrical, conic, azimuthal, miscellaneous

what are the 4 general classes of map projections

scaled

when the scale of the unreferenced image is altered during the transformation

skewed

when the unreferenced image is distorted or slanted during the transformation

translated

when the unreferenced image is shifted during the transformation

rotated

when the unreferenced image is turned during the transformation

geoid

which term best describes the earth?

waas

wide area augmentation system ground stations emit corrections

large errors

with more tilt with more relief at smaller scales