Research 1 Midterm

If we were examining the relationship between race and prejudice among adolescent boys, __________ would be considered a 'constant'. Race, Prejudice, Boys, Adolescent boys

Adolescent boys

If the Beck Depression Inventory has a Cronbach Alpha of .87, we can be assured that the measure is: Content validity, Face validity, Internally consistent, Test-retest reliability

Internally consistent

A researcher collects information about participants that gives a consistently false picture of the concept measured. This is better known as • systematic error. • random error. • social desirability bias. • acquiescent response set.

systematic error.

• A source of data for a study in which the information of concern has already been collected by others is known as • direct observation. • available records. • self-reports. • operationalized data.

available records.

Which of the following is an ethical objection to a research study, as opposed to a political objection, involving implementing a new cancer treatment protocol in an experimental setting? • The department and the university could be subject to negative press about individuals who were denied a promising treatment. • The costs of implementing this treatment protocol to the population are not likely to be acceptable to insurance companies. • Unclear results could result in the researchers being denied tenure. • Delaying these potentially lifesaving drugs to the control group will do them harm

Delaying these potentially lifesaving drugs to the control group will do them harm

Qualitative research, which start with digging into the data, rather than a predictive statement of findings, is considered Inductive, Deductive, Immersive, reductionist

Inductive

A study into the attitudes of Asian American youth toward using counseling services that takes into account whether or not the participants are first-, second-, third- or fourth-generation Americans is considering what factor that could influence participants' views? • Measurement equivalence • Metric equivalence • Cultural Bias • Acculturation

Acculturation

For social work practitioners, warning signs of pseudoscientific claims includes which of the following? - Overgeneralization - Use of scientific-sounding jargon - Extreme claims about the effectiveness of a treatment - All of these are warning signs of pseudoscience.

All of these are warning signs of pseudoscience

Searching this website will lead you to systematic reviews and meta-analyses of research articles regarding social welfare, education, and criminal justice topics. • evidencebasedpractice.com/ • Cochrane.org/ • CampbellCollaboration.org/ • crisisinterventionnetwork.com/

CampbellCollaboration.org/

Coding and classification of data is part of which phase in the research process? • Data collection • Data processing • Interpreting the findings • Data analysis

Data processing

Which of the following is an attribute of a good hypothesis? • It is testable. • It should express a value. • It is stated in broad, general terms. • It has only one possible outcome.

It is testable.

Evidence-based practitioners • consider the values and expectations of clients in deciding what intervention to employ. • work as direct-service practitioners only and not at the community or policy level of practice. • always find evidence that automatically determines what actions to take. • All of these choices are true.

consider the values and expectations of clients in deciding what intervention to employ

A tentative and testable statement about how changes in one variable are expected to explain changes in another variable is a(an) • variable. • hypothesis. • concept. • Relationship.

hypothesis

A social worker chooses and intervention based on consultation with a psychologist who is viewed as an expert on psychotherapy. The social worker has based the decision on: Research support, Tradition, Authority, All of these choices

Authority

A distortion in measurement based on personal preferences or beliefs is known as a/an • acquiescent response set. • systematic error • social desirability bias. • Bias.

Bias

Students are given a packet of documents, including a self-care survey, which must be submitted before the students are permitted to enter field placement. At the top of the self-care survey are instructions for completion and a statement that the students are not required to complete the survey. When the students meet with the field administrator to submit the paperwork, they are asked for their self-care survey also. The field administrator hopes to compare self-care behavior prior to entering field and at the conclusion of field placement for each student. The administrator can make what conclusions regarding voluntary participation? • Participation in the research is voluntary as long as students read the instructions at the top of the self-care survey. • Participation in the research is not voluntary because the surveys are not submitted anonymously. • Participation in the research may not be truly voluntary even if the students read the instructions at the top of the self-care survey. • Participation in the research is completely voluntary.

Participation in the research may not be truly voluntary even if the students read the instructions at the top of the self-care survey.

Using the analogy of shots fired at a bull's eye, or target, what would a cluster of shots fired in one corner of the target, away from the bull's eye, signify? • Both valid and reliable • Neither reliable nor valid • Valid but not reliable • Reliable but not valid

Reliable but not valid

What can be said about when a literature review should be completed during the process of completing a research study? • It should always be completed near the end of the research process. • It should always be completed at the beginning of the research process. • When it is completed depends on the goal of the researcher and the purpose of the study. • Qualitative researchers should always complete it near the end of the research process

When it is completed depends on the goal of the researcher and the purpose of the study.

A social work researcher conducted a study to determine the relationship between age and hours of television watched on a weekly basis. The results indicated that as age increased, the number of hours watching television (TV) decreased. This is an example of a _____________ relationship. • causal • curvilinear • negative • positive

negative

A study is conducted to gather information about the need for substance abuse services on a private college campus. Data are gathered from students using a survey as the students enter the campus cafeteria. Three key administrators are also interviewed to gather the perspectives of administration on this issue. This study is • not an example of a true mixed methods study. • a mixed methods study with an equal emphasis on qualitative and quantitative research. • a mixed methods study with an emphasis on quantitative research. • a mixed methods study with an emphasis on qualitative research.

not an example of a true mixed methods study.

•The main purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) is to ensure the • study's findings will not conflict with an agency's or university's interests. • researcher has the necessary funding to complete the project. • study's methodology is sound. • protection of human subjects.

protection of human subjects.

Conceptualization of a(an) ___________________ study will tend to use a more flexible, open-ended approach allowing research procedures and lines of inquiry to evolve over the course of the study. • qualitative • quantitative • reflective • unbiased

qualitative

The___________________ involves distorting a position, making it easier to attack. • premature closure of inquiry • straw person argument • ad hominem attack • defensive use of illogical reasoning

Straw person attack

The argument "more studies should be done" to determine the effectiveness of EBP reflects which criticism of EBP? - EBP is based on studies of clients unlike those typically encountered. - The therapeutic alliance will be hindered. - The EBP process devalues qualitative research. - Evidence is in short supply

Evidence is in short supply

Which type of data gathering method is most subject to problems of social desirability bias? • Mailed surveys • Phone interviews • Face-to-face interviews • Online surveys

Face-to-face interviews

Which of the following is NOT an example of an anchor point? • Contact information of nearby family or friends • Nicknames or aliases • Where one usually sleeps or eats • Information on personal preferences, such as favorite color, clothing item, or food.

Information on personal preferences, such as favorite color, clothing item, or food.

At what level of measurement is scale level data range of scores from 3-63. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Interval

If we find that rates of depression are lower among children with more pets, then we have found what type of relationship? Curvilinear, negative/inverse, null, positive

Negative/inverse

Which of the following attributes can be said is generally true for qualitative research methods? • There is an emphasis on objectivity. • There is an emphasis on testing hypotheses. • Sample sizes tend to be larger. • There is an emphasis on deeper understanding.

There is an emphasis on deeper understanding.

True or False: While generally not conducted, explanatory studies can employ qualitative methods.

False

A typical reaction to disconfirming evidence by pseudoscientific practitioners would NOT include • ignoring it. • replication. • using ex post facto hypothesizing to explain it away. • discrediting the source and/or methods used by disconfirming evidence.

Replication

Interventions supported with the best evidence • will be effective with every client. • may be effective with clients of one ethnic group but ineffective with clients of a different ethnicity. • are not subject to change. • are almost certainly the ones that are emphasized by agency policies.

may be effective with clients of one ethnic group but ineffective with clients of a different ethnicity.

• You are a researcher for a local domestic violence shelter and, based on your observations at the shelter, you hypothesize that women prefer to be in the role of homemaker and house wife. You decide to survey all of the women in your shelter, and the results of your study support your hypothesis. This would be an example of • good research methods. • systematic error. • social desirability bias. • random error.

systematic error.

In the hypothesis: "People who complete group treatment will be less abusive to their intimate partners than people who complete individual treatment," type of treatment is • a moderating variable. • an attribute of the dependent variable. • the independent variable. • the dependent variable.

the independent variable.

True or false: If the variable 'depression' is your construct, then it can only be operationalized through an interval level of measurement.

False

True or False: If a measure has 'construct validity', we can be quite confident that it really measures what it intends to measure.

True

Professor Tim Smith sends his Pet Therapy Awareness scale to several colleagues who work in the area of animal-assisted therapy. He asks each of them to review his scale and determine if he seems to have included all of the main points that someone should understand if they are going to begin using pet therapy. This is one way to assess the scale's • discriminant validity. • concurrent validity. • content validity. • face validity.

content validity.

A new counseling strategy was developed for use with couples experiencing relationship problems due to infidelity. A social worker, who does extensive intimate partner counseling, decides to assess whether this new strategy is more effective in helping couples retain their relationship than the current method of counseling. The purpose of this study is • constructing a measurement instrument. • explanatory only. • exploratory only. • descriptive only.

explanatory only.

A school social worker decides to conduct a study to assess the relationship between experiences with bullying during physical education (PE) classes and grades in that class. For the dependent variable in this study, that social worker uses the percentage of grades received by each student that are B - or better across all aspects of the PE class. Grade is being measured at the ___________ level of measurement. • interval • nominal • ratio • ordinal

ordinal

Suppose Ally is designing a study of attitudes and beliefs regarding LGBTQ individuals that are members of an immigrant Haitian Creole community in a large southeastern city. Ally is an outsider to this particular community. Ally's study will include interviews and surveys. Ally does not speak Haitian Creole, although she has taken French language courses in high school and college and she considers herself fluent in French. Why would it benefit Ally to employ staff that are fluent in Haitian Creole, instead of designing materials in the more formal French she is familiar with? • Surveys will need to be written in ways that are linguistically correct and culturally appropriate. • As an outsider, she may not be able to recruit sufficient participants to make her study successful. • Some participants in interviews may not understand her use of French, and she may not express concepts in ways that are culturally sensitive due to language barriers. • All of these are reasons why Ally should employ staff that are fluent in Haitian Creole.

• All of these are reasons why Ally should employ staff that are fluent in Haitian Creole.

Cultural insensitivity in data interpretation and reporting has caused • racially biased interpretations of the deficits and strengths of inner city minority children. • findings to be generalized to include minority populations that were not included in studies. • unfavorable press for Native American tribes, with negative economic consequences. • All of these have resulted from cultural insensitivity in data interpretation and reporting.

• All of these have resulted from cultural insensitivity in data interpretation and reporting.

For a practitioner, modifying interventions to suit the particular needs of the client at the time is a reflection of which key influence on treatment outcome? • Adapting treatment to the client's stage of change • Cultivating hope • Positive regard • Empathy

Adapting treatment to the client's stage of change

Searching for evidence-based interventions can include • visiting the Campbell Collaboration website. • searching professional literature databases. • using computerized library searches. • All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

In comparison with quantitative studies, qualitative research is generally __________ concerned with issues of generalizability. • more • less • depending on the type of study • neither less nor more

Less

Evidence-based practitioners • None of these choices. • should provide an intervention supported by the best research evidence even if it conflicts with client values and expectations. • will always find conclusive guidance as to which actions to take. • should ignore studies showing certain interventions to be ineffective.

None of these choices

The tendency for participants or respondents to agree or disagree with all statements offered by researchers, regardless of the content of those statements creates • social desirability bias. • errors in self-reports • errors in direct observation. • an acquiescent response set.

an acquiescent response set.

Quantitative research is more likely to be used with which of the following purposes? • Assessing for a cause and effect relationship between poverty, substance abuse, and child abuse • Searching for patterns in the interactions between domestic violence victims and law enforcement • Discovering the motivations behind decisions people make regarding abortion, adoption, or parenting when experiencing an unplanned pregnancy • Understanding the experiences of teens living homeless on the streets

Assessing for a cause and effect relationship between poverty, substance abuse, and child abuse

For observations to be truly scientific, the accumulated evidence should be all of the following EXCEPT • the product of large and diverse samples. • the product of specified procedures. • orderly and comprehensive. • value free.

Value free

For a student research project, you decide you want to assess the levels of altruism and depression among people who volunteer at senior centers in the area. You discover that there are no existing tools to measure altruism, so you develop one and test it for reliability during the course of your study. The purpose(s) of this study is/are • exploratory and descriptive. • constructing a measurement instrument and descriptive. • constructing a measurement instrument only. • constructing a measurement instrument and exploratory.

constructing a measurement instrument and descriptive.

A social worker is asked to assess the use of day care programs in the city, including the characteristics of those using the services and the extent of use. The social worker decides to send the survey to all of the day cares to be given to their clients. The surveys ask for basic demographic information (number of children, age of children, family income, etc.) and questions about use of the day care services. The purpose of this study is • evaluative. • exploratory only. • descriptive only. • explanatory only.

descriptive only.

Mixed methods research designs • improve understanding of the phenomenon being studied. • always provide equal emphasis to quantitative and qualitative elements of the study. • don't work well with the topics generally researched by social workers. • can't stand alone but must be part of a larger study

improve understanding of the phenomenon being studied.

The most substantial obstacle EBP faces in implementation is - it cuts too many costs. - implementation in real-world situations. - its impact on the therapeutic alliance. - its restrictive approach

it cuts too many costs.

Writing the research report is identified as the last stage of the research process; however, • it is the easiest part of the process to complete. • it is usually written at the beginning of the research experience. • it is usually written before the data collection phase of the research experience. • it is often written throughout the research experience.

it is often written throughout the research experience.

What type of EBP question is the following: "What is it like for homeless females to stay in an emergency shelter?" • A question about predictors of desirable consequences • A question about understanding client experiences • A question about effectiveness • A question about assessment tools

A question about understanding client experiences

Replication involves • changing procedures to improve upon previous studies. • determining if previous findings are true with different populations or circumstances. • questioning long-held beliefs. • All of these are elements of replication

All of these are elements of replication

As opposed to nonscientific inquiry, scientific inquiry is said to • have specified observation procedures. • emphasize the pursuit of objectivity. • be orderly and comprehensive. • All of these are characteristics of scientific inquiry.

All of these are facets of the scientific method

A researcher interested in interviewing recently immigrated individuals about parenting styles should employ which of the following recommendations? • Employ bilingual interviewers. • Modify the questions they intend to ask so that they retain their conceptual meaning. • Identify and consider cultural differences in parenting styles and norms in their native culture when posing questions and recording answers. • All of these choices.

All of these choices

Which of the following is NOT a typical practice employed by pseudoscientific practitioners? • Selective observation of a few cases • Pressuring followers to refrain from subjecting claims to unbiased research • Basing claims on rigorous studies • Relying on expert testimonials

Basing claims on rigorous studies

Jane is a senior partner in a counseling practice that helps clients with a variety of issues. At a recent board meeting for the practice, the board decided the practice should also specialize in substance abuse issues. Jane decides to address this by splitting their proposed specialization process into phases and assigning each phase to a different member for implementation. How does this approach by Jane alleviate feasibility obstacles to EBP? • By finding and using additional resources • By delegating the work outside the team. • By conducting in-service trainings. • By dividing the work.

By dividing the work.

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the scientific method? • Knowledge is grounded in orderly and comprehensible observations. • Even the best studies are open to question and need to be replicated. • Certain items or tenets of knowledge are accepted as fact and are not subject to reassessment, modification, or refutation. • Observations should be unbiased.

Certain items or tenets of knowledge are accepted as fact and are not subject to reassessment, modification, or refutation.

A study that examines more specific subpopulations as they change over time is what kind of study? • Cross-sectional study. • Cohort study. • Panel study. • Longitudinal study.

Cohort study.

A researcher who interprets research findings with the primary aim of empowering a group of people who are the subjects of study most likely ascribes to which paradigm? • Positivism • Postmodernism • Interpretivism • Critical social science

Critical social science

As a first-year social worker in a small rural community, John finds that many of the assumptions and beliefs he held about the dominant norms and values in his new community are inaccurate. He has come to this conclusion based on the conversations he has had with his clients and their families. Which critical thinking practice does this illustrate? • He is testing his own beliefs. • He is thinking independently. • He is thinking open-mindedly, recognizing and questioning beliefs. • He is formulating appropriate questions and then gathering and appraising evidence as a basis for making decisions.

He is thinking open mindedly recognizing and questioning beliefs.

A person who favors the social constructivism paradigm is most likely to study which of the following research questions? • Is ABC therapy more effective than DEF therapy in reducing depression among teenage bullying victims? • What are the essential elements of an anti-bullying program that are needed to ensure a reduction in bullying behavior at a given school? • What are the characteristics of individuals who bully others versus the characteristics of an individual who is more likely to be bullied by others? • How do victims of bullying describe their experiences with bullying?

How do victims of bullying describe their experiences with bullying?

Which of the following statements is consistent with the interpretive research paradigm? • It emphasizes relying on objective measurement scales. • It emphasizes both relying on objective measurement scales and statistical results that can be generalized. • It emphasizes statistical results that can be generalized. • It attempts to develop an in-depth subjective understanding of people's lives.

It attempts to develop an in-depth subjective understanding of people's lives.

What role does the literature review play in a study? • It should provide the researcher with the answer to the research question. • It can only provide historical information about the researcher's topic. • It should only be used to help the researcher develop the research question. • It can be used to develop the research question and the research methodology.

It can be used to develop the research question and the research methodology.

Another ethical controversy examined in this chapter involved Stanley Milgram. In this famous study, he tested subjects by making them give electric shocks to other subjects who answered questions incorrectly. Milgram's study has been criticized for its effects on subjects. Which study does this describe? • Secret Recordings • Observing Human Obedience • Social Worker Submits Bogus Article to Test Bias • Trouble in the Tearoom

Observing Human Obedience

Respondents that consistently are dishonest in their responses to surveys or interviews • contribute to random error. • create problems with validity. • create problems with reliability. • cause social desirability bias.

create problems with validity.

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason explaining why operationally defining variables in advance in qualitative studies is an uncommon practice? • Even the best definitions are superficial, focusing only on observable indicators • Operationally defining key terms in advance of data collection necessarily limits the depth and quality of observations. • The researcher may not know in advance what all of the most important variables will be. • Limitations in understanding variables perceived to be important may prevent understanding the best way to define success

Operationally defining key terms in advance of data collection necessarily limits the depth and quality of observations.

A study of a new day care program includes an assessment to be completed by all current clients indicating their level of satisfaction with the existing services. Anyone who indicates dissatisfaction with any aspect of the services is then asked to participate in an interview to gather more information about why they are dissatisfied and what could be done to improve services. This study is • Qualitative - quantitative. • Quantitative - Qualitative. • Quantitative only. • Quantitative - qualitative.

Quantitative - Qualitative.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with ethical research practices? • Reporting only positive findings • Minimizing any deceit to participants regarding the researcher's identity • Reporting findings that were unexpected • Ensuring that the benefits of a research study outweigh the costs of participation

Reporting only positive findings

Which step in the EBP process follows formulating a question to answer practice needs? • Critically appraise relevant studies • Determine which intervention is most appropriate • Apply the intervention • Search for the evidence

Search for the evidence

Ignoring events that don't correspond with previously observed pattern of events is: basing decisions on authority, overgeneralization, selective observation, ego involvement in understanding

Selective observation

If a social work researcher conducts three studies demonstrating that an intervention for drug-abusing teens effectively reduces drug use for half of the participants, and he or she decides that the intervention is successful and complete, what conclusions can be drawn about her methods? She's demonstrating the bandwagon effect, she has engaged in premature closure of inquiry, this is an example of ex post facto hypothesizing, this is selective observation

She has engaged premature closure of inquiry

A social work researcher at a hospital is asked to participate in a discussion about end-of-life care and the issue of physician-assisted suicide. If that social worker looks at practice from a contemporary positivist perspective, the social worker is likely to believe what about physician-assisted suicide? • The decision needs to be made by objective parties based on research, rather than made on a case-by-case basis. • There are some circumstances in which physician-assisted suicide would be acceptable and others when it would not be. • Physician-assisted suicide is wrong and should never be an acceptable choice. • Each person's experiences are different, thus each client needs to choose the right thing for him or her.

The decision needs to be made by objective parties based on research, rather than made on a case-by-case basis.

The "relationship between client and practitioner is negatively impacted by evidence-based practice" is an argument based on which of the main criticisms of EBP? • Evidence is in short supply. • The EBP process devalues qualitative research. • EBP is based on studies of clients unlike those typically encountered. • The therapeutic alliance will be hindered.

The therapeutic alliance will be hindered

Which of the following is consistent with qualitative research methods? • They allow the formulation of most research procedures in advance. • The findings are more generalizable than those obtained through quantitative methods. • They are appropriate when a researcher needs flexibility in studying a new phenomenon. • They are less likely than quantitative methods to tap deeper meanings.

They are appropriate when a researcher needs flexibility in studying a new phenomenon.

A hospital social worker decided to monitor the use of medical services by homeless individuals in her community. When a homeless individual was served by someone in the hospital, the social worker invited that person to participate in her study and gathered information about the services the individual was accessing on this visit. Additionally, the social worker indicated to the potential participants that she would be conducting phone surveys every three months for a year to review use of medical services during the intervening time. How could she ensure her ability to get in touch with the participants at each of the data collection points? • Accessing their emergency contact information from their medical files • Using ankle monitors • Using anchor points • Asking them to return to the hospital on a particular date for data collection

Using anchor points

The city has decided to implement a new gang prevention program called Gangs Schmangs, and they hire you to conduct research during the first three years of implementation. They want to know if Gangs Schmangs is effective at reducing gang activity. The purpose of this study is • exploratory only. • explanatory only. • descriptive only. • evaluative only.

evaluative only.

A researcher is studying the impact of a school-based intervention designed to reduce fighting among students. After the intervention, there are more disciplinary referrals for fighting. The researcher concludes that the intervention has reduced fighting but has increased teachers' attention to fighting and made them more likely to make referrals because the study drew more attention to this behavior. The researcher recommends that the intervention become part of the school curriculum. The researcher's reasoning can be described as: • overgeneralization. • ex post facto hypothesizing. • selective observation. • illogical reasoning.

ex-post facto reasoning

A study examining interview notes taken by lawyers representing defendants in criminal cases in which the lawyers knew they would not be paid for their services might result in measurement errors for the study if it relies on ____________ as its primary source of data. • self-reports • an acquiescent response set • examining available records • direct observation

examining available records

A research process in which the researcher begins with observations, seeks patterns in those observations, and generates tentative conclusions from those patterns is called • critical social science. • inductive method. • deductive method. • interpretivism.

inductive method.

Jalopy June is unhappy with the results of her previous survey analysis and decides to revamp her Empathy Survey. She reworks her survey and then administers the survey to a group of social work clinicians and a group of the teen bullies. The social workers score significantly higher than the bullies, with a score indicating a high level of empathy. Jalopy June is pleased because she can now say that her instrument has • predictive validity. • known-groups validity. • discriminant validity. • reliability.

known-groups validity.

Which of the following would NOT be a social work practice model that could influence the research process? • Functionalism • paradigm • Cognitive-behaviorism • The psychosocial model

paradigm

A social work researcher conducted a study to determine the relationship between income and support for the president. The results indicated that as income increased, support for the president increased. This is an example of a _____________ relationship. • causal • negative • positive • curvilinear

positive

As a first step to understanding the topic of eating disorders, a researcher decides to conduct unstructured interviews with participants in a treatment facility, their parents, and treatment facility workers. This is an example of a • qualitative research only. • quantitative research only. • mixed methods study with an emphasis on qualitative research. • mixed methods study with an emphasis on quantitative research.

qualitative research only.

Professor Tim Smith created the Pet Therapy Awareness scale to determine the amount of knowledge his social work students had about pet therapy at the beginning of his alternative therapies course. He gave it to his class at the beginning of the course and then again two weeks later, before they began the unit on pet therapy. This is one way to assess the scale's - test-retest reliability. - face validity. - criterion-related validity. - internal consistency reliability.

test-retest reliability.

If a social worker conducts a study involving the denial of services to a group of participants, the IRB is likely to approve the denial if • the researcher can make the case that the individuals receiving services can pay for the services, while those being denied cannot. • the researcher can make the case that the denial of services is necessary to have the most rigorous study possible. • the researcher can make the case that they could not feasibly provide services to all potential participants at the same time and those being denied are placed on a waiting list. • there are no situations in which denial of services could be approved.

the researcher can make the case that they could not feasibly provide services to all potential participants at the same time and those being denied are placed on a waiting list.

A design in which qualitative and quantitative data are simultaneously collected and analyzed, then merged for interpretation would be which kind of study? • A concurrent mixed methods design • A convergent mixed methods design • An explanatory sequential mixed methods design • An exploratory sequential mixed methods design

A convergent mixed methods design

Which of the following is part of cultural competence? • Being able to speak the language of a study population • Understanding a study population's history and attitudes about social services • Understanding how the researcher's worldview differs from that of the study population's worldview • All of these are part of cultural competence.

All of these are part of cultural competence.

A study tests the hypothesis that after school tutoring classes will increase attendance during school. If it finds that after school tutoring does, in fact, increase students' attendance at school, but only with those students who live in higher socioeconomic neighborhoods, 'higher socioeconomic neighborhoods' is considered what kind of variable? A constant, a dependent variable, a moderating variable, an independent variable

A moderating variable

Asking your clients to fill out a survey called the Child Abuse Scale on their personal child sexual abuse history can create an ethical dilemma of Possible harm to your client, protection of client identity, Research Falsification of data, Both possible harm and protection of identity, all of the above

Both possible harm and protection of identity

Knowledge that, because of its association with tradition or authority has come to be accepted as self-evident is known as: • Personal experience • Tradition • Authority • Common sense

Common Sense

The biggest drawback to using the top-down approach to searching for relevant research is • it's mutually exclusive to bottom-up approaches. • it relies heavily on the authority of experts. • it's usually not feasible. • it's limited to searches of studies that used certain research methods only.

It relies heavily 0n the expertise of others

After interviewing many troubled students at a local high school, a social worker notices a pattern in which the students who received mentoring appear to get better grades and stay in school longer than those who did not receive mentoring. The social worker formulates the hypothesis that mentoring enhances academic performance and retention. The social worker has used which method in this research? • Theory testing • The deductive method • The inductive method • Practice model development

The inductive method

The hypothesis 'The number of days spent in juvenile detention is not associated with caregiver attachment' is an example of: A nondirectional hypothesis, an independent variable, an inverse hypothesis, the null hypothesis

The null hypothesis

Practitioners engaged in EBP • should be critical thinkers. • are less compassionate than those who rely on their feelings and intuitions. • rely heavily on the authority of esteemed experts. • conform to agency traditions.

should be critical thinkers

For a student project during your internship at a hospital, you are asked to answer the research question: "What is the most common reason (specific diagnosis, patient request, etc.) that a social work referral is generated by either a nurse or a doctor?" This research question is most suited to a • mixed methods study with an emphasis on quantitative research. • mixed methods study with an emphasis on qualitative research. • qualitative study. • quantitative only study.

Quantitative study only

Because social scientists cannot completely know that the results of studies are purely objective, accurate, and generalizable, _____________ is called for. • replication • unbiased observation • selective observation • ego involvement in understanding

Replication

As a new social worker, conforming your perspective and preferred practice to those who are preferred by your work setting would be a characteristic of relying on ______________ for ways of knowing. • tradition • common sense • authority • personal experience

Tradition

A study that begins with qualitative research in an effort to lay the groundwork for conducting a larger study with quantitative research methods is using • an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. • a convergent mixed methods design. • an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. • a multiphase mixed methods design.

an exploratory sequential mixed methods design.

A social worker is studying the effectiveness of a new treatment option regarding eating disorders. Clients are surveyed during intake regarding the number of times they participate in disordered eating behaviors. The treatment approach is then implemented and lasts three months. Once the treatment regimen is complete, the clients are surveyed again and asked to report the number of times they participate in disordered eating behaviors. This is a • longitudinal panel study. • longitudinal trend study. • cross-sectional study. • longitudinal cohort study.

longitudinal panel study

A social worker at a volunteer agency wonders if volunteering could be used as an intervention for depression among adolescent males. The social worker locates youths receiving treatment for depression and, after linking the youth with volunteer opportunities, begins studying their depression levels at 3-month intervals. The goal is to determine whether depression improves as a result of the volunteer experience and if that depression continues to improve over time. This is a • longitudinal panel study. • longitudinal cohort study. • longitudinal trend study. • cross-sectional study.

longitudinal panel study.

A study is conducted with victims of domestic violence to better understand their experiences with all aspects of law enforcement. After conducting interviews with victims, the researcher reviews all of the interview data to get an overall sense of the experiences across all participants. Then the researcher identifies any differences between the experiences based on the race/ethnicity of the victim and the specific law enforcement entity being identified. This is an example of a mixed methods study with • concurrent implementation and an emphasis on quantitative research. • quantitative assessment first and an emphasis on qualitative research. • qualitative assessment first and an emphasis on quantitative research. • qualitative assessment first and an emphasis on qualitative research.

qualitative assessment first and an emphasis on qualitative research.

The ethical guideline of causing no harm to participants is concerned with • physical harm that may result from participation. • asking participants to engage in unpleasant research procedures. • discomfort that results from asking participants to reveal deviant behavior. • All of these choices.

All of these choices

A researcher conducts a study and finds that more participation in an intervention results in improved self-esteem. In this study, the relationship between participation in the intervention and self-esteem is • curvilinear. • negative. • None of these choices. • Positive.

Positive.

A social work researcher is interested in studying perspectives on education by members of a local Tribal population. The researcher approaches the tribal council to discuss the research processes, and the council members provide feedback which the researcher uses to make final decisions about the research methodology. The researcher's choice to involve the tribal council is • an important step in culturally sensitive research and can alleviate some of the fear of participation for members of the community. • unwise because the members of the tribal council would not have the same understanding of research methods as the researcher. • kind, but unnecessary for having a successful research project. • important, but should not have influenced the methodology of the research study.

an important step in culturally sensitive research and can alleviate some of the fear of participation for members of the community.

• You decide to do a class research project on how many freshmen violate the lifestyle agreement they signed when they decided to attend a Christian college. You intend to analyze the results by dorm, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and major. The instrument you create has some extremely sensitive questions on it related to substance use and sexual activity. To disguise the real purpose of the research, you include several questions on the instrument that are unrelated to your study and, in the informed consent form, you tell participants that you are studying general characteristics of college students. Ethical issues in this research include • informed consent and confidentiality. • deception only. • anonymity and voluntary participation. • anonymity and deception.

anonymity and deception.

After Professor Tim Smith conducts his alternative therapies class, including a section on animal-assisted therapy, he has the students complete an exam on all types of alternative therapies. He also has the students complete the Pet Therapy Awareness scale again and compares the results to the results of the exam section on animal-assisted therapy. The students who scored well on that section of the exam also scored highly on the Awareness scale and the students who scored low on the Awareness scale did poorly on that section of the exam. Professor Tim can say his scale has • face validity. • discriminant validity. • content validity. • convergent validity.

convergent validity.

Consent forms for research • explain provisions for payment. • require the social security number of the participant. • explain the potential risks of participation. • provide a summary of the features of the study.

explain the potential risks of participation.

Participation in a study is anonymous when • participants' names on questionnaires are replaced with identification numbers. • the researcher cannot identify a particular response with the participant. • the participant does not know any identifying information about the researcher. • the researcher ensures the participant that no identifying information will be revealed

the researcher cannot identify a particular response with the participant.

A social work researcher is interested in studying acculturation among Chinese American immigrants. Since he is not a part of the community and does not have significant interactions with its members, he approaches some people who are prominent leaders or business professionals in the local Chinese community. In addition to discussing the purpose of the research, he asks for their overall permission to complete the study and the best way to gain access to potential participants. This researcher is more likely to get participants in the study because he • chose a topic that is important to the population being studied. • will need help with creating an instrument that meets the criteria for measurement equivalence. • is studying a group of people with whom he is not familiar. • used community leaders to learn where to look for participants and garnered the leaders' endorsement.

used community leaders to learn where to look for participants and garnered the leaders' endorsement.

A social work student is interested in surveying the members of a social service organization to assess how they respond to families of color who are being served by the agency. The agency has approximately 100 employees across three offices. The student is interested in ascertaining how the responses differ based on job title, office location, education level, race/ethnicity of the employee, age of the employee, and gender of the employee. One significant ethical issue to be considered by the IRB is • whether the participants will feel that the study truly is voluntary. • whether the student is able to ensure anonymity of respondents. • whether participants are likely to be harmed by answering the questions. • whether the student will maintain confidentiality of the responses.

whether the student is able to ensure anonymity of respondents

In research when referring to the characteristics of persons or things, one is referring to • relationships. • variables. • concepts. • attributes.

attributes.

A measurement error that has no consistent pattern of effects is best described as • social desirability bias. • random error • bias. • systematic error

random error

Which of the following is least likely to result in alleviating or overcoming barriers to the recruitment and retention of participants in research studies from minority and oppressed populations? • Obtaining endorsement from community leaders • Canvassing the entire community for potential participants, recruiting anyone willing and able to participate • Choosing a sensitive and accessible setting • Employing local community members as research staff

• Canvassing the entire community for potential participants, recruiting anyone willing and able to participate

A researcher wants to use a measure of depression developed in English for use with Anglo Americans with Asians who do not speak English, regardless of their location or nationality. The measure is translated and back-translated successfully, but the researcher finds that feelings associated with depression among Anglo Americans are not associated with depression among the Asians who participate in the study. Which of the following is true about the cultural competence of the measure? • It has conceptual equivalence but not metric equivalence. • It has nonmeasurable validity. • It has conceptual equivalence but not linguistic equivalence. • It has linguistic equivalence but not conceptual equivalence.

• It has linguistic equivalence but not conceptual equivalence.

A social work researcher who has conducted extensive research with African Americans is asked to conduct research with a group of refugees from Rwanda. What can reasonably be assumed about this researcher? • The researcher will need to review the newest research on African Americans to be considered culturally competent for this new project. • The researcher's previous research is essentially irrelevant to this new project, and the researcher will need to work with members of the Rwandan community to conduct a culturally sensitive research project. • The researcher will need to review research specific to refugees to become culturally competent for this new project. • The researcher can be considered culturally competent related to this new project due to his or her previous research.

• The researcher's previous research is essentially irrelevant to this new project, and the researcher will need to work with members of the Rwandan community to conduct a culturally sensitive research project.

In the hypothesis: "There is no difference between the reasons women choose to volunteer in nonprofit organizations based on their level of spirituality," gender is • a control variable. • being held constant • the dependent variable • the independent variable.

• being held constant

Why do some criticize EBP process as being inconsistent with building a therapeutic alliance with the client? • Because the quality of the relationship might be inhibited by rigid adherence to treatment manuals. • Because real-world obstacles prevent implementing EBP in everyday practice. • Because it devalues qualitative research. • Because it is a cost-cutting tool.

Because the quality of the relationship might be inhibited by rigid adherence to treatment manuals.

EBP can refer to • Both of these concepts. • interventions that are supported by research only. • the EBP process only. • Neither of these concepts.

Both of these concepts

A social worker interested in studying grief and loss using qualitative methods is likely to NOT be answering this question: • What factors contribute to a smoother grieving process for parents who have recently lost a child? • How do parents who have lost a child explain their grief and loss experiences? • What is the typical amount of time a parent spends in each stage of the grief and loss process after the loss of a child? • How likely are parents who have recently experienced the loss of a child to benefit from a grief and loss support group?

What is the typical amount of time a parent spends in each stage of the grief and loss process after the loss of a child?

Which of the following organizational concerns would be considered negative, or restrictive, to a potential study? • Agency administrators asserting the right to assign individuals to treatment or control groups • Agency administrators asking researchers to design a study to reduce inefficiencies in providing services to clients • Agency administrators asking researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of their services • Agency administrators seeking assistance with targeting unmet services

Agency administrators asserting the right to assign individuals to treatment or control groups

A researcher is interested in conducting an ethnographic study of a remote Amazonian tribe. How might he or she design and implement his or her study in ways that are culturally sensitive? • Obtain the permission of tribal leaders for the study. • Modify how the study is designed and implemented based on the concerns of tribal leaders. • Research and understand predominant stereotypes held by and about tribe members. • All of these choices.

All of these choices

Typical means of operationalizing variables in social work research include • self-report scales. • direct observation. • examining available records. • All of these choices.

All of these choices.

In the hypothesis, marital status is related to quality of life. "Married" is which of the following? • An attribute of the independent variable • An attribute of the dependent variable • An independent variable • A dependent variable

An attribute of the independent variable

Social work practitioner June created a survey to assess level of empathy, specifically targeting adolescents. One of the initial tests of the Empathy Survey was with teens who were identified as bullies; those results were compared to the survey results of teens who had experienced being bullied. The results indicated that all respondents had nearly equivalent levels of empathy. What can June conclude about these results? • Teens who are bullied and those who bully others have equal levels of empathy. • The survey has known groups validity. • Bullies and those who are bullied may have equal levels of empathy or the survey is not valid. • The survey is not valid.

Bullies and those who are bullied may have equal levels of empathy or the survey is not valid.

For a student research project, you decide to study the experiences of gay and lesbian Sioux living in your community and on the nearby reservation. You hope to use what you learn to report about how Sioux communities respond to individuals who identify as gay or lesbian. You use word-of-mouth to invite participants and conduct the interviews at the tribal social services office. For this research, you should be concerned about which two issues? • Child care and transportation • Confidentiality at the individual level as well as at the community level • Where to locate participants and sampling approach • Use of culturally competent interviewers and IRB approval

Confidentiality at the individual level as well as at the community level

A researcher is studying the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention in reducing violent outbursts among teens in a residential treatment program. For the study, half of the teens who agree to participate receive the intervention, and the other half receive the normal treatment provided by their residential treatment facility, although the researcher agrees to provide the intervention to all participants after the study is completed. The teens who receive the cognitive-behavioral intervention have a dramatic reduction in violent behavior and also perform better in school than the teens who did not receive the intervention. How can the researcher design this study to alleviate ethical concerns about the teens' right to receive service? • Provide the intervention to all immediately; do not wait until the study is completed. • Ensure that the control group receives the existing services. • Wait until the study is completed before offering the intervention to all participants. • All of these choices are correct.

Ensure that the control group receives the existing services.

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation Eichler (1988) offers as ways to avoid gender bias and insensitivity when conducting research? • When analyzing data, look for ways in which findings differ for women and men. • Do not generalize findings from single-gender studies to the other gender. • Avoid using a double standard in framing research questions differently for women and men. • Keep the proportion of males and females in a study sample anonymous in order to reduce gender-based stereotypes.

Keep the proportion of males and females in a study sample anonymous in order to reduce gender-based stereotypes.

Which of the following is NOT an ethical consideration that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider when evaluating approval for research projects? • Potential harm to participants • Anonymity and confidentiality • Funding source • Voluntary participation and informed consent

Funding source

A researcher is designing and implementing a study regarding perceptions about school counseling services in a low-income, minority immigrant community within a large urban setting. The researcher then plans to use the same instrument to assess perceptions among residents of a large urban setting in the country of origin for the first set of participants, in order to compare results in these two communities. By using this design, what is the researcher testing? • Cultural bias • Measurement equivalence • Tracking methods • Language problems

Measurement equivalence

Which of the following is NOT one of the methods Norton and Manson (1996) recommend for how to approach confidentiality issues when working with Native American populations? • Do not identify specific communities. • Have tribal leaders arrange the details for securing participation in studies involving tribal members. • Research findings should be provided in the form of generalizations. • Have press releases initiated by the tribal government, not the researchers.

Have tribal leaders arrange the details for securing participation in studies involving tribal members.

A social work researcher who created an assessment of eating disorder behavior has it tested for reliability, and the coefficient alpha is .85, indicating a good level of internal consistency reliability. What can the researcher say about the validity of the tool? • It has content validity. • It is not necessarily valid. • It has face validity. • It is valid, but further research needs to be done to determine at what level

It is not necessarily valid.

A social work student proposed to answer the following question for a school research project: "Are male students at XYZ University more likely than female students to choose pizza over other entrees when eating lunch in the school cafeteria?" You are the student's social work research professor. What concerns are you likely to share with this student about the research question? • It is not specific. • It cannot be answered by observable evidence. • It would not be feasible for the student to answer this question. • It is not relevant to the field of social work.

It is not relevant to the field of social work.

A social work colleague is interested in studying the research question: "At what age do teenagers become sexually active?" She asks for your feedback on her proposed research question. What concern could you share with her? • It cannot be answered by observable evidence. • It is not relevant to the field of social work. • It is not specific. • It would not be feasible for the student to answer this question.

It is not specific.

A social work student is interested in answering the research questions: "What are the characteristics of the students at QP grade school who are most likely to visit the school social worker's office?" and "What are the most common reasons given by students at QP grade school for why they visit the school social worker's office?" You are the student's social work research professor. What concerns are you likely to share with this student about the research question? • It may not be feasible for the student to answer these questions. • They are not relevant to the field of social work. • They are not specific. • They cannot be answered by observable evidence.

It may not be feasible for the student to answer these questions.

Which of the following is an example of "value-free" research? • Including diagnosed and self-described individuals with schizophrenia in a population for a study on a new treatment method • None of these is an example of research that is value-free. • Conceptualizing "homeless" as including individuals who are temporarily living with friends and family • Excluding students not enrolled in honors or advanced placement classes for a study on academic achievement

None of these is an example of research that is value-free.

Which of the following is helpful in alleviating barriers to recruitment and retention of research participants from an oppressed minority population? • Hiring research staff from out of the area • Choosing an interview setting that is far away from the neighborhood of the participants • Assuring prospective participants that their community leaders do not know about the research • Offering adequate compensation for participation in the study

Offering adequate compensation for participation in the study

A social work researcher is interested in studying the service needs of single-parent families who live in poverty in a particular area. There is not a reasonable facility within the community for conducting a focus group, so the researcher decides to interview parents at a social service agency about 5 miles away. For the 90-minute focus group the researcher provides transportation to the agency, child care for the parent during the interview, and $50 to each participant at the end of the focus group. What can be said about the incentives for participation in this study? • Providing child care and the incentive money is acceptable, but the provision of transportation is unnecessary. • Providing these incentives is completely appropriate and would likely encourage many people to participate in the study. • Providing the incentive money and transportation is acceptable, but the provision of child care is too much. • Providing transportation and child care is acceptable, but the additional money could be considered coercive due to the amount.

Providing these incentives is completely appropriate and would likely encourage many people to participate in the study.

Studies in this particular area of social research have often caused political controversy and generated significant public attention and outcry, especially during the Civil Rights era. • Gender • Physical ability • Race • Crime

Race

What can be said about issues of reliability and validity of measurement tools in qualitative research? • Reliability and validity, and the tools that measure them, play a different role in qualitative and quantitative studies. • Validity can be assessed for qualitative instruments, but reliability cannot. • Reliability can be assessed for qualitative instruments, but validity cannot. • Reliability and validity are both just as important for qualitative instruments as for quantitative instruments.

Reliability and validity, and the tools that measure them, play a different role in qualitative and quantitative studies.

In a survey given to the same respondents three times over a six-month period, the respondents were asked if they had consumed alcohol since receiving a new intervention designed to eliminate consumption of alcohol among participants. Respondents that lied each of the three times in their responses, by saying they had not consumed alcohol when in fact they had consumed alcohol demonstrates which issue(s) related to reliability and/or validity? • Neither reliable nor valid • Valid but not reliable • Reliable but not valid • Both valid and reliable

Reliable but not valid

Acculturation is most likely to be a factor in a research study about the influence of parents on the career choices of young people in which cultural group? • Sixth generation African Americans, descended from slaves • Fourth generation Hispanic Americans • Eighth generation Caucasians of western European descent • Second generation Asian Americans

Second generation Asian Americans

Eva plans to study secondary students with a history of bullying behaviors at school. She hypothesizes that students with a history of bullying behaviors are less likely to become aggressive and belligerent adults if they learn to empathize with their victims. She plans to have participants watch video accounts of bullying victims tell their stories, then interview her participants and ask them if they now empathize with their victims. How could her operationalization of "empathy" as a key variable impact her research findings? • It is not likely to have an impact on her findings. • She is likely to limit the scope of her study to concepts related to her definition of empathy. • Unless she clearly defines empathy for her participants, their responses will not be valid • She will have to define empathy for her participants, thus limiting their answers in interviews.

She is likely to limit the scope of her study to concepts related to her definition of empathy.

One of the examples of an ethical controversy examined in this chapter involved a researcher named William Epstein. Charges were brought against William Epstein, alleging that his research had exacted an emotional cost on participants due to the inherent deception and failure to obtain informed consent from participants in his study. While the initial ruling against Epstein found he had violated research rules, an appeal overturned this conclusion. Which case does this refer to? • Observing Human Obedience • Social Worker Submits Bogus Article to Test Bias • Secret Recordings • Trouble in the Tearoom

Social Worker Submits Bogus Article to Test Bias

How might a counselor employing a cognitive-behavioral model evaluate parents to determine the causes and functions of child abuse? • The counselor might refer the parent to a support group. • The counselor might survey parents and children separately and together. • The counselor might observe interactions between parent and child and record desirable and undesirable parent behaviors. • The counselor might suggest a better indicator of outcome would be whether parents were court-reported for abusive behavior, over the long haul.

The counselor might observe interactions between parent and child and record desirable and undesirable parent behaviors.

Which of the following is true about operational definitions from the perspective of qualitative researchers? • They should be specified at the beginning of the study. • They help develop an understanding of the deeper meanings of observations. • They may not capture the deeper meanings of observations. • They should be narrow and specific.

They may not capture the deeper meanings of observations

For their school research project, two social work students decide to study the migratory experiences of Latino immigrant farm workers. Both of the students are Latino, but neither comes from the migrant community nor speaks Spanish. One student has a connection with a couple of members in the community, which will likely allow them access to potential participants. They have decided to use snowball sampling to gather their participants. They have also identified a reasonable incentive for participation and determined a good location for interviews. What could be said about the students' preparedness to begin their research project? • They are ready and can begin scheduling interviews and gathering data. • They need to find bilingual and culturally competent interviewers. • They need to find culturally competent interviewers, but they can reasonably expect that the participants will understand/speak English. • They need to find translators, but they can serve as the interviewers since they are both Latino.

They need to find bilingual and culturally competent interviewers.

A social work researcher who is interested in studying whether there is a relationship between a person's cultural background and his or her parenting style decides to survey the people who are participating in a parenting class at the agency where he works. Most of the participants in the parenting class are White, with a small number identifying as African American or Asian American. Based on the numbers, the researcher decides to combine all of the individuals in each racial group to compare to the other racial groups. How would you caution the researcher in this case regarding potential vulnerabilities of this study? • You are not ensuring a culturally competent analysis and reporting. • You need to make sure that you are providing for culturally competent measurement, culturally competent analysis and reporting, and culturally competent problem formulation. • You are not ensuring culturally competent problem formulation. • You are not ensuring culturally competent measurement.

You need to make sure that you are providing for culturally competent measurement, culturally competent analysis and reporting, and culturally competent problem formulation.

Unlike systematic errors, random error measurement occurs when there is • a change over time that measurements fail to detect, producing inconsistencies in measurement. • an acquiescent response set. • bias. • social desirability bias.

a change over time that measurements fail to detect, producing inconsistencies in measurement.

In the hypothesis: "Attendance by a youth's parent(s) at a college information class will increase the likelihood that a Latino senior will apply for and attend at least one year of college," the parents' level of acculturation would be • a mediating variable. • a moderating variable. • the dependent variable. • the independent variable.

a moderating variable.

When a social work researcher is interested in a topic that is controversial and has potential political implications, he or she should • only conduct research that is likely to align with predominant political ideals. • determine the most politically savvy approach prior to completing a study. • only conduct research that is the opposite of the researcher's personal beliefs in order to maintain objectivity. • be aware of his or her biases throughout the research process.

be aware of his or her biases throughout the research process.

Acculturation refers to • changes that occur when members of a minority culture come into contact with the majority culture. • immigrants becoming familiar with the fine arts of the dominant culture. • a belief that one's own culture is superior to others. • increased cultural competence that results from members of the majority culture becoming familiar with a minority culture.

changes that occur when members of a minority culture come into contact with the majority culture.

In research when referring to a mental image that symbolizes an idea, an object, an event, a behavior, or a person, one is referring to a/an • concept. • attribute. • relationship. • variable.

concept.

A social work researcher studying the adoption process completed multiple interviews with adoption workers, adoptive parents, and birth parents who were relinquishing a child. The researcher then compiled all of the information from the interviews and met with each group of participants to review the researcher's conclusions. The researcher asked the participants for any feedback regarding how their statements were understood or interpreted. This is one way of assessing the ________________ of qualitative data. • validity • triangulation • credibility • truth

credibility

Studies based on observations that represent a single point in time are known as • longitudinal trend studies. • longitudinal cohort studies. • longitudinal panel studies. • cross-sectional studies.

cross-sectional studies.

A social worker conducts research to determine how well clients respond to a new anxiety medication, Nervousnelly. The researcher decides to split the clients into three groups: one group gets Nervousnelly, one group gets an existing anxiety medication, and the final group gets a sugar pill (a placebo). The clients are told that they will be assessed to determine how they respond to the anxiety medication, but they are not told what type of medication they are receiving. Ethical issues in this research include • deception and confidentiality. • deception and denial of services. • confidentiality and voluntary participation. • voluntary participation and denial of service

deception and denial of services.

A social worker who counsels clients who have recently been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) decides to assess a new treatment he developed called shock-recovery therapy. The basic idea of the therapy is that he spends half of each session shouting at the patient trying to shock the trauma out of them. The remainder of the session is spent in recovery from this, where the client processes his/her feelings about being shouted at and how that compares with his/her trauma experience. To maintain the integrity of the research, the social worker decides to inform the clients about the study only after its completion, using the debriefing method. The study will last six months. Ethical issues in this research include • informed consent and confidentiality. • denial of services and voluntary participation. • deception and harm to participants. • deception and denial of services.

deception and harm to participants.

A social work student is interested in studying how children respond to families with same-sex parents. The student anticipates that parents who are opposed to same-sex marriage or same-sex couples becoming parents may be unlikely to allow their children to participate in the study. As a result, when gathering informed consent from the parents, the student describes the study as an assessment of how children respond to many types of families and includes families of all types in the assessment. The ethical issue(s) in this study is/are • deception of participants. • violation of privacy. • voluntary participation and harm to participants. • Confidentiality

deception of participants.

A social work researcher interested in studying intimate partner communication patterns decides to observe pairs of intimate partners discussing their finances. The researcher uses a check sheet to assess the frequency of particular communication methods. He also asks a colleague to observe the couples discussing their parenting preferences and use the same check sheet. This is an example of • content validity. • known groups validity. • parallel forms reliability. • interobserver reliability.

interobserver reliability.

Theory is an important part of the social work research process because • theory is not an important part of the research process - it is only useful in practice. • it helps a researcher make sense of patterns and develop useful implications of findings. • it identifies exactly what interventions are likely to work with which populations. • it provides support for practical research regarding specific program provision for funders.

it helps a researcher make sense of patterns and develop useful implications of findings.

In the hypothesis: "Women living in a skilled nursing facility and participating on the activities committee will have lower depression scores than those who do not participate on the activities committee," the independent variable is • depression score. • women. • level of participation on the activities committee. • living in a skilled nursing facility.

level of participation on the activities committee.

If a measure developed in one language has been translated and back-translated successfully, the measure has • conceptual equivalence. • linguistic equivalence. • metric equivalence. • equivalent validity.

linguistic equivalence.

One way to ensure that research is conducted without gender bias is to • look for ways that your findings might differ between men and women. • include exactly the same number of men and women in your study. • always include both men and women in your study. • avoid discussing gender in your study or results.

look for ways that your findings might differ between men and women.

There are several barriers to conducting research with minority and oppressed populations, including • members of oppressed groups often don't understand the purpose of conducting research. • members of minority or oppressed groups have previously experienced culturally insensitive research. • it is very difficult to provide research materials in languages other than English. • it is too expensive and not feasible to conduct culturally competent research.

members of minority or oppressed groups have previously experienced culturally insensitive research.

You decide to study the topic of emotional abuse between intimate partners, specifically those from Middle Eastern countries, using a survey which assesses emotional abuse. The survey was created in English, though it has been used with people from many racial, ethnic, and cultural groups. You invite several members of Middle Eastern descent to review the survey and give you feedback about each item based on whether it reasonably describes emotional abuse for someone who is Middle Eastern. This process is useful for assessing the instrument's • conceptual equivalence. • measurement reliability. • linguistic equivalence. • metric equivalence.

metric equivalence.

In the hypothesis: "Among men who attend a weekly sexual addiction group, those who actively participate will be less likely to relapse than those who do not actively participate," the dependent variable is • participation. • gender. • relapse potential. • the sexual addiction group.

relapse potential.

A study examining counseling practices of students referred for bullying their peers, in which students are given surveys about their feelings and actions might result in measurement errors for the study if it relies on ____________ as its primary source of data. • an acquiescent response set • direct observation • examining available records • self-reports

self-reports

A probation social worker is interested in studying the issue of sexual abuse or assault from the perspective of the perpetrators. The social worker decides to use a survey which includes questions about the number of people they have molested, the frequency with which they engage in consensual sexual behavior, and many other personal items. It will be administered when the perpetrator comes to check in with his/her probation officer. This survey is vulnerable to • unreliability. • acquiescent response set. • social desirability bias. • random error.

social desirability bias.

A researcher who lives in an area where gangs seem to be divided along racial/ethnic lines decides to conduct a study with members from each racial/ethnic group represented in the local gangs. The researcher wants to understand the perceptions of gangs and gang activity by individuals from each group. In an effort to get as many potential participants as possible, the researcher advertises the study in the newspaper and indicates that interviews will take place in a room at the local community center. The researcher is unable to gather more than a couple of interviews. This is likely due to • the researcher's choice of advertising and location for the interviews. • the researcher's decision to interview people from all different racial/ethnic groups as represented by the gangs. • the researcher's choice of advertising. • the researcher's misunderstanding about the level and nature of gang activity in the area.

the researcher's choice of advertising and location for the interviews.

In the process of reviewing course evaluation results, a social work research professor determines that the evaluations are vulnerable to acquiescent response set because all of the questions are phrased with a 1 representing "Not Acceptable" and 5 representing "Excellent." This means students are likely to respond • the same way to all of the questions. • the way they believe the professors want them to respond. • against the professor for all questions. • in favor of the professor for all questions.

the same way to all of the questions.

Several ethical issues in social work research are easier to understand and have clearer boundaries in theory than when they are being practically applied to actual research settings, including • anonymity. • voluntary participation. • reporting the research. • Confidentiality.

voluntary participation.

When evaluating ethical issues involved in a research study, it is important to consider • whether the benefits of the study outweigh the risks of the study. • how to get your study published. • what would happen if someone chose to replicate your study. • the impact of replicating other studies.

whether the benefits of the study outweigh the risks of the study.

A social work researcher decides to study the use of community recreational services in a community with a significant amount of diversity. The community is home to a number of refugees and immigrants (newly arrived and long-term residents). Additionally, most of the residents of the community have incomes on the verge of the poverty line and the average level of education among the residents is less than high school. To ensure informed consent, the researcher should: • limit the sample to participants who can read in English. • limit the sample to participants who can read at a 12th grade reading level or above. • write the consent form at a 6th grade reading level and translate it as needed. • select a very diverse sample and use the same consent form for all participants.

write the consent form at a 6th grade reading level and translate it as needed.

A social work researcher at a faith-based agency is interested in learning about attitudes of local church members regarding issues such as poverty, homelessness, substance abuse, and domestic violence. The researcher decides to begin the research process by interviewing local clergy using a focus group. In order to meet ethical guidelines, what should the researcher include in the informed consent form sent to participants? • A copy of the IRB application • A statement regarding deception in research • An explanation of anonymity • An explanation of confidentiality

• An explanation of confidentiality

A state standardized test is administered to all seventh graders within the first week of classes. One of the test administrators decides to have the students take the test again a month later to run some analysis on the test itself. The results show significant differences between the first administration and the second; some students have improved and others have declined. There does not seem to be an obvious reason for the differences in scores. This instrument may be vulnerable to • social desirability bias. • acquiescent response set. • random error. • systematic error.

• random error.

A social worker in a public health organization is curious about how sexual behavior among youth has changed over the course of the past 60 years. In particular, he wonders about the influence of media on the sexualization of American youth based on the reports he hears from clients served at his organization. If he primarily wants to know about the sexual decisions youths made and their level of understanding between the ages of 12 and 16, he should conduct a • retrospective trend study. • cross-sectional study. • retrospective cohort study. • panel study.

• retrospective cohort study.

Using local individuals to help with the research process could be beneficial because • they can help the researcher locate potential participants and translate the research materials when necessary. • they can help the researcher fund the study. • they are more likely to be willing to be participants themselves and be invested in the research. • they can provide the researcher with additional information about the potential participants besides what might be revealed through the research.

• they can help the researcher locate potential participants and translate the research materials when necessary.

Pseudoscientific interventions: • often are promoted by those with vested interest in successful sales efforts. • can eventually be seen as scientifically acceptable. • may have value and are based on solid scientific research. • All of these are true about pseudoscientific intervention

All of these are true about pseudoscientific intervention

• Social work research investigations can be influenced by • theories. • paradigms. • practice models. • All of these choices.

All of these choices

EBP implies career-long learning because • practitioners will not always find evidence indicating what actions to take, or not to take. • interventions that work with one client will not necessarily work with another client. • knowledge is subject to change as newer studies emerge. • All of these reasons are correct.

All of these reasons are correct

A design in which quantitative data are collected and analyzed first, then followed up with qualitative data collection and analysis before interpretation would be which kind of study? • An explanatory sequential mixed methods design • An exploratory sequential mixed methods design • A concurrent mixed methods design • A convergent mixed methods design

An explanatory sequential mixed methods design

As a feature of the scientific method, this means that knowledge is grounded in orderly and comprehensive observations. • Observation • Tentative • Transparent • Replication

Observation

If we compare the Beck Depression Inventory with another similar inventory on depression (like the SAD inventory) and find the results are correlated, we can be confident that the BDI has: Concurrent Criterion validity, Predictive Criterion validity, Discriminant Construct validity, Convergent Construct validity

Concurrent Criterion validity

For a practitioner, finding ways to get clients to see things in a positive way is a reflection of which key influence on treatment outcome? • Cultivating hope • Positive regard • Empathy • Adapting treatment to the client's stage of change

Cultivating hope

Which of the following is NOT a reason why some practitioners object to evidence-based therapy or practice (EBT)? - EBT fails to recognize the role of practitioner judgment and client attributes in the therapeutic process. - EBT employs non-linear methods of analysis. - Evidence is in short supply. - EBT is based on studies of clients unlike those typically encountered in everyday social work.

EBT employs non-linear methods of analysis

When researchers engage in selective observation, ex post facto hypothesizing, and other efforts to explain away contradictory evidence, they are engaging in • inaccurate observation. • ego involvement in understanding. • overgeneralization. • premature closure of inquiry.

Ego Involvement in understanding

True or False: Constants are 'control' variable that cannot change across studies

False

In the interest of maintaining transparency, how would you design a study to examine how a certain type of therapy is implemented in clinical settings? • Use the same set of criteria to evaluate each participant. • Wait until all data are collected before beginning to analyze and interpret the findings. • Make sure that participants are selected anonymously. • Meticulously record the details of the project design in a document on file.

Meticulously record the details in a record on file

A social work researcher is contracted by a public child welfare agency to conduct a study looking at the relationships between the social workers at the agency and their clients. The purpose is to provide an overview of how this relationship develops and the impact of the relationship on the success of the clients. The clients are surveyed regarding their relationships with their primary social worker and their case outcomes. Meanwhile, using focus groups, the workers are interviewed about their general approach to building relationships with clients. The perspectives of both parties are combined and compared in the report to the agency. How does this research incorporate both quantitative and qualitative methods? • Mixed methods implemented concurrently with emphasis on qualitative research • Mixed methods implemented concurrently with emphasis on quantitative research • Mixed methods, but not implemented concurrently • Mixed methods implemented concurrently with equal emphasis on quantitative and qualitative research

Mixed methods implemented concurrently with equal emphasis on quantitative and qualitative research

Assuming that a few similar events that occur around us are evidence of a general pattern is known as: • Overgeneralization • Ex Post Facto Hypothesizing • Selective Observation • Inaccurate Observation

Overgeneralization

A social worker who halts attempts to understand results that may threaten perceptions about a favored intervention is engaging in • premature closure of inquiry. • ego involvement in understanding. • inaccurate observation. • Overgeneralization.

Premature close of inquiry

The literature review is a key component of which phase of the research process? • Problem formulation • Designing the study • Writing the research report • Data analysis

Problem Formulation

One way to guard against overgeneralization is: Selective observation, explaining away contradictory evidence, replication of inquiry, attending to confirmatory evidence

Replication of inquiry

Susan, a counselor, is meeting with a new client for the first time. Before the meeting, she reads the client's file to learn about his treatment history. Based on his experiences and needs, she begins to consider what to ask and discuss in their first face-to-face meeting. Which of the following characteristics of critical thinking is Susan demonstrating? • She is formulating appropriate questions and then gathering and appraising evidence as a basis for making decisions. • She is thinking open-mindedly, recognizing and questioning beliefs. • She is thinking independently. • She is testing her own beliefs.

She is formulating appropriate questions and then gaining and evaluating as a basis for making decisions

Which of the following characteristics is associated with qualitative research designs? • Data gathered during office visits • Emphasis on objectivity • Smaller sample size • Less detail about context

Smaller sample size

Practice wisdom refers to • a basis of the scientific method. • overgeneralization. • social workers learning things about social work practice from their personal practice experience. • a way to recognize and avoid pseudoscientific thinking.

Social workers learning things about social work practice from their personal practice experience

Which of the following is NOT a reason why relying on the popular media as a source of knowledge can be risky? • Sources of information are limited. • Fictional accounts may be considered factual. • Stereotypical portrayals of groups of people • Subjectivity and bias

Sources of information are limited

As a feature of the scientific method, this means that everything we think we know today is open to question and subject to reassessment, modification, or refutation. • Transparent • Observation • Replication • Tentative

Tentative

Searching the literature for any and all sources providing evidence pertaining to the practice question formulated would be characteristic of • the therapeutic alliance. • evaluation and feedback. • the bottom-up strategy. • the top-down strategy.

The bottom up strategy

Using this process involves relying on the results of evidence-based searches conducted by others. • The therapeutic alliance. • The top-down strategy. • Evaluation and feedback. • The bottom-up strategy.

The top down strategy

Another social worker who is also interested in studying gang activity desires to understand the motivations of gang members. What would result if that social worker chooses to interview current and former gang members to learn about their experiences with being in a gang and why they chose to join a gang? • This would be a qualitative only study. • This would result in a quantitative study, then a qualitative one. • This would result in a qualitative study, then a quantitative one. • This would be a quantitative only study.

This would be a qualitative only study.

A social worker studying gang activity in Nampa, Idaho, wants to determine how much gang activity exists and compare that to the perceptions of the general population. The social worker gets official reports of gang activity. What type of study would result if the social worker sends a survey to the general public asking about gang activity, including how many news stories about gang violence they read or heard in the previous year and the number of times per week they read/view something identifying gang activity in the area? • This would result in a quantitative study, then a qualitative one. • This would result in a qualitative study, then a quantitative one. • This would be a qualitative only study. • This would be a quantitative only study.

This would be a quantitative only study.

Andy has analyzed the results of surveys given to discharged veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan regarding their experiences with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). He notices statistically significant differences between the reported symptoms of PTSD among the two different groups. He decides to reach out to a sample of participants for follow-up interviews so he can explore why these differences might occur. Which reason for using mixed methods studies comes closest to justifying his use of these methods? • Using one set to initiate ideas or techniques that subsequently can be pursued by the other set. • None of these reasons explains why he is using mixed methods. • To see if the two sets of findings corroborate each other. • Using one set of methods to illustrate cases or provide numbers for the findings of the other set.

To see if the two sets of findings corroborate each other.

Sandra is contemplating using a mixed methods design to study how families of recovering alcoholics might perceive different elements of a new treatment program designed to coordinate therapeutic services for those recovering from alcoholism as well as their families. However, she is not sure what elements of the program to focus on in her study. She decides to conduct a focus group to identify elements of the program to study and then a survey to send out to Al-Anon members after she analyzes the focus group findings. Which reason for using mixed methods studies comes closest to justifying her use of these methods? • To see if the two sets of findings corroborate each other. • Using one set to initiate ideas or techniques that subsequently can be pursued by the other set. • Using one set of methods to illustrate cases or provide numbers for the findings of the other set. • None of these reasons explains why she is using mixed methods.

Using one set to initiate ideas or techniques that subsequently can be pursued by the other set.

Which of the following is NOT one of the common types of EBP questions that might be asked to answer practice needs? • What intervention or program has the best effects? • What does my client think about this intervention? • What assessment tool should be used? • What's it like to have had my client's experiences?

What does my client think about this interventions?

Which of the following is NOT an ethical question that researchers must consider when designing a research project? • Will the research participants be paid enough to insure cooperation? • Can any deception that is used be justified? • Will participants be harmed in any way? • Will it be possible to keep the identities of research participants confidential?

Will the research participants be paid enough to insure cooperation?

Part of designing the study is • the development of the research question. • a consideration of alternative ways to interpret the results. • a consideration of possible data collection methods. • a manipulation of data to answer the research question.

a consideration of possible data collection methods.

A study that begins with quantitative data collection and analysis in an effort to lay the groundwork for conducting a larger study with qualitative research methods is using • a multiphase mixed methods design. • a convergent mixed methods design. • an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. • an explanatory sequential mixed methods design.

an explanatory sequential mixed methods design.

Which of the following is NOT a website listed in your textbook that provides useful information for reviews and practice guidelines? • evidencebasedpractice.com/ • crisisinterventionnetwork.com/ • Cochrane.org/ • CampbellCollaboration.org/

evidencebasedpractice.com/

A social work student who has an internship at a girls residential treatment facility is struck by how many of the girls identify as bisexual and state that they have had both same-sex and opposite-sex intimate interactions. The student learns that the topic of sexual orientation and sexual behavior among teenagers in residential or lockdown facilities has not been studied, so the student selects this topic for her research project. She wants to understand what the girls in her facility think about their sexuality. The study would likely be considered • explanatory. • descriptive. • exploratory. • evaluative.

exploratory.

A research design calls for having participants complete a checklist of symptoms they are experiencing and then using their answers as the basis for in-depth, open-ended questions. This design is • Qualitative - Quantitative. • quantitative - Qualitative. • qualitative - Quantitative. • Quantitative - Qualitative.

quantitative - Qualitative.